In 1991, a project was initiated at Quinn and Ormstown, two sites with soils representative of Quebec's present-day agriculture. Three field management techniques were studied related to their possible impact on the soils: tillage, rotation, and N fertilization. The three treatments were randomly assigned in two blocks of a split-split-plot design. The main treatment, tillage, had two levels, conventional tillage (CT) and no-till (NT). The sub-treatment was represented by five 4-year rotations, starting from 1991 as follows: CCCC (continuous corn), CSAC (corn-soybean-alfalfa-corn), CSCS (corn-soybean-corn-soybean), SCSC (soybean-corn-soybean-corn) and SSSS (soybean monocrop). The third factor was N fertilization, at three different rates: 0, 90, and 180 kg/ha, excepting the continuous soybeans which received lower rates of, respectively, 0, 20 and 40 kg N/ha. Soil sampling was performed in 1994, during the last year of the 4-year rotations, at two different moments over the growing season, June and August, for all analysed soil properties, except aggregate stability and organic matter for which samples were taken only in September. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)

Crop rotation is not commonly practised in the sugarcane industry in South Africa. It has, however, proven to be beneficial to other crops in South Africa. The objective of this study was to determine the impact of soybean-sugarcane crop rotation on selected physiological and phenological indicators of sugarcane performance and its subsequent effect on cane and estimated recoverable crystal (ERC) yields. A field trial was conducted at Mount Edgecombe, where soybean cultivar A5409RG and sugarcane cultivar NCo376 were planted under drip irrigation with different management practices. After the soybean crop, the following sugarcane crop was planted and fertilized with different levels of nitrogen (N) fertilizer (50% and 100% of the recommended N rate). The effects on sugarcane growth were recorded by taking into consideration date of emergence, plant height, tiller population, leaf N, plant performance index and chlorophyll content. Sugarcane yield and quality at harvest were also evaluated. Tiller population in all crop rotation treatments at Mount Edgecombe weresignificantly (P<0.05) higher than the monocrop treatment. There was a trend of increased leaf N in all of the cane-after-soya (crop rotation) crops compared to the cane-after-cane (monocrop) treatment, although this was not significant. A similar pattern was obtained with respect to the chlorophyll content and plant performance index. Sugarcane yields at Mount Edgecombe did not differ significantly between monocrop and crop rotation treatments. Crop rotation with soybean is beneficial for cane production, but its long term impact on soil quality and farm economy requires further investigation. / M.Sc.Agric. University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg 2013.

Corn (Zea mays L.) production under monoculture and conventional-tillage management may cause soil degradation and nitrate (NO$ sb3 sp-)$ pollution. This study was conducted from 1991 to 1993 to evaluate the impact of conventional-tillage (CT) and no-tillage (NT) practices under corn-soybean (Glycine max L. Merill) rotations (C-S-C and S-C-S), continuous corn (C-C-C) and continuous soybean (S-S-S) systems on optimum N fertilization rates, yield and soil residual N levels. Field experiments were carried out on a Ste. Rosalie clay (Humic Gleysol) and an Ormstown silty clay loam (Humic Gleysol). Overall, tillage had little effect on soil and crop N levels or grain yields. Residual soil NO$ sb3$-N in the fall was related to fertilizer N rates in C-C-C, but not with S-S-S or soybean in rotation. Residual NO$ sb3$-N values after soybean were high and at zero added N were equivalent to 90 kg N with C-C-C. Consequently, soybean contributed the equivalent of 90 kg N ha$ sp{-1}$ to subsequent corn. Corn yields following soybean were higher than following corn, and less fertilizer N was required following soybean than following corn.

