Critical Power (CP) is the greatest power that a person can sustain for prolonged periods of time while maintaining steady state conditions. Work-prime (W’) is the amount of work that can be tolerated when exercising in non-steady-state conditions above CP. A person’s CP and W’ strongly influence the metabolic response and tolerance to exercise. PURPOSE: Compare the effect of equal amounts of moderate intensity continuous training (MICT) and high intensity interval training (HIIT) on CP and W’. Critical Power (CP) is the greatest power that a person can sustain for prolonged periods of time while maintaining steady state conditions. Work-prime (W’) is the amount of work that can be tolerated when exercising in non-steady-state conditions above CP. A person’s CP and W’ strongly influence the metabolic response and tolerance to exercise. PURPOSE: Compare the effect of equal amounts of moderate intensity continuous training (MICT) and high intensity interval training (HIIT) on CP and W’. METHODS: Twenty-two (10 female) untrained, young (26.4 ± 0.9 years) adults completed 8 weeks of cycling training (40 min, 3  per week) administered as either MICT cycling (44% max work rate achieved during a maximal graded exercise test; GXTmax) or HITT cycling (4 bouts at 80% GXTmax for 4 min with recovery intervals between). Cycling V̇O2max, CP, W’ and Anaerobic Capacity (i.e., Wingate) were determined before and after training. Specifically, CP was assessed with the work-over-time method derived from 4–5 constant-power tests to exhaustion. RESULTS: MICT (n = 11) and HIIT (n = 11) groups completed the same amount of work over the course of the training (P = 0.76). CP significantly increased in both groups, but to a greater extent in the HIIT group (MICT: 15.7 ± 3.1% vs. HIIT: 27.5 ± 4.3%; P = 0.04). The work that could be performed above CP (i.e., W’) was not significantly impacted by training (p = 0.76). V̇O2max significantly increased in both groups (P < 0.01), and the magnitude tended to be greater in the HIIT group (MICT: 8.3 ± 2% vs. HIIT: 14 ± 2.6%; P = 0.09). Interestingly, the training-induced change in CP was not significantly related to the training-induced change in V̇O2max. The training-induced increase in CP exhibited a positive curvilinear relationship with the training intensity, expressed as a percentage of the initial CP, with those performing the same workout at a greater percentage of CP exhibiting greater training-induced increases in CP (R2 = 0.49, P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: HIIT elicits approximately twice the increase in CP than an equal amount of MICT in untrained young adults. Moreover, the magnitude of increase in CP is strongly related to the intensity of the exercise, relative to CP, even when exercising at the same percentage of GXTmax. Thus, exercise may be more effectively prescribed relative to CP, rather than V̇O2max or GXTmax.

PURPOSE: To investigate the effect of the menstrual cycle (MC) on exercise performance across the power-duration relationship (PDR). We hypothesized females would exhibit greater variability in the PDR across the MC than males across a similar timespan, with critical power (PCRIT) and Work prime (W') being lower during the early follicular phase than the late follicular and mid-luteal phases. METHODS: Eumenorrheic, endurance-trained females (n = 10, age = 24.1 ± 5.59) performed multiple constant-load-to-task-failure and maximum-power tests at three time points across the MC (early follicular, late follicular, midluteal phases). Endurance-trained males (n = 10 age = 29.5 ± 9.18) performed the same tests approximately 10 days apart to mimic the time between the phases of the MC. RESULTS: No differences across the PDR were observed between MC phases (PCRIT: 175.66 ± 34.97 W, P = 0.632, CV = 1.28 ± 0.97 %) (W': 7916.53 ± 2316.69 J, P = 0.283, CV = 13.56 ± 6.93 %). PCRIT was similar for males and females (11.82 ± 1.44 W • kg-1 vs. 11.20 ± 1.82 W • kg?1, respectively) when controlling for leg lean mass. However, W' was larger (P = 0.048) for males (617.28 ± 130.10 J • kg?1) than females (505.24 ± 137.66 J • kg?1). CONCLUSION: These findings indicate that researchers do not need to account for MC phase when conducting performance research on female subjects. Nevertheless, factors, such as body size and leg lean body mass, do limit exercise performance in males and females. As such, previous studies looking at factors limiting exercise performance in males may not always apply to females.

