Ce travail présente les mesures de section efficace de production de photons isoles dans les collisions proton-proton avec l’expérience ATLAS au LHC, a une énergie de 7 TeV dans le centre de masse. Les résultats sont d’abord obtenus pour une luminosité intégrée de 880 nb−1, puis dans un deuxième temps pour une luminosité de 36 pb−1. Les mesures faites avec 880 nb−1 et 36 pb−1 couvrent, respectivement, les intervalles en énergie transverse 15 ≤ E < 100 GeV et 45 ≤ E < 400 GeV. Les résultats sont compares aux prédictions de la chromodynamique quantique perturbative à l’ordre NLO. Les premières études pour la recherche du Higgs dans le canal de désintégration en deux photons sont également présentées pour 38 pb−1 de données collectées par l’expérience ATLAS en 2010 (et plus récemment pour 210 pb−1 accumules en 2011). Les limites d’exclusion observées sont citées en fonction d’une masse de Higgs se situant dans l’intervalle 110-140 GeV. / This work presents the measurements with the ATLAS experiment of the cross section for inclusive production of isolated prompt photons in proton-proton collisions at a centre-ofmass energy √s = 7 TeV. The first results are based on an integrated luminosity of 880 nb−1 and the later results are based on 36 pb−1, collected with the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider. The measurements performed with 880 nb−1 and 36 pb−1 cover the transverse energy range 15 ≤ E < 100 GeV and 45 ≤ E < 400 GeV, respectively.The results are compared to predictions from next-to-leading order perturbative QCD calculations. In addition, are also presented the first studies for the search for the Higgs boson in the decay channel into two photons with 38 pb−1 data collected by the ATLAS experiment in 2010 (and more recently with 210 pb−1 collected in 2011). Observed exclusion limits are quoted as a function of the Higgs mass in the range 110-140 GeV.

Nesse trabalho medimos e analisamos distribuições angulares do espalhamento elástico para os isótopos 7Be, 9Be e 10Be em alvo de 12C. A distribuição do 7Be foi medida a uma energia de 18.8 MeV, em dois laboratórios, com o sistema TWINSOL, na Universidade de Notre dame, e com o sistema RIBRAS, na Universidade de São Paulo, onde foi completada a distribuição angular. As distribuições para o 9Be e 10Be foram medidas completamente no sistema RIBRAS, em energias de 26.0 e 23.2 MeV, respectivamente. Cada uma dessas distribuições angulares foi analisada considerando no modelo ótico e também o formalismo dos canais acoplados. Testamos múltiplos potenciais óticos em cada distribui9ção, com a finalidade de descrever a seção de choque elástica de cada sistema. Para os sistemas que envolvem núcleos fracamente ligados (7Be, 9Be e 8B) foram feitos cálculos com acoplamento do contínuo (CDCC), enquanto que para o núcleo 10Be, que é fortemente ligado, acoplamos os dois primeiros estados ligados. Também, a partir da análise de cada uma das distribuições elásticas, foi possível obter a seção total de reação, que foi comparada sistematicamente com outros núcleos leves espalhados em carbono. Dessa análise foi possível concluir que o canal do break up Coulombiano, nesses sistemas leves, não é fortemente influente na seção de choque total de reação, o que implica que a interação entre alvo e projétil é dominada pelo potencial nuclear. / In the present work, we measured elastic scattering angular distributions for teh isotopes 7Be, 9Be and 10Be on 12C target. The angular distribution of 7Be at 18.8 MeV, was measured in two laboratories, with the TWINSOL system, in Notre Dame University, and the RIBRAS system, in São Paulo University, where the angular distribution was completed. The angular distribution for 9Be and 10Be isotopes measured completely in the RIBRAS system at 26.0 and 23.2 MeV, respectively. All angular distribution were analized considering optical model and coupled channel formalism. We tested multiple optical potentials on each distribution to describe the elastic cross section for these systems. For the weakly bound projectiles (7Be, 9Be and 8B)calculations with continous coupling (CDCC) were performed, while for the 10Be nucleus, which is tghtly bound nucleus, we coupled the first two bound states. We also performed a systematic analysis of the total reaction cross section obtained from elastic scattering distribution of several light particles on 12C. From this analysis, we concluded that the Coulomb break up channel, in these light systems, does not have a strong influence on the total reaction cross section, what implies that the projetile-target interaction is dominated by the nuclear potential.