Orientador: Ciro Antonio Rosalem / Banca: Leonardo Theodoro Büll / Banca: Luíz Reynaldo Ferracciú Alleoni / Resumo: Os solos brasileiros são carentes em fósforo, um elemento essencial para o desenvolvimento das espécies cultivadas, sendo assim, limitante da produtividade em solos tropicais. Sistemas conservacionistas, como o sistema de semeadura direta, alteram a dinâmica do fósforo no solo, aumentando sua concentração principalmente nas camadas superficiais. A presença de determinadas espécies no sistema pode promover a solubilização de fosfatos e melhorar sua distribuição no perfil do solo. Neste trabalho objetivou-se avaliar a contribuição da braquiária na disponibilização de fósforo à soja subseqüente e seu efeito nas formas de fósforo no solo. O experimento foi instalado na Fazenda Experimental Lageado (FCA/UNESP), na cidade de Botucatu, Estado de São Paulo. O solo da área experimental é classificado como Latossolo Vermelho-distroférrico, de textura média. Os tratamentos de doses de fosfato solúvel e natural aplicadas a lanço, com e sem cultivo de braquiária (Brachiaria ruziziensis). No verão, foi cultivada a soja (Glycine max (L.) Merril), em semeadura direta, sobre os restos da braquiária. Amostragens de solo foram realizadas, na semeadura, e foram analisadas características químicas do solo e as formas de fósforo presentes no solo, através de seu fracionamento. Na soja, foi analisado o acÚmulo de fósforo, além da diagnose foliar, as produções de grãos de soja e a produção de matéria seca no sistema. 2 As fontes de fósforo aplicadas a lanço não interferiram na produtividade de matéria seca da braquiária. Em relação ao teor de P na matéria seca de plantas de braquiária, os teores de P encontrados estão acima da faixa de suficiência, que para as gramíneas variam, em geral, entre 0,8 a 1,2 g kg-I. A presença da braquiária promoveu a redução na produtividade da soja quando na ausência de adubação fosfatada no sulco...(Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Low soils fertility limits productivity in Brazilian tropical soils. Zero tillage modifies phosphorus dynamics in the soil thus increasing its concentration mainly in upper layers. Crop rotation with phosphorus solubilizing species may improve phosphorus fertility in the soil profile. This study aimed at evaluating the contribution of Brachiaria ruziziensis on P availability for the following soybean crop and its subsequent effect in P pools within the soil profile. The experiment was carried out on Lageado Experimental Farm. Treatments consisted of soluble and reactive rock phosphate spread over the soi!. Brachiaria was cropped in sub-plots with 0,30 and 60 kg ha'l of soluble phosphate. Soybean was planted over brachiaria mulch in the summer. Soil samples were taken just before soybean planting. P pools were analyzed in the soil profile down to 60 centimeters. Phosphorus accumulation in soybeans, foliar diagnosis, soybean production and dry matter in the system were determined. Phosphorus sources spread over the soil did not affect brachiaria dry matter production. As to P content in brachiaria dry matter, P levels are above the range of sufficiency, from 0.8 to 1.2 g kg'l. Brachiaria caused reduction in soybean productivity without phosphate feliilization. P levels in soybean leaves were higher with sources spread over the soil, although the difference was significant only in the presence of brachiaria. The value observed without phosphate fertilization and without brachiaria is below the appropriate value, i.e .. , between 2,0 and 5,0 g kg'l. Brachiaria promoted alteration, mainly, in labile P forms in the soil profile so an increase of available P in depth was observed. On average, non-Iabile forms evaluated were not altered after brachiaria cultivation. However, a reduction in P-Ca in soil profile was 4 abserved when brachiaria was cultivated...(Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:33:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-06-15Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:45:31Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 martins_mr_dr_jabo.pdf: 769408 bytes, checksum: 09516289dc86d18336022a2e115970e7 (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / O presente trabalho teve como objetivo geral determinar como as plantas influenciam a estabilidade de agregados, a composição de carboidratos, o acúmulo de C orgânico do solo (COS) e de C microbiano em um Latossolo Vermelho. Na primeira parte do estudo, verificou-se que as sequências de culturas com milho (Zea mays L.) no verão e as milheto (Pennisetum glaucum (L.) Leeke) e sorgo granífero (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) no inverno proporcionaram maior diâmetro médio ponderado (DMP) de agregados estáveis do solo. Assim como observado para o DMP, as sequências de culturas envolvendo milho no verão proporcionaram os maiores teores de xilose do solo. A menor proporção de carboidratos de origem microbiana em relação aos de origem vegetal foram observados com o cultivo mais frequente de espécies de monocotiledôneas. Na segunda parte do estudo, notou-se que os maiores valores de C presente como matéria orgânica particulada (C-MOP) do solo foram encontrados sob cultivo de guandu, o qual proporcionou valores 54%, 46% e 48% maiores em relação ao cultivo de milho, girassol e nabo forrageiro, respectivamente. As variações nos teores de C-MOP explicaram o efeito das culturas nos teores de COS. Notou-se um acúmulo conjunto de C-MOP e de resíduos fúngicos e bacterianos no solo. Na terceira parte do estudo, verificou-se que os materiais de monocotiledôneas adicionados ao solo apresentaram as maiores taxas de mineralização do compartimento de C não lábil (k), os maiores teores de pentose do solo e o maior DMP de agregados do solo em comparação à testemunha e às dicotiledôneas, em período posterior de decomposição. Isso sugere que k e teores de pentoses do solo controlam a estabilidade de agregados do Latossolo em período tardio de incubação. O efeito da decomposição dos materiais vegetais na agregação do solo ocorreu independente da variação da quantidade do teor de COS / The general aim of this study was to determine how the plants influence the aggregate stability, carbohydrate composition and accumulation of soil organic C and microbial C of an Oxisol. In the first part of this study, it was found that summer crop sequences involving corn (Zea mays L.) and the winter crops millet (Pennisetum glaucum (L.) Leeke) and grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) provided the highest mean weight diameter (MWD) of soil aggregate. The crop sequences involving corn in summer also provided the highest soil xylose contents. The lowest proportions of carbohydrates of microbial origin in relation to those of plant origin were found in soil under most frequent cultivation of plant species from monocots. In second part of this study, it was found that soil organic C content with pigeon pea was 20% higher compared to corn and 18% higher compared to sunflower. Likewise, the highest values of C associated to soil particulate organic matter (C-POM) was found with pigeon pea cultivation, which provided 54%, 46% and 48% higher contents than corn, sunflower and oilseed radish, respectively. The variation in C-POM explained the crop effects on soil organic C content. The results of the present study showed a co-accumulation of C-POM and microbial residues in soil. In the third part of this study, it was found that monocots plant materials presented the highest mineralization rates of non-labile pool of C (k), soil pentose content, plant pentose input and soil aggregate MWD. The results of the present study suggest that non-labile C pool, especially related to pentoses, controls the soil aggregation of an Oxisol in long-term. This effect appears to be independent of the variation in soil organic C content

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:33:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-06-27Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:05:52Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 marcelo_av_dr_jabo.pdf: 1194015 bytes, checksum: 68c9171ad52d863ef75fe8bb9b03c925 (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Em sistema de semeadura direta, os resíduos das culturas de entressafra são utilizados para protegerem a superfície do solo dos agentes erosivos e promoverem a ciclagem de nutrientes. O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de sequências de culturas na quantidade, qualidade, decomposição e liberação de nutrientes dos resíduos vegetais de culturas de entressafra, bem como a cobertura do solo proporcionada pelos resíduos, na fertilidade do solo, nas frações particulada e associada aos minerais de C, nas substâncias húmicas do solo e na produtividade de milho e soja cultivados no verão, em região de clima tropical. O experimento foi conduzido em Jaboticabal, SP (48°15’22’’ W e 21°18’58’’ S), em um Latossolo Vermelho eutrófico. O delineamento experimental foi em faixas, com três repetições. Os tratamentos foram constituídos pela combinação de três sequências de culturas de verão (rotação soja-milho, monocultura de milho e monocultura de soja) com sete culturas de entressafra (milho, sorgo, girassol, crotalária, guandu, nabo forrageiro e milheto). O experimento foi iniciado em 2002 e o presente estudo se refere aos anos agrícolas 2008/2009 e 2009/2010. Avaliaram-se as quantidades de matéria seca e acúmulo de N, P, K, Ca, Mg e S pelas culturas de entressafra, bem como a dinâmica de decomposição e liberação dos nutrientes, por meio da utilização de sacolas de decomposição, com os seguintes períodos de avaliação: 15, 30, 60, 120 e 180 dias. A cobertura do solo foi avaliada após o manejo e ao final de cada ano agrícola. Amostras de solo foram coletadas nas camadas 0-10, 10-20 e 20-30 cm de profundidade em duas ocasiões, antes da semeadura das culturas de entressafra, em março, e de verão, em outubro, nos anos de 2008 e 2009. As amostras de solo foram submetidas às análises químicas para determinação dos teores... / In no-tillage system, the offseason crops residues are expected to maintain the soil covered in order to control soil erosion and to promote the nutrients cycling. The objective of this study was to evaluate the offseason crops dry matter quality and production, soil cover, residues decomposition and nutrient release and their effects on soil fertility, C content of humic substances, particulate and mineral associated organic matter fractions and summer maize and soybean yield. A field experiment has been carried out on a Rhodic Eutrudox at Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil (48°15’22’’ W and 21°18’58’’ S). A randomized split-block design with three replications was used. The treatments were the combination of three summer crops sequences (soybean-corn rotation, monoculture of corn and monoculture of soybean) with seven offseason crops (maize, grain sorghum, sunflower, sunn hemp, pigeon pea, oilseed radish and pearl millet). The cultivations started in 2002 and this study is related to 2008/2009 and 2009/2010 growing seasons. The offseason crops dry matter production and N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S accumulations were evaluated at management moment. The period of time to measure the residue decomposition and the nutrient release was 15, 30, 60, 120 and 180 days, using litter bags. The soil cover was evaluated after the offseason crops management and at the end of each growing season. The soil was sampled at 0-10, 10-20 and 20-30 cm soil depths in two occasions, before the offseason crops sowing, at March, and before the summer crops sowing, at October, in 2008 and 2009. Total organic C, pH, P, K, Ca, Mg and H+Al were determined in each soil samples. The soil samples obtained on October at 0-10 cm were submitted for physical and chemical organic matter fractionation, for particulate, mineral-associated, humic acid, fulvic acid and humin C content determination. The summer monoculture... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:33:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-01-20Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T21:06:47Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 beraldo_jmg_dr_jabo.pdf: 1719744 bytes, checksum: a27050b0770082469a896d7df06651eb (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O sistema de semeadura direta (SSD) proporciona melhores condições físicas do solo favorecendo o armazenamento de água no solo (ARM). A hipótese do trabalho foi que o Latossolo Vermelho argiloso, em sequências de culturas de verão e inverno sob SSD afeta o ARM em decorrência da modificação nos atributos físicos do solo e que o tensiômetro de punção digital (TDig) pode ser usado para medir o potencial mátrico da água no solo. Os objetivos foram avaliar o ARM e os atributos físicos do solo em sequências de culturas de verão e de inverno sob SSD e medir o potencial mátrico da água no solo por meio do tensiômetro de mercúrio e do TDig. O delineamento foi em blocos, com três repetições, no esquema em faixas. Os tratamentos foram constituídos por três sequências de culturas de verão (rotação soja/milho e monocultura de milho e soja) e sete culturas de inverno (milho, girassol, nabo forrageiro, milheto, guandu, sorgo e crotalária). Foram instalados tensiômetros nas camadas de 0,2; 0,4 e 0,6 m. Foi determinada a densidade do solo, a distribuição de poros por tamanho nas camadas de 0-0,1 e 0,1-0,2 m e a infiltração de água na superfície do solo. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Tukey. O TDig pode ser usado para avaliar o potencial mátrico da água no solo. O ARM não diferiu entre as sequências de culturas de verão e nas culturas de inverno houve diferença, principalmente após período de menor disponibilidade hídrica. A densidade e a porosidade do solo não foram influenciadas pelas culturas de verão e inverno. O diâmetro de poros entre 0,075 - 0,05 e 0,03 - 0,0375 mm na camada de 0,0-0,1 m diferiu entre as sequências de verão. A distribuição de poros por tamanho não foi influenciada pelas sequências de culturas de inverno. A maior infiltração de água no solo ocorreu na parcela sob monocultura de soja / No tillage system provides soil physical properties improvements, and soil water storage. The hypothesis of this study was that a Red Latosol (Oxisol), in summer and winter crops sequences under no-tillage system, can have its soil water storage influenced by changes in soil physical properties and digital tensiometer can be used to measure soil water matric potential. This study aimed to measure the soil matric potential using both mercury and digital tensiometers and to evaluate the soil water storage and physical properties on summer and winter crops sequences under no-tillage system. A completely randomized block was designed with three replications on a strips plan. The treatments were the combination of three summer crops sequences (soybean/maize rotation, corn and soybean monocultures) and seven winter crops (maize, sunflower, oilseed radish, millet, pigeon pea, sorghum and sunn hemp). Tensiometers were installed at a depth of 0.20; 0.40; 0.60 meters. Bulk density and pores distribution curves were determined from layers 0-0.1 and 0.1-0.2 depth and water infiltration at the soil surface. The data were submitted to variance analysis and means were compared by the Tukey test. The hypothesis was confirmed, therefore digital tensiometer can be used to measure soil water matric potential. The results showed no difference regarding soil water storage in summer crops sequences, especially after a period associated with lower water availability. Soil porosity and bulk density were not influenced by summer and winter crops sequences. The results indicated that the pores with diameter between 0,075 - 0,05 e 0,03 - 0,0375 mm from layer 0-0.1 m differed on summer crops sequences. No difference was observed by pores distribution curves between summer and winter crops sequences. The largest water infiltration occurred under the soybean monocultures plot

L’Agriculture de conservation (AC) repose sur trois principes: le minimum de travail du sol, la couverture permanente du sol et la diversification des espèces cultivées. Elle a été introduite vers la fin des années 90 dans la région du lac Alaotra, Madagascar, dans l’objectif d’augmenter la productivisté de l’agriculture pluviale qui, généralement, pâtit des problèmes liés à la faible fertilité des sols, aux contraintes hydriques et à l’enherbement. L’objectif principal de la thèse consiste à quantifier et caractériser les impacts des fonctions agro-écologiques de l’AC dans l’amélioration du rendement en riz pluvial par rapport aux pratiques conventionnelles (CT). Une revue de la littérature sur les fonctions agro-écologiques du mulch en fonction de leur quantité retenue sur la parcelle a tout d’abord montré que la quantité de couverture nécessaire va dépendre essentiellement des fonctions agro-écologiques attendues. Une quantité de couverture de 2 à 3 t ha-1 permet d’obtenir des effets très nets en ce qui concerne l’amélioration de l’infiltration de l’eau, la limitation du ruissellement et de l’érosion du sol. En revanche, les données sur le contrôle de l’enherbement, la disponibilité des nutriments ainsi que la faune du sol en fonction de la quantité de mulch étaient très variables, suggérant l’interaction de ses fonctions agro-écologiques avec d’autres facteurs, notamment le type de résidus et les conditions pédoclimatiques. Une première expérimentation dont l’objectif était la quantification des effets physiques du mulch sur l’enherbement, avec différentes quantités de résidus de 0 à 45 t ha-1 a montré que l’émergence et la biomasse des adventices sur les parcelles couvertes dépend essentiellement de la quantité et de la distribution de la pluviométrie durant la saison culturale. L’émergence ainsi que la biomasse des mauvaises herbes diminuent en général avec l’augmentation de la quantité de mulch maintenue sur les parcelles. Toutefois, une quantité de résidus de l’ordre de 10 t ha-1 est nécessaire pour réduire significativement la pression des adventices sur le riz par rapport à un sol nu dans les conditions de notre dispositif expérimental. Un deuxième dispositif maintenu durant 6 ans (2009/10 à 2014/15), combinait une rotation biennale de maïs + dolique // riz et une rotation triennale de maïs + stylosanthes // stylosanthes // riz ; trois modes de gestion du sol