The critical power (CP) concept has been used to determine the appropriate rest interval during intermittent exercise through the investigation of critical rest interval (CRI). Repeated sprint ability (RSA) testing has been developed to define the athlete’s ability to recover and maintain maximal effort during successive bouts. The CP model has been used to understand the physiological responses involved with intermittent exercise delineating between severe and heavy exercise intensity domains. The primary purpose of this study was to determine the CRI from the work-time relationship given by RSA testing using varying work to rest ratios. The secondary purpose was to determine the validity of CRI by evaluation of physiological responses above and below estimated rest interval values during intermittent cycling. Twelve recreationally trained males (mean ± SD; age 24.1 ± 3.6yr; height 175.8 ± 7.0cm; weight 77.6 ± 12.8kg; V̇ O2peak 43.3 ± 5.6ml/kg/min; Body Fat (%) 24.5 ± 4.4) were recruited for this study. Participants performed a graded exercise test to determine V̇ O2peak and peak heart rate. Eight participants completed the same three RSA protocols with 6s maximal sprints and varying rest intervals (12-24s) on a cycle ergometer. Intermittent critical power (ICP) was calculated through the linear total work (TW) and time-to-exhaustion (TTE) relationship, whereas CRI was estimated using the average work per sprint and ICP. Seven subjects completed trials above and below estimated CRI to evaluate the validity of this estimate through the examination of the physiological responses. Breath-by-breath oxygen consumption (V̇ O2) and heart rate (HR) values were recorded during the validation trials. One-way repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to analyze the variables from the RSA trials. Paired samples t-tests were performed to compare performance and physiological variables above or below CRI during the validation trials. Two-way repeated measures ANOVA was used to examined the changes in oxygen consumption (V̇ O2), HR, mean power (MP), and TW throughout the validation trials. Significant differences (p < 0.1) were found for the number of intervals completed, TTE, average work per sprint, peak and mean V̇ O2 between RSA protocols. Linearity between TW and TTE was r2 = 0.952 ± 0.081. During the validation trials, TTE was significantly greater in the above versus the below CRI trial (2270.43 ± 941.15s vs. 1511.00 ± 811.0s). Furthermore, blood lactate concentration (8.94 ± 4.89mmol/L vs. 6.56 ± 3.45mmol/L), AveV̇ O2 (2.05 ± 0.36L/min vs. 1.78 ± 0.26L/min), V̇ O2peak (2.84 ± 0.48L/min vs. 2.61 ± 0.43L/min), and AveHR (151.14 ± 18.46bpm vs. 138.14 ± 17.51L/min) were significantly greater in the below CRI trial when compared to the above CRI trial. Significant interactions were found between above and below trials within minimal V̇ O2 response (F = 6.886, p = 0.024, η2 = 0.534) to the recovery intervals and maximal HR (F = 4.51, p = 0.016, η2 = 0.429) response to the work intervals. During the above CRI trial, minimal V̇ O2 response decreased over time (51-43%V̇ O2 peak) while maximal HR response achieved a steady state level (81-84%HRpeak). Conversely, minimal V̇ O2 response during the below CRI trial achieved a steady state level (54-58%V̇ O2 peak), whereas maximal HR response increased over time (84-90%HRpeak). The relationship between TW and TTE is appropriate for use with RSA testing with varying rest intervals. The differing physiological response during the validation trials may reflect changes in energy system contribution. In conclusion, CRI distinguished between physiological responses related to exercise intensity domains in a manner similar to CP estimates determined from other testing and exercise modalities.

Orientador: Eduardo Kokubun / Banca: Fabio Yuzo Nakamura / Banca: Sebastião Gobbi / Resumo: Atualmente avaliação da aptidão física constitui importante ferramenta para prevenção e detecção de problemas físicos que podem interferir na autonomia e independência nas atividades da vida diária. Parâmetros de aptidão física estão direta e indiretamente relacionados com indicadores de saúde como atividade física habitual, qualidade de vida e avaliação antropométrica. O modelo de potência crítica nos fornece, de forma simples e não invasiva, dois parâmetros físicos, um aeróbio e outro anaeróbio. Este tem sido classicamente utilizado para descrever desempenho em atletas e não foi validado a testes não exaustivos, o que ampliaria sua aplicabilidade a populações com contra-indicação a testes máximos. Dois objetivos nortearam esse estudo. 1) Examinar se os testes de caminhada com intensidade autoselecionada fornecem estimativas confiáveis dos parâmetros do modelo e consistentes com a predição do modelo. 