Foram determinadas de maneira absoluta seções de choque duplamente diferenciais de produção de bremsstrahlung, para elétrons com energia cinética de 20, 50, 75 e 100~keV, nos elementos C, Al, Ag, Te, Ta e Au, e nos ângulos de emissão dos fótons $35^{\\mathrm}$, $90^{\\mathrm}$ e $131^{\\mathrm}$. As medidas foram realizadas na linha de feixe de baixa energia do Acelerador Microtron, do Instituto de Física da Universidade de São Paulo, em um arranjo que contou com três detetores de Ge hiperpuro, dois planares e um coaxial. Os alvos finos foram confeccionados pela técnica de deposição física de vapores, enquanto suas espessuras foram caracterizadas a partir da espectrometria de retroespalhamento de Rutherford. Foi desenvolvido um modelo analítico para descrever a função reposta de detetores de Ge, que permitiu a deconvolução dos espectros de bremsstrahlung entre os 12~keV e o ponto de máxima transferência de energia, com uma resolução de 1~keV. As seções de choque obtidas apresentam uma incerteza relativa entre 3\\% e 5\\%, e foram comparadas com os cálculos teóricos que constituem o estado da arte na temática, e com os poucos dados experimentais encontrados na literatura. / Bremsstrahlung doubly dierential cross sections were absolutely determined for electrons with kinetic energies of 20, 50, 75 and 100 keV, in the elements C, Al, Ag, Te, Ta e Au, and the photon emission angles of 35o, 90o and 131o. The measurements were performed at the low energy beam line of the S~ao Paulo Microtron Accelerator, using three high purity Ge detectors: two planar and one coaxial. Thin targets were obtained by the Physical Vapor Deposition technique, and their thicknesses were characterized through Rutherford Backscattering Spectroscopy. An analytical model was developed to describe the response function of Ge detectors, which allowed to unfold the bremsstrahlung spectra between 12 keV and the maximum energy transfer point, with an energetic resolution of 1 keV. The obtained cross sections present relative uncertainties between 3% and 5%. These results were compared with the higher accurate theoretical calculations and also with the experimental reports found in literature.

O objetivo principal desta dissertação é mostrar um resultado obtido por Plante, o qual estabelece que: qualquer fluxo de Anosov de codimensão um sobre uma variedade diferenciável compacta M de dimensão maior do que 3 com grupo fundamental solúvel é topologicamente equivalente à suspensão de um automorfismo hiperbólico do toro. Este resultado mostra a conjectura de Verjovsky no caso que o grupo fundamental da variedade é um grupo solúvel. A prova deste resultado é baseada no celebre resultado de Schwartzman, o qual fornece um criterio para garantir a existencia de seção transversal global para um fluxo não singular / O objetivo principal desta dissertação é mostrar um resultado obtido por Plante em [12] o qual estabelece que: qualquer fluxo de Anosov de codimensão um sobre uma variedade diferenciável compacta M de dimesão maior o que 3 com grupo fundamental solúvel é topologicamente equivalente à suspensão de um automorfismo hiperbólico do toro. Este resultado mostra a conjectura de Verjovsky no caso que o grupo fundamental da variedade é um grupo solúvel. A prova deste resultado é baseada no célebre resultado de Schwartzman [15], Teorema 2.17, o qual fornece um critério para garantir a existência de seção transversal global para um fluxo não singular