et des résidus et deux niveaux de fertilisation. Deux niveaux d’enherbement en split plot ont été ajoutés en 2013/14 et 2014/15. L’amélioration du rendement en riz sur les parcelles en AC par rapport aux parcelles en CT est essentiellement liée à une diminution de la pression des adventices sur les parcelles AC pendant la période de végétation du riz. La dynamique de l’eau dans le sol ainsi que la dynamique de l’azote minéral sont fortement influencées par le régime pluviométrique et ne différent généralement pas entre AC et CT. Enfin, l’analyse de stabilité et l’écart de rendement au potentiel utilisés pour étudier les variations de rendements en riz sur les 6 saisons culturales du second dispositif expérimental ont montré que les effets des traitements étaient en interaction avec d’autres facteurs probablement liés à la variabilité spatiale du sol sur le dispositif expérimental. Les résultats de cette étude nous suggèrent de tenir compte aussi bien des fonctions agro-écologiques du mulch attendues que les régimes pluviométriques lors de la promotion d’un système AC pour améliorer la productivité des cultures. L'AC avec une quantité de résidus généralement retenus dans les parcelles de l'agriculteur (i.e. 1 - 2 t ha-1) serait efficace pour lutter contre le ruissellement et l'érosion. Cependant, des quantités supplémentaires de résidus, qui pourraient être produites avec l’introduction de rotations culturales avec une forte production de biomasse, seraient nécessaires pour lutter efficacement contre les adventices et diminuer les charges liées au sarclage. / Conservation agriculture (CA) is based on the principles of minimum soil disturbance, permanent soil cover and diversification of crop species grown in rotations and/or associations. CA was introduced in the late 90s in the Lake Alaotra region, Madagascar, in order to improve rainfed crop productivity which is commonly constrained by low soil fertility, soil water stress and weed infestation. The main objective of this study was to quantify and understand the impact of CA on rainfed rice productivity as compared to the practice of conventional tillage (CT). First, a review of literature was conducted on the agro-ecological functions of mulching with crop residues in relation to their quantity. The literature review showed that the optimal amount of residues required principally depends on the agro-ecological function searched for. Residue amounts of 2 to 3 t ha-1 had clear positive effects in terms of improving water infiltration and limiting water runoff and soil erosion. On the other hand, results on weed control, nutrient availability and soil fauna in relation to the amount of mulch were highly variable, suggesting the interaction of these agro-ecological functions with other factors, including residue type and soil-climate conditions. Second, two field experiments were monitored at the research center of FOFIFA in the Lake Alaotra region. A first experiment aiming at quantifying the physical effect of a mulch of crop residues on weed infestation, with amounts of surface residues ranging from 0 to 45 t ha-1 showed that the emergence and biomass of weeds on mulched plots depend mainly on the quantity and distribution of rainfall during the cropping season. Overall, weed emergence and biomass decreased with increasing amounts of mulch. However, a large quantity of residues, i.e. in the order of 10 t ha-1, was required to significantly (p<0.05) reduce weed pressure as compared to a bare soil under the agro-ecological conditions of our experiments. The second experiment was conducted during six years (2009/10 to 2014/15), and a 2-year rotation of maize + Dolichos lablab // rice and a 3-year rotation of maize + Stylosanthes guianensis // S. guianensis // rice were combined with three soil/residue management practices and two level of fertilization. Two levels of weed pressure were added as split-plot in 2013/14 and 2014/15. Higher rice grain yields on CA plots as compared to CT plots in the fifth and sixth year of the CA practice were mainly related to a decline of weed pressure under CA. Soil water and mineral nitrogen dynamics did not differ markedly between CA and CT and were strongly influenced by the rainfall pattern. Finally, the use of the concept of stability analysis and the yield gap approach to analyze the variation of rice yield under the 6 crop seasons from 2009/10 to 2014/15 showed that the effects of treatments including crop rotation, soil and residue management, and fertilization levels interact with other factors likely related to the spatial variability of the experimental design. Results of our study suggest that both agro-ecological function of mulch searched for and rainfall conditions should be taken into account when promoting CA systems to improve crop productivity in the Lake Alaotra region. Practicing CA with typical amounts of residues that are produced on farmer’s field (i.e. 1 – 2 t ha-1) is sufficient to control water runoff and soil erosion. However, extra amounts of crop residues are required to effectively control weed infestation. These extra amounts could be produced with the introduction of high biomass-producing crop rotations and could decrease the labor pressure from weeding.