2) Examinar a relação entre os parâmetros do modelo da velocidade crítica com indicadores de atividade física relacionada à saúde. Um total de 39 indivíduos (32 a 80 anos) realizaram: 1) testes de caminhada de 3, 6 ou 9 minutos, ou até a exaustão em ritmo préfixado, para a determinação da velocidade crítica de caminhada (VCC) e capacidade de caminhada anaeróbia (CCA), 2) teste de caminhada na VCC e superior; 3) avaliação da qualidade de vida relacionada à saúde; 4) testes de aptidão física relacionada à saúde; 5) monitoramento da atividade física habitual (pedometria). Os resultados demonstraram bons ajustes do modelo aos testes de caminhada... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Evaluation of physical fitness is an important tool to detect and prevent physical disabilities, which can impair the autonomy and the daily life activities. Components of physical fitness are related to health indexes much as physical activity, quality of life and anthropometrics measures. The critical power model provide two physical parameters (aerobic and anaerobic) in an easy and non-invasive way. Even it has been used to describe performance in athletes, it still has not validated to non-exhausted tests, which could be usefull to apply to people with contraindication on exhaustive tests. Two main objectives conducted this study: 1) To exam if self-paced walk tests could estimated reliable parameters of critical power and in accordance to prediction of the model; 2) To exam the relationship between the parameters provided by the critical power model with health related physical activity indexes. A total of 39 volunteers performed: 1) walking tests of 3, 6, or 9 minutes, or until exhaustion in a pre-determined pace. These tests aimed to determine the critical walking velocity (CWV) and the anaerobic walking capacity (AWC); 2) walking tests at and above CWV; 3) health related quality of life assessment; 4) health related physical fitness tests, and; 5) monitoring of habitual physical activity (by pedometers). The results showed good agreement of self-selected walking speed tests to the model (r2 = 0,996 + 0,005), and no difference between the strategies of data collection was detected. The test-retest intraclass... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Orientador: Camila Coelho Greco / Banca: Fabrizio Caputo / Banca: Dalton Muller Pessoa Filho / Resumo: O principal objetivo deste estudo foi analisar e comparar as respostas metabólicas e cardiorrespiratórias durante o exercício realizado na MLSS e PC em indivíduos com diferentes níveis de treinamento aeróbio no ciclismo. Participaram do estudo 7 ciclistas (C) bem treinados, especializados em provas de estrada e 9 sujeitos não treinados (NT), sem experiência prévia de treinamento no ciclismo. Os voluntários realizaram em dias diferentes os seguintes testes, em um cicloergômetro: 1) teste incremental até a exaustão para a determinação do limiar anaeróbio (Lan), consumo máximo de oxigênio ( O2max) e da intensidade correspondente ao O2max (I O2max); 2) 2 a 4 testes de carga constante de 30 minutos em diferentes intensidades para a determinação da máxima fase estável de lactato sanguíneo (MLSS); 3) 3 testes de carga constante a 95, 100 e 110% I O2max até a exaustão voluntária para a determinação da potência crítica (PC), e; 4) um teste de carga constante até a exaustão na PC. A MLSS foi considerada como a maior intensidade de exercício onde a concentração de lactato não aumentou mais do que 1 mM entre o 10o e o 30o minuto de exercício. Os valores individuais de potência (95, 100 e 110% I O2max) e seu respectivo tempo máximo de exercício (tlim) foram ajustados a partir do modelo hiperbólico de 2 parâmetros para determinação da PC. A PC para ambos os grupos C (318 ± 29W) e NT (200 ± 33W) foi maior significantemente do que a MLSS para os C (288 ± 35W) e NT (169 ± 34W). A MLSS e a PC foram significantemente maiores no grupo C. Em valores relativos ao O2max a MLSS foi maior no grupo C (83 ± 7%) do que no grupo NT (79 ± 6), porém a PC foi similar entre os grupos (91 ± 5% e 90 ± 5%, respectivamente). Da mesma forma, o consumo de oxigênio na PC ( O2PC) foi significantemente maior do que na MLSS ( O2MLSS) nos grupos NT... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The objective of this study was to analyze and to compare metabolic and cardiorrespiratory responses durin the exercise performed at MLSS and CP in subjects with different aerobic trainning levels in cycling. Participated of this study, 7 well trained cyclists (C), specialized in road events and 9 non-trained subjects (NT), without previous training experience in cycling. Ths subjects performed the following protocols in different days in cyclergometer: 1) incremental test until exhaustion to determine anaerobic threshold (AT), maximal oxygen uptake ( O2max) and the intensity at O2max (I O2max); 2) 2 to 4 constant workload tests in different intensities to determine maximal lactate steadystate (MLSS); 3) 3 constant workload tests at 95, 100 e 110% I O2max until exhaustion to determine critical power (CP), and; 4) constant workload test until exhaustion at CP. MLSS was considered the highest exercise intensity at which the blood lactate concentration did not increase for more than 1 mM between 10th and 30th minute of the exercise. The individual values of power (95, 100 e 110% I