Spelling suggestions: "subject:"crystal browth"" "subject:"crystal bgrowth""
281 |
A theoretical study of crystal growth in nanoporous materials using the Monte Carlo methodGebbie, James Thomas January 2014 (has links)
This work is aimed at understanding the underlying processes of crystal growth in nanoporous materials at the molecular level utilising computational modelling. The coarse grain Monte Carlo program constructed over a number of works at the CNM has shown success in modelling cubic zeolite systems. The goal of this work is to adapt the program to deal with the complexities of a wide range of different crystal systems. There have been many studies of crystal growth and many problems solved. In zeolites, however, there are still a lot of questions to answer. Growth rates and activation energies for crystal growth processes in zeolites are some of the things that remain unsolved for zeolites. Coarse grain Monte Carlo modelling simplifies the problem and can provide an insight into the underlying processes that govern crystal growth. This study focused its energetics around the formation of stable closed cage surface structures deduced from careful study of the dissolution of zeolite L terraces. Two approaches from an energetic point of view were investigated during the course of this study. The first considered the energetics from an energy of attachment point of view whilst the second focused on the energy of destabilisation with respect to crystal bulk. In this study the crystal growth of the following systems were probed computationally: LTA, SOD, LTL, ERI, OFF. Both zeolite and MOF crystal systems were studied over the course of this work. The algorithm developed in study shows some potential in being able to give insight to experimental crystal growth chemists as to how changing the rates of growth of certain cage structures would affect the overall morphology of the crystal grown. They can then utilise their knowledge of how using certain cations or templates, for example, can alter the stabilisation of certain cage structures to in effect design crystals of desired properties.
|
282 |
The effect of additives on the growth of benzophenoneHutchinson, Adrian Paul January 2014 (has links)
The effect of impurities on crystal morphology is a challenging problem, since even at low concentrations they can have drastic effects on the final habit. Industrially this causes problems with downstream processes such as filtration, processability and even storage. Conversely, structurally related additive molecules may be introduced to a system in order to mimic the effect of an impurity resulting in a beneficial effect on problematic crystal morphologies. The work presented here considers the design and use of tailor made additives on a nonhydrogen bonded crystal, benzophenone. This compound is typical of many agrochemical materials in that the major intermolecular interactions are of the nondirectional van der Waals type. Using crystal packing analysis a selection of additives has been chosen with the intent of specifically hindering certain directions of crystal growth. From an initial group of nine molecules two additives, 4ABP and 4MBP were found tobe particularly effective, both strongly hindering growth. Measured kinetic data suggests that these additives bind to steps in the growth spirals, drastically slowing growth of specific crystal faces altering the crystal morphology to a needle shape. Through nucleation experiments and product analysis the additives were shown to effect only crystal growth becoming incorporated into the crystal structure. Computational modelling of the binding of additives to the crystal surfaces of benzophenone has been used in an attempt to rationalise the experimental effects. In many cases calculated binding energies were in agreement with experimental observation. However, modified attachment energies did not match well with experimental observations.
|
283 |
Croissance cristalline d'oxydes sous champ électrique / The growth of oxide crystals under electric fieldHicher, Patrick 16 December 2016 (has links)
Le travail de thèse portant sur « le rôle d’un champ électrique intense sur les phénomènes thermodynamiques et cinétiques mis en jeu au cours de la croissance cristalline d’oxydes », consiste à mettre en œuvre une nouvelle voie de croissance de monocristaux d’oxydes aux propriétés remarquables. A travers l’utilisation d’un champ électrique intense au cours du processus de solidification, nous souhaitons agir sur les équilibres thermodynamiques propres à la cristallisation ainsi que moduler les conditions cinétiques de formation des cristaux dans le but d’obtenir des phases nouvelles, des structures particulières et ainsi obtenir des matériaux aux propriétés nouvelles, exacerbées ou contrôlées. Pour cela, un dispositif spécifique a été conçu dans le but d’introduire, au sein d’un bâti de croissance existant (le four à image), une source de champ électrique intense (plusieurs kV/cm). Des études de modélisation, des observations in situ à la croissance et