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:23:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2007-07-31Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:10:45Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 marcelo_av_me_jabo.pdf: 629434 bytes, checksum: c8c52d678b56187ddb8c2e98eeffc55d (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / A rotação de culturas em sistema de semeadura direta (SSD) promove vários benefícios ao sistema, pois os resíduos das culturas, ao se decomporem, podem alterar os atributos químicos do solo e, como conseqüência, influenciarem a cultura em sucessão. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos de culturas de inverno nos atributos químicos do solo, no estado nutricional e na produtividade das culturas de soja, milho e arroz, cultivadas no verão em SSD. O experimento foi realizado no município de Jaboticabal, SP, em Latossolo Vermelho eutrófico. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi de blocos casualizados com três repetições no esquema em faixas. Os tratamentos foram constituídos pela combinação de quatro seqüências de culturas de verão (monoculturas de milho e de soja e as rotações soja/milho e arroz/feijão/algodão) com sete culturas de inverno (milho, girassol, nabo forrageiro, milheto, guandu, sorgo e crotalária). Após o manejo das culturas de inverno e antes da semeadura das culturas de verão do ano agrícola 2006/2007, foram coletadas amostras de solo nas camadas de 0-2,5; 2,5-5,0; 5-10; 10-20 e 20-30 cm. Nas amostras de solo, foram determinados: matéria orgânica (MO), pH, P (resina), K, Ca, Mg, H+Al e calculados CTC e V. Nas culturas de verão, coletaram-se amostras foliares para a determinação das concentrações foliares de N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, B, Cu, Fe, Mn e Zn. A produtividade das culturas de verão foi avaliada. Foram observados no solo, maiores teores de P após nabo forrageiro e crotalária e menores teores de MO após milho, girassol e guandu no inverno. O SSD apresentou gradientes de fertilidade ao longo do perfil para todos os atributos químicos avaliados... / The crop rotation practice in no-tillage system promotes lots of benefits to the system. The crop residues can change the soil chemical attributes, consequentially influencing the performance of following crops. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of winter crops on the soil chemical attributes, nutritional state and yield summer crops (soybean, corn and rice) in no-tillage system. A field experiment has been carried out on a eutrophic Red Oxisol at Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil. A completely randomized block design with three replications was used, in strips. The treatments were the combination of four summer crops sequences (corn and soybean monocultures, rotation soybean/corn and rotation rice/bean/cotton) with seven winter crops (corn, sunflower, oilseed radish, millet, pigeon pea, sorghum and sunn hemp). After the winter crops management and before the summer crops sowing at the crop season 2006/2007, the soil was sampled at 0-2.5, 2.5-5.0, 5-10, 10-20 and 20-30 cm soil depths. Organic matter, pH, P, K+, Ca+2, Mg+2, H+Al were determined, and cation capacity exchange and bases saturation values were calculated in each soil samples. The N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, B, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn uptake were determined in summer crops. Also, the summer crops yield was obtained. In the soil, the oilseed radish and sunn hemp provide the highest P contents and corn, sunflower and pigeon pea provide the lowest organic matter contents. The no-tillage system showed gradient of fertility in the soil profile. The soybean (rotation soybean/corn) showed lower S uptake after corn and sorghum. The soybean (monoculture) showed higher N, P and S uptake after oilseed radish and sunn hemp. In the corn, Zn uptake were lower after oilseed radish. The oilseed radish and sunn hemp provides the highest soybean yield. In the corn, the highest yields were observed after oilseed radish, millet and pigeon pea. The sorghum provides suppressor effect on the rice yield.