I detta examensarbete undersöks limträbalkars styrka och styvhet och hur dessa parametrar ändrar sig när balkarna förstärks med plåt. En litteraturstudie har genomförts för att ta reda på vad som gjorts tidigare vid diverse förstärkningsförsök av limträbalkar. Limträbalkar har högre hållfasthet än vanligt konstruktionsvirke. Vid dimensionering i bruksgränstillståndet gäller en viss maximal nedböjning som beror av balkens spännvidd. En förstärkning med stål, som har högre hållfasthetsegenskaper, kan innebära att man kan klara av kraven med ett mindre tvärsnitt. Även balkens styvhet skulle kunna höjas, vilket i så fall leder till att balkens egenfrekvens höjs. I denna studie undersöks tre olika stålförstärkningar av limträbalkar. Plåtarna limmas fast på balkarna med hjälp av konstruktionslim. Dessa läggs sen på två upplag där en punktlast belastar mitt på balken och trycker tills brott uppstår. De olika förstärkningarna visar på en kraftökning mellan 23,9-30,7 % och en styvhetsökning mellan 13,2-37,6 %. Med en annan typ av stål, med högre hållfasthet, hade ökningarna antagligen kunnat vara ännu större. / In this master thesis the strength and stiffness of glulam beams is being investigated and how these parameters change when you reinforce the beams with steel. A literature review has been conducted to establish what’s been done in this area previously, regarding reinforcements of glulam beams. Glulam beams got a greater solidity compared to regular construction timber. When dimensioning beams, a certain maximum deflection is allowed, that depends on the beam's span. A reinforcement with steel, that has higher strength properties, can mean that you can handle the requirements with a smaller cross section. Even the stiffness of the beam could be raised, which in turn causes the beam's frequency to be raised. In this particular study three different types of steel reinforcement has been investigated. The steel plates were glued together with the glulam beams. The beams were placed upon heaps and a point load stressed the beam at the center until the beam fractured. The reinforced beam showed an increase in strength between 23,9-30,7 % and an increase in stiffness between 13,2-37,6 %. With a different type of steel, with higher solidity, the increases would probably been greater.

This work aims to obtain the fusion excitation function for the 16O+16O system through gamma-spectroscopy measurements and gamma-charged particle coincidence, using the Saci-Perere system mounted at the end of the 30A beamline of the Open Laboratory of Nuclear Physics of the University of São Paulo (LAFN). Tests with the gamma-charged particle detection system indicated its unfeasibility due to the short measurement time and lose of the neutron channel. To overcome this problem, a new experimental setup was used. Two $\\gamma$-ray detectors were placed at 55º and 125º and a surface barrier detector was placed at 130º to monitor the 16O nuclei backscattered. The partial fusion cross sections related to the exit channels from the 16O+16O fusion reaction were measured by detecting their characteristic gamma rays at Ecm= 8.27, 9.27, 10.77 and 12.27 MeV. Three difficulties were faced during and after the experiment: carbon contamination of the target, natural background and low beam intensity. Efforts were made to successfully overcome these difficulties. The relative normalization was made by two ways, using the gamma-rays at 279 keV(197Au) and 536 keV(100Mo), and their results agree very well with each other. The total fusion cross section was obtained by summing the partial cross sections for each beam energy. Its absolute normalization was performed with the total theoretical fusion cross section obtained using coupled channel calculations, using the zero point motion model (ZPM), at Ecm= 12.27 MeV. With the total fusion cross section we calculated the astrophysical S-factor, and both results are in good agreement with the literature. / O objetivo deste trabalho é obter uma função de excitação para o sistema 16O+16O através de medidas de espectroscopia-gamma e coincidência gamma-partícula carregada, utilizando o sistema Saci-Perere montado no final da linha de feixe 30A do Laboratório Aberto de Física Nuclear da Universidade de São Paulo (LAFN). Testes com o sistema de detecção gamma-partícula carregada indicaram sua inviabilidade devido ao curto tempo de medida e a perda do canal de nêutrons. Para superarmos este problema, uma nova configuração experimental foi utilizada. Dois detectores de radiação gamma foram posicionados a 55º e 125º e um detector de barreira de superfície foi posicionado a 130º para monitorar os núcleos de 16O retroespalhados. As seções de choque parciais relativas aos canais de saída da reação de fusão 16O+16O foram medidas através da detecção de seus raios-gamma característicos para Ecm= 8.27, 9.27, 10.77 e 12.27 MeV. Três dificuldades foram encontradas ao longo e após o experimento: contaminação do alvo por carbono, radiação natural de fundo e baixa intensidade do feixe. Esforços foram direcionados com sucesso para superar estas dificuldades. A normalização relativa foi realizada por dois caminhos, utilizando os raios-gamma a 279 keV(197Au) e a 536 keV(100Mo), e seus resultados concordam muito bem. A seção de choque de fusão total foi obtida somando as seções de choque parciais para cada energia de feixe medida. Sua normalização absoluta foi feita usando a seção de choque de fusão teórica total obtida com cálculos de canais acoplados, utilizando o modelo (ZPM), para Ecm= 12.27 MeV. De posse da seção de choque de fusão total calculamos o fator S-astrofísico, e ambos os resultados concordam bem com a literatura.