O2max) and the respective times (tlim) were adjusted using the hyperbolic model with parameteres to determine CP. CP for C (318 ± 29W) and NT (200 ± 33W) was significantly higher than MLSS in C (288 ± 35W) and NT (169 ± 34W). MLSS and PC were significantly higher in C group. In values relative to O2max, the MLSS was significantly higher in C (83 ± 7%) than NT (79 ± 6), however CP was similar between groups (91 ± 5% and 90 ± 5%, respectively). In the same way, the oxygen uptake at CP ( O2PC) was significantly higher than at MLSS ( O2MLSS) for NT (2627 + 519 e 2323 ± 460 mL.min-1, 11%) e C (3607 ± 505 e 3953 ± 466 mL.min-1, 8%). The slow component at CP in C (375 ± 164 ml.min-1) was similar to NT (412 ± 175 ml.min-1). At this condition, the O2max was not attained (C - 93 ± 5%; NT - 96 ± 7%)... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Orientador: Benedito Sérgio Denadai / Banca: Cassiano Merussi Neiva / Banca: Fabrizio Caputo / Banca: Emerson Franchin / Banca: Mauro Gonçalves / Resumo: Não se tem observado a preocupação com a descrição dos domínios de intensidade na natação e poucas tentativas foram realizadas para ajustar o modelo de P-tLim às condições desta modalidade de exercício. Este estudo pretendeu ajustar o modelo P-tLim à natação com o recurso do controle de cargas possibilitado pelo nado em condição atada. Assim como, seu significado fisiológico para a descrição dos domínios pesado/severo obtido pelas relações a serem estabelecidas com a velocidade crítica (VC - limite superior do domínio pesado), com a máxima fase estável do lactato (MFEL, que disputa com VC a indexação do limite superior do domínio pesado) e com a caracterização dos domínios pesado e severo pelos parâmetros de cinética e amplitude do VO2. Em um primeiro estudo, 24 nadadores (16,5 ± 2,7 anos e 67,7 ± 13,5 kg) submeteram-se à estimativa da força de arrasto (Fr = A  v2). A Fr encontrada em máxima velocidade foi fracionada para compor quatro estágios de teste, com tempos de exaustão entre 3-20 min. em crawl-atado. A VC foi estimada empregando quatro distâncias entre 200-1500m. A potência crítica atada (PCAtada) linear (81,9W) e não linear (71,1W) não se diferenciaram (  0,05) dos valores de PC linear (108,2W) e não linear (96,3W) estimados por VC linear (1,2m.s-1) e não linear (1,14m.s-1), através da equação do desempenho. Neste primeiro estudo, pode-se concluir que PCAtada é correlata a VC, podendo representar a capacidade aeróbia. No segundo estudo, dez nadadores (16,6  1,4 anos e 69,8  9,5 kg) foram submetidos às estimativas de PCAtado (equações lineares e hiperbólica de 2-parâmetros), VC (ajuste linear do tempo pela velocidade nos desempenhos de 200, 400 e 800m), PAtadaMFEL (3 ou 4 esforços entre 95 a 105% da carga em PCAtada hiperbólica) e à vMFEL (3 ou 4 esforços entre 85 a 95% do velocidade máxima do crawl nos 400m)... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: There is a lack of studies describing the domains of intensity in swimming, and few works approaches the P-tLim model in swimming. This study provided a way to assess the P-tLim model in swimming, applying the load controlled environment in full-tethered condition. The physiological meaning for the description of heavy and severe domains was established from the relationships of critical velocity (CV - upper boundary of heavy domain) to maximal lactate steady state (MLSS, conflicting with VC to demarcate the upper boundary of heavy domain), and from the descriptive characterization of kinetic and amplitude parameters of VO2. In he first study, 24 swimmers with 16.5 ± 2.7 years and 67.7 ± 13.5 kg were undertaken to drag force (Fr) estimation (Fr = A  v2). The Fr at maximal crawl velocity was the load that was fractioned to build the sets, lasting 3-20min until exhaustion. CV was calculated from distance between 200-1500m. The linear (81.9W) and non-linear (71.1W) PTethCrit were not different (  0.05) from the values of linear (108.2W) and non-linear (96.3W) PC estimative obtained from linear (1.2m.s-1) and non-linear (1.14m.s-1) CV through swim performance equation. It was conclude that PCTeth was related to CV, and reliable to indexes aerobic capacity. The second work, did analyze ten male swimmers (16.6  1.4 years and 69.8  9.5kg) that were submitted to the measurements of the CPTeth (linear and non-linear two parameters equation), CV (linear adjustment between time and velocity performance in the 200, 400 and 800m), PTethMLSS (3 or 4 trials ranging from 95 to 105% of the load at non-linear PCAtada), and vMLSS (3 or 4 trials ranging from 85 to 95% of the 400-m crawl performance). The results shown that neither CV (1.19  0.12m.s-1) nor the CPTeth (99.4  23.0W) matches the statements for MLSS, once differences were observed to the vMLSS (1.17  0.11m.s-1)... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