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / In Rio Grande do Sul state, the Alfisols areas are predominantly cultivated with irrigated rice, however, the monoculture of rice can complicate the use of these areas for rice crop. An alternative to this is the use of crop rotation. The soybean is a crop that may be used in rotation with irrigated rice, but due some soil characteristics, such as: poor drainage, low hydraulic conductivity and compacted layer present in the soil sub-surface, the soybean yield is usually limited especially in drought years. Accordingly, the objective of this study was to evaluate the duration of mechanical interventions, as soil scarification and raised bed, associated to cover plants during winter season, by means of physical indicators, hydric and oxygen deficiency index, agronomic characteristics and soybean grain yield in lowlands. The experiment was performed in the Lowland Experimental Area of the Federal University of Santa Maria-RS, during 2015/16 growing season. The treatments were composed by two factor. The factor A were composed by tillage systems: ES14 – Soil scarification in November of 2014; ES15 – Soil scarification in November of 2015; MI14 – raised bed built in November of 2014; MI15 – raised bed build in November of 2015. The D factor was applied during the winter, composed by winter fallow, oat, ryegrass and wheat as soil cover plants. During period from November 2015 up to April 2016, it was grown soybean on the yillage systems. Based on the results obtained, the effect of cover plants were not detected after an unique crop season, on the maintenance of alteration of the soil physical attributes. The level of remaining ryegrass straw of 3900 kg ha-1 verified in the present study reduces an initial soybean plantas population. Changes in the density, total porosity and soil resistance to mechanical penetration, promoted by deep tillage are noticeable by at least 18 months. This persistence reflect in the soybean grain yield for a second harvest. The raised bed and deep tillage realized in the same seeding period provides less occurrence of oxygen deficiency and greater nodulation, resulting in a higher yield of soybean grains in irrigated rice area. / No Rio Grande do Sul os Planossolos são predominantemente cultivados com a cultura do arroz irrigado, no entanto, o monocultivo do mesmo pode prejudicar o uso dessas áreas para o cultivo do arroz, sendo a rotação de culturas uma alternativa. A soja é uma cultura que pode ser utilizada em rotação com o arroz irrigado. Porém, em função de características desses solos como: drenagem deficiente, baixa condutividade hidráulica e presença de camada compactada próximo à superfície do solo, a produtividade da soja é usualmente limitada principalmente quando ocorre estresse hídrico. Diante disso, o objetivo de estudo foi determinar o efeito do preparo do solo com escarificação e camalhão na preservação dos atributos físicos do solo, bem como seus efeitos em características agronômicas e no rendimento de grãos de soja em um Planossolo. O experimento foi realizado na área didático-experimental de várzea da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, RS, na safra de 2015/16. Os tratamentos foram constituídos por dois fatores. Fator A composto por preparos do solo: ES14 – escarificação do solo em novembro/2014; ES15 – escarificação do solo em novembro/2015; MI14 – camalhão construído em novembro/2014; MI15 – camalhão construído em novembro/2015. O fator D foi aplicado em faixas no período de inverno, composto por pousio, aveia, azevém e trigo como plantas de cobertura do solo. No período de nov/2015 a abr/2016 foi cultivado soja sobre os preparos do solo. Com base nos resultados obtidos, observa-se que não foi detectado o efeito de plantas de cobertura, em um único ano de cultivo, na manutenção dos atributos físicos do solo. O nível de palha de azevém remanecente de 3900 kg ha-1 verificado no presente trabalho reduz a população inicial de plantas de soja. Alterações na densidade, porosidade total e resistência a penetração, promovidas pela escarificação mecânica, são perceptíveis por no mínimo 18 meses. Sendo que a persistência dessas modificações reflete no rendimento de grãos de soja para uma segunda safra. A confecção de camalhão e escarificação próximos a semeadura proporcionam menor ocorrência de deficiência de oxigênio e maior nodulação, resultando em maior rendimento de grãos de soja em área de arroz irrigado.