[pt] No presente trabalho o método de Rayleigh-Ritz é utilizado na determinação dos campos modais e dos números de onda de corte em guias de onda de seção arbitrária. Inicialmente, o método é aplicado com funções de base polinomiais, sendo a seção transversal do guia aproximada por um polígono convexo. Este tipo de função limitou o número de modos que podem ser calculados, uma vez que polinômios de grau alto geram instabilidades computacionais e overflow. Utilizando a mesma metodologia, os campos modais em guias de onda superquadráticos são analisados. Entretanto, as funções de base polinomiais são substituídas por funções trigonométricas, produzindo um modelo numérico capaz de computar um grande número de modos em um tempo de execução razoável. Os guias superquadráticos constituem uma classe de guias uniformes, incluindo guias circulares, elípticos, quase retangulares e outros de seções intermediárias. Conseqüentemente, eles são úteis na construção de diversos dispositivos em guias de onda, incluindo transições de diferentes seções, tais como circular para elíptica e circular para retangular. O método do casamento de modos é aplicado na determinação da matriz de espalhamento de descontinuidades entre guias superquadráticos. Diversas aplicações numéricas são apresentadas e comparadas com resultados obtidos através de outras técnicas. / [en] In the present work, the modal fields and cutoff wavenumbers of arbitrary cross section waveguides are determined using the Rayleigh-Ritz method. Initially, the method is applied to waveguides with cross section approximated by a convex polygon. Polynomial basis functions are used. Such basis functions limit the number of modes that can be computed, since polynomials of high degree generate computer instabilities and overflow. Using the same methodology, the modal fields of superquadric waveguides are analyzed. Polynomial basis functions are replaced by trigonometric functions, however, producing an efficient numerical model capable of computing a large number of modes with a reasonable computer time. Superquadric waveguides constitute a class of uniform waveguides that include circular, elliptical, almost rectangular waveguides and a series of intermediate cross section waveguides. As a consequence they are quite useful in the construction of several devices, including transitions between waveguides of different cross sections, such as circular to elliptical and circular to rectangular. The mode matching technique is applied to the determination of the scattering matrix of discontinuities between superquadric waveguides. Several numerical applications are presented and compared to results obtained from other techniques.

Ion mobility spectrometry is a powerful technique for the study related to molecule. The work of tow major applications are introduced in this paper. The first application is the optimization of parameters in CCS. The accurate calculation of the collision cross section for multiple molecules is a long-time interested topic in the research for substances detection in micro scale. No reliable analytical approach to calculate the collision cross section has been established to date. Different approaches rely on different mechanism will provide different results in significant extent. This work introduce a method for the determination of parameters in the Lennard Jones potential. Experimental data combined with numerical computation was the fundamental strategy during the optimization of the parameters. In the experiment, electrospray is used as the ion source of IMS while a nebulizer was utilized to electrify the aromatic compounds. New parameters show no less accuracy and equal efficiency while can explain the physical meaning of the collision more clearly. The second application is the trace detection of explosives with very low concentration. The detection of explosives is an important topic in security, while the detection will be difficult due to the low vapor pressure of explosives. In this work, two types of devices are designed for the trace detection of explosives at an extremely low concentration. TNT is selected as the explosives in the experiment. The experiment succeed to reach a sensitivity of 1 part per quintillion, and even find out a linear relationship between the logarithm of TNT concentration and TNT vapor pressure.