In many physical activities, exercise is not continuous, but intermittent: it involves a sequence of exercise fractions at varying intensities, some higher than others. In planned training, this type of exercise is found in the form of high intensity interval training (HIIT), which is an effective and time-efficient approach that has been popular in high-performance sports over the last century, and in clinical settings for the past twenty years. Models are available to predict performance during continuous exercise (without intensity variation) over various durations. The ecological validity of some continuous exercise models has been reported. However, this is not the case for intermittent exercise, which has several parameters that can be modified, leading to a large variation in individual responses. The purpose of this master’s thesis is to compare the major models of intermittent exercise and determine their strengths and weaknesses, the constructs on which they are based, and their applicability to various physical activities. The master’s thesis also reviews the evolution of continuous exercise models to better understand the elements that need to be considered to improve the validity of intermittent exercise modelling. Due to the lack of quality data to compare a set of HIIT sessions of the same degree of difficulty, the thesis presents a study that uses simulations to identify the main limitations of the intermittent exercise models included in commercial applications, i.e., the Coggan and Skiba models. The study reveals the limitations of these models in prescribing sessions with a low number of repetitions performed at supramaximal intensity, interspersed with long recovery periods. The main intermittent exercise models have limitations that restrict their widespread use. In order for intermittent exercise modelling to evolve into more valid models that improve understanding of the physiological phenomena involved, it is crucial that the models be tested against a robust set of comparable intermittent exercise data. The thesis draws a detailed portrait of the continuous and intermittent exercise models, accounts for their evolution over time, and provides elements to guide future exercise modelling. Finally, the thesis identifies the limits of the current intermittent exercise models, makes recommendations to sports practitioners to promote their good use, and proposes a modification to the Coggan model that reduces its limitations. / Dans plusieurs activités physiques, l’exercice n’est pas continu, mais intermittent : il comprend un enchaînement de fractions d’exercice à des intensités variées, certaines plus élevées que d’autres. Dans l’entraînement planifié, on retrouve ce type d’exercice sous la forme de l’entraînement par intervalles (EPI), qui est une approche efficace et économe en temps, très populaire dans les milieux sportifs depuis plus d’un siècle, et dans les milieux cliniques depuis plus d’une vingtaine d’années. Des modèles sont disponibles permettant de prédire les performances lors de l’exercice continu (sans variation d’intensité) sur des durées variées. La validité écologique de certains modèles de l’exercice continu a été rapportée, montrant leur capacité à s’appliquer aux situations observées sur le terrain. Ce n’est toutefois pas le cas pour l’exercice intermittent, qui comporte plusieurs paramètres pouvant être modifiés, et menant à une grande variation des réponses individuelles. L’objectif du mémoire est de comparer les principaux modèles de l’exercice intermittent et déterminer leurs forces et leurs faiblesses, les construits sur lesquels ils sont fondés, et leur applicabilité dans diverses activités physiques. Il s’agit aussi de revoir l’évolution des modèles de l’exercice continu pour mieux comprendre les éléments à considérer pour améliorer la validité de la modélisation de l’exercice intermittent. Face au manque de données de qualité permettant de comparer un ensemble de séances d’EPI de même degré de difficulté, le mémoire présente une étude qui procède par simulations pour identifier les principales limites des modèles de l’exercice intermittent inclus dans des applications commerciales, soit les modèles de Coggan et de Skiba. L’étude révèle les limites de ces modèles quant à la prescription de séances comprenant un faible nombre de répétitions effectuées à intensité supramaximale, entrecoupées de longues périodes de récupération. Les principaux modèles de l’exercice intermittent présentent des limites restreignant leur utilisation généralisée. Pour que la modélisation de l’exercice intermittent évolue vers des modèles plus valides, permettant d’améliorer la compréhension des phénomènes physiologiques en jeu, il est crucial de confronter les modèles à un ensemble robuste de données comparables de l’exercice intermittent. Le mémoire dresse un portrait détaillé des modèles de l’exercice continu et intermittent, fait état de leur évolution au fil du temps, et propose des éléments pour guider la suite des travaux de modélisation. Enfin, le mémoire identifie les limites des modèles de courants de l’exercice intermittent, présente des recommandations aux intervenants sportifs pour favoriser la bonne utilisation de ceux-ci, en plus de fournir une modification du modèle de Coggan qui diminue les limites de celui-ci.

A crescente demanda pelo treinamento resistido tem incentivado a procura de metodologias para a prescrição deste tipo de exercício. Por isso, há uma busca incessante para se prescrever corretamente qual parâmetro e/ou intensidade seja a ideal para a execução do exercício resistido. Dessa forma protocolos incrementais podem ser interessantes, uma vez que podem determinar a magnitude das respostas fisiológicas (principalmente lactato e consumo de oxigênio) em diferentes domínios (leve, moderado e alto), pois através deles é possível identificar parâmetros de aptidão aeróbia e anaeróbia, como o limiar de lactato, limiar anaeróbio e carga crítica. No entanto, poucos estudos têm analisado de forma sistematizada diferentes intensidades de exercício resistido com o objetivo de determinar a magnitude das respostas cardiorrespiratórias, metabólicas e eletromiográficas para então propor estratégias reabilitadoras a indivíduos idosos baseada nestas respostas. Dessa forma, o objetivo principal desse estudo foi comparar as intensidades determinadas como limiar anaeróbio e carga crítica, em relação aos parâmetros de frequência cardíaca, ventilação, consumo de oxigênio, lactato, débito cardíaco, volume sistólico, além da análise eletromiográfica, entre jovens e idosos. Participaram deste estudo 35 homens ativos, sendo 20 jovens (média de idade de 23 ± 3 anos) e 15 idosos (média de idade de 70 ± 2,4 anos), aparentemente saudáveis. Todos os voluntários realizaram, de forma aleatória e em dias diferentes a: 1) teste de 1 RM em exercício resistido no Leg Press 45°; 2) teste de exercício físico resistido dinâmico crescente descontínuo; 3) três testes de exercícios resistidos de alta intensidade de carga constante (60%, 75% e 90% de 1 RM) até a fadiga e, após estes testes realizaram:, 4) teste de tolerabilidade no limiar anaeróbio, obtido através do teste crescente e, 5) teste de tolerabilidade da carga crítica obtida, pela regressão linear e relação hiperbólica entre carga e tempo de execução. Com relação ao limiar anaeróbio, obtido no teste incremental, foi possível determinar que este ocorreu em torno de 30% 1 RM e a carga crítica foi aproximadamente 52% 1 RM, para ambos os grupos. Com relação aos parâmetros estudados nas intensidades de exercício executadas, o envelhecimento mostrou ser determinante para uma redução nos valores relativos à capacidade aeróbia bem como na frequência cardíaca. Já com relação especificamente as intensidades do limiar anaeróbio e carga crítica, em ambos os grupos a ventilação, foi maior e consumo de oxigênio foi menor na intensidade da carga crítica. Já para as respostas de lactato, nós observamos menores valores para o grupo idoso, tanto para o limiar como na carga crítica. O débito cardíaco apresentou diferença apenas entre os grupos e não entre as intensidades, sendo que devido ao envelhecimento, houve redução dos valores. Já para a EMG, houve maiores quedas do slope da FM para idosos quando comparado aos jovens em 30%, e além disso, na intensidade de 30% acarretou em menor queda que em 52%. Ao comparar ao longo do tempo a FM e o RMS, o comportamento destes foi semelhantes nas duas intensidades, ou seja, de queda e aumento, respectivamente, o que é indicativo de maior fadigabilidade ao final do exercício. Além disso, a taxa de queda foi maior no grupo idoso, sendo que esse parâmetro é um indicador de maior fadiga muscular para este grupo. Entretanto, o comportamento do RMS ao final das duas intensidades foi menor nos idosos. Dessa forma, nossos resultados podem ter aplicações como uma forma de avaliar o desempenho funcional durante exercícios resistidos em diferentes populações e também pode ter utilidade na prescrição de um programa de treinamento dependo do objetivo a ser alcançado, elucidando a importância prática da aplicação de exercícios de resistência dinâmica. / The increasing demand for resistance training has motivated the search methodologies for prescribing this type of exercise. Therefore, there is a constant search to correctly prescribe which parameter and/or intensity is ideal for the implementation of resistance exercise. Thus incremental protocols may be interesting, since they can determine the magnitude of physiological responses (mainly lactate and oxygen consumption) in different domains (mild, moderate and high), because it is possible through them to identify parameters of aerobic and anaerobic fitness as the lactate threshold, anaerobic threshold and critical load. However, few studies have examined systematically different resistance exercise intensities form in order to determine the magnitude of the cardiorespiratory, metabolic and electromyographic responses and then propose the elderly rehabilitation strategies based on these answers. Thus, the aim of this study was to compare the intensities determined as anaerobic threshold and critical load, with respect to heart rate parameters, ventilation, oxygen consumption, lactate, cardiac output, stroke volume, besides the electromyographic analysis, between young and senior citizens. The study included 35 active men, 20 young (mean age 23 ± 3 years) and 15 older adults (mean age 70 ± 2.4 years), apparently healthy. All