L’étude des réaction (a,g) d’intérêt astrophysique est vaste. Ces réactions ont un rôle important dans la phase de fusion d’hélium des étoiles, dans la nucléosynthèse au moment du big bang ainsi que dans une grande partie des scénarios d'explosions stellaires. L’étude des réactions (a,g) impliquant des faisceaux stables peut être réalisée de diverse façon. Je me suis concentrée sur deux d'entre elles. La première est l’étude en cinématique directe en détectant les rayons gamma produits. C'est ce que j'ai fait durant ma thèse pour mesurer la section efficace de 7Li(a,g)11B. Cette réaction a été étudiée au cours des années pour différentes raisons en astrophysique nucléaire. Par exemple, il a été postule que cette réaction pourrait résoudre, au moment de la nucléosynthèse du big bang, le problème du Lithium. Il est clair, aujourd'hui, que ce n'est pas la solution, cependant, elle a un rôle dans la production de boron lors des supernovae de type Ic. Une autre façon d’étudier les réactions (a,g) est d'utiliser la cinématique inverse. L’idée est d'envoyer un faisceau d'ions lourd sur une cible d’hélium. Ce type de cinématique permet de détecter, avec une bonne efficacité, le noyau lourd de recul produit si le faisceau qui n'a pas interagit avec la cible, en est correctement séparé. Les séparateurs de masses, comme St. George, sont construit dans ce but. St. George sera impliquer dans la mesure de sections efficaces de réaction d’importance pour le processus s comme 16O(a,g)20Ne. / The study of (a,g) reactions of astrophysical interest is quite vast. These reactions play an important role in the quiescent Helium burning phase of stars, in big bang nucleosynthesis and in most explosive stellar scenarios. The studies of (a,g) reactions involving stable beams are performed in various ways. I have been concentrating on two of them. The first one is studying these reactions in direct kinematics by detecting the produced gamma rays. This is what I did during my thesis to measure the cross section of 7Li(a,g)11B. It has been studied throughout the years for several purposes in nuclear astrophysics. For example, it was postulated it could solve the big bang nucleosynthesis Lithium problem. Nowadays, it is clear it does not.However, this reaction plays a role in the production of Boron during type Ic Supernovae. Another way to study (a,g) reactions is to use inverse kinematics. The idea is to send a heavy element beam on a Helium target. This kind of kinematics allows for the detection, with good efficiency, of the heavy recoil product if the beam that did not interact in the target is properly separated. Recoil mass separators, like St. George, are built for this purpose. St. George will be involved in measuring cross sections of reaction important for the s-process like 16O(a,g)20Ne.

The Higgs boson and the top quark have been a focus in modern elementary particle physics research because of their special roles in the Standard Model (SM) of particle physics. The studies of both particles are crucial for revealing the unsolved puzzles of modern particle physics. The coupling between the Higgs boson and the top quark, the top-Yukawa coupling, is one of the fundamental parameters in the SM that can potentially direct the future development of the theory of elementary particle physics. This thesis presents two analyses on the Higgs boson and the top quark, using proton-proton (pp) collision data collected by the ATLAS detector during 2012 and 2015. A search for the SM Higgs boson produced in association with a top quark pair (tt̄H) was performed using 20.3 fb⁻¹ of pp collision data at a centre-of-mass energy of √s = 8 TeV. The search is designed to be primarily sensitive to the H → bb decay mode. Events with one of two electrons or muons are used in the search. No significant excess of events is observed above the background predicted by the SM. An observed (expected) upper limit on the signal strength of 3.4 (2.2) times the SM prediction is obtained at 95% confidence level. The tt̄H signal strength, represented by the ratio of the measured tt̄H cross-section to the SM prediction, is found to be μ = 1.5 ± 1.1 for a Higgs boson mass of m_H = 125 GeV. A measurement of the top quark pair (tt̄) production cross-section was performed using 3.2 fb⁻¹ of pp collision data at √s = 13 TeV. The measurement uses events with an opposite-charge-sign electron-muon pair and exactly one and two jets originating from b quarks. The inclusive tt̄ production cross-section is measured to be σ_tt̄ = 818 ± 8(stat) ± 27(syst) ± 19(lumi) ± 12(beam) pb, where the uncertainties arise from data statistics, analysis systematic effects, the integrated luminosity and the LHC beam energy. The total relative uncertainty is 4.4%. The result is consistent with the theoretical prediction at the next-to-next-to-leading order accuracy in the strong coupling constant αs of QCD, with the resummation of next-to-next-to-leading logarithmic (NNLL) soft gluon terms. A fiducial cross-section corresponding to the experimental acceptance of leptons is also measured.