volunteers pertormed randomly on different days to: 1) 1 RM test in resistance exercise in Leg Press 45º; 2) dynamic resistance exercise test growing discontinuous; 3) three tests of resistance exercise high intensity constant load (60%, 75% and 90% of 1 RM) to failure and after these tests, performed 4) tolerance test at the anaerobic threshold, obtained by increasing test, 5) tolerability test critical load obtained by linear regression and hyperbolic relationship between load and runtime. Regarding the anaerobic threshold obtained in the incremental test, was determined that this occurred around 30% 1 RM and the critical load was approximately 52% 1 RM for both groups. As for the parameters studied in the exercise intensities performed, aging proved to be decisive for a reduction in the relative values of aerobic capacity and heart rate. In relation specifically the intensities of the anaerobic threshold and critical load in both grups, ventilation was higher and oxygen consumption was lower in the intensity of the critical load. As for the lactate responses, we observed lower values for the elderly group, both the threshold and the critical load. Cardiac output was difference only between groups and not between the intensities, and due to aging, decreased the values. As for EMG, was greater MF of the slope falls to elderly compared to 30% in young, and furthermore, intensity of 30% fall which resulted in less by 52%. Comparing over time RMS and MF, was similar in behavior of the two intensities, ie, increase and decrease, respectively, which is indicative of greater fatigue at the end of exercise. Furthermore, the decrease rate was higher in the elderly group, and this parameter is an indicator of increased muscle fatigue for this group. However, RMS behavior at the end of the two intensities were lower in the elderly. Thus, our results may have applications as a way to evaluate the functional performance during resistance training in different populations and can also be useful in prescribing a training program depend on the objective to be achieved, explaining the practical importance of the application of resistance exercise dynamics.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:30:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-03-15Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:00:55Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 carita_rac_me_rcla.pdf: 596317 bytes, checksum: ae963e507d62f687b35122425b6c0d5b (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O principal objetivo deste estudo foi analisar e comparar as respostas metabólicas e cardiorrespiratórias durante o exercício realizado na MLSS e PC em indivíduos com diferentes níveis de treinamento aeróbio no ciclismo. Participaram do estudo 7 ciclistas (C) bem treinados, especializados em provas de estrada e 9 sujeitos não treinados (NT), sem experiência prévia de treinamento no ciclismo. Os voluntários realizaram em dias diferentes os seguintes testes, em um cicloergômetro: 1) teste incremental até a exaustão para a determinação do limiar anaeróbio (Lan), consumo máximo de oxigênio ( O2max) e da intensidade correspondente ao O2max (I O2max); 2) 2 a 4 testes de carga constante de 30 minutos em diferentes intensidades para a determinação da máxima fase estável de lactato sanguíneo (MLSS); 3) 3 testes de carga constante a 95, 100 e 110% I O2max até a exaustão voluntária para a determinação da potência crítica (PC), e; 4) um teste de carga constante até a exaustão na PC. A MLSS foi considerada como a maior intensidade de exercício onde a concentração de lactato não aumentou mais do que 1 mM entre o 10o e o 30o minuto de exercício. Os valores individuais de potência (95, 100 e 110% I O2max) e seu respectivo tempo máximo de exercício (tlim) foram ajustados a partir do modelo hiperbólico de 2 parâmetros para determinação da PC. A PC para ambos os grupos C (318 ± 29W) e NT (200 ± 33W) foi maior significantemente do que a MLSS para os C (288 ± 35W) e NT (169 ± 34W). A MLSS e a PC foram significantemente maiores no grupo C. Em valores relativos ao O2max a MLSS foi maior no grupo C (83 ± 7%) do que no grupo NT (79 ± 6), porém a PC foi similar entre os grupos (91 ± 5% e 90 ± 5%, respectivamente). Da mesma forma, o consumo de oxigênio na PC ( O2PC) foi significantemente maior do que na MLSS ( O2MLSS) nos grupos NT... / The objective of this study was to analyze and to compare metabolic and cardiorrespiratory responses durin the exercise performed at MLSS and CP in subjects with different aerobic trainning levels in cycling. Participated of this study, 7 well trained cyclists (C), specialized in road events and 9 non-trained subjects (NT), without previous training experience in cycling. Ths subjects performed the following protocols in different days in cyclergometer: 1) incremental test until exhaustion to determine anaerobic threshold (AT), maximal oxygen uptake ( O2max) and the intensity at O2max (I O2max); 2) 2 to 4 constant workload tests in different intensities to determine maximal lactate steadystate (MLSS); 3) 3 constant workload tests at 95, 100 e 110% I O2max until exhaustion to determine critical power (CP), and; 4) constant workload test until exhaustion at CP. MLSS was considered the highest exercise intensity at which the blood lactate concentration did not increase for more than 1 mM between 10th and 30th minute of the exercise. The individual values of power (95, 100 e 110% I O2max) and the respective times (tlim) were adjusted using the hyperbolic model with parameteres to determine CP. CP for C (318 ± 29W) and NT (200 ± 33W) was significantly higher than MLSS in C (288 ± 35W) and NT (169 ± 34W). MLSS and PC were significantly higher in C group. In values relative to O2max, the MLSS was significantly higher in C (83 ± 7%) than NT (79 ± 6), however CP was similar between groups (91 ± 5% and 90 ± 5%, respectively). In the same way, the oxygen uptake at CP ( O2PC) was significantly higher than at MLSS ( O2MLSS) for NT (2627 + 519 e 2323 ± 460 mL.min-1, 11%) e C (3607 ± 505 e 3953 ± 466 mL.min-1, 8%). The slow component at CP in C (375 ± 164 ml.min-1) was similar to NT (412 ± 175 ml.min-1). At this condition, the O2max was not attained (C – 93 ± 5%; NT – 96 ± 7%)... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:30:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-04-13Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:00:57Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 pessoafilho_dm_dr_rcla.pdf: 1143306 bytes, checksum: b016fc73fb992fb299381a40997bc60e (MD5) / Não se tem observado a preocupação com a descrição dos domínios de intensidade na natação e poucas tentativas foram realizadas para ajustar o modelo de P-tLim às condições desta modalidade de exercício. Este estudo pretendeu ajustar o modelo P-tLim à natação com o recurso do controle de cargas possibilitado pelo nado em condição atada. Assim como, seu significado fisiológico para a descrição dos domínios pesado/severo obtido pelas relações a serem estabelecidas com a velocidade crítica (VC - limite superior do domínio pesado), com a máxima fase estável do lactato (MFEL, que disputa com VC a indexação do limite superior do domínio pesado) e com a caracterização dos domínios pesado e severo pelos parâmetros de cinética e amplitude do VO2. Em um primeiro estudo, 24 nadadores (16,5 ± 2,7 anos e 67,7 ± 13,5 kg) submeteram-se à estimativa da força de arrasto (Fr = A  v2). A Fr encontrada em máxima velocidade foi fracionada para compor quatro estágios de teste, com tempos de exaustão entre 3-20 min. em crawl-atado. A VC foi estimada empregando quatro distâncias entre 200-1500m. A potência crítica atada (PCAtada) linear (81,9W) e não linear (71,1W) não se diferenciaram (  0,05) dos valores de PC linear (108,2W) e não linear (96,3W) estimados por VC linear (1,2m.s-1) e não linear (1,14m.s-1), através da equação do desempenho. Neste primeiro estudo, pode-se concluir que PCAtada é correlata a VC, podendo representar a capacidade aeróbia. No segundo estudo, dez nadadores (16,6  1,4 anos e 69,8  9,5 kg) foram submetidos às estimativas de PCAtado (equações lineares e hiperbólica de 2-parâmetros), VC (ajuste linear do tempo pela velocidade nos desempenhos de 200, 400 e 800m), PAtadaMFEL (3 ou 4 esforços entre 95 a 105% da carga em PCAtada hiperbólica) e à vMFEL (3 ou 4 esforços entre 85 a 95% do velocidade máxima do crawl nos 400m)... / There is a lack of studies describing the domains of intensity in swimming, and few works approaches the P-tLim model in swimming. This study provided a way to assess the P-tLim model in swimming, applying the load controlled environment in full-tethered condition. The physiological meaning for the description of heavy and severe domains was established from the relationships of critical velocity (CV - upper boundary of heavy domain) to maximal lactate steady state (MLSS, conflicting with VC to demarcate the upper boundary of heavy domain), and from the descriptive characterization of kinetic and amplitude parameters of VO2. In he first study, 24 swimmers with 16.5 ± 2.7 years and 67.7 ± 13.5 kg were undertaken to drag force (Fr) estimation (Fr = A  v2). The Fr at maximal crawl velocity was the load that was fractioned to build the sets, lasting 3-20min until exhaustion. CV was calculated from distance between 200-1500m. The linear (81.9W) and non-linear (71.1W) PTethCrit were not different (  0.05) from the values of linear (108.2W) and non-linear (96.3W) PC estimative obtained from linear (1.2m.s-1) and non-linear (1.14m.s-1) CV through swim performance equation. It was conclude that PCTeth was related to CV, and reliable to indexes aerobic capacity. The second work, did analyze ten male swimmers (16.6  1.4 years and 69.8  9.5kg) that were submitted to the measurements of the CPTeth (linear and non-linear two parameters equation), CV (linear adjustment between time and velocity performance in the 200, 400 and 800m), PTethMLSS (3 or 4 trials ranging from 95 to 105% of the load at non-linear PCAtada), and vMLSS (3 or 4 trials ranging from 85 to 95% of the 400-m crawl performance). The results shown that neither CV (1.19  0.12m.s-1) nor the CPTeth (99.4  23.0W) matches the statements for MLSS, once differences were observed to the vMLSS (1.17  0.11m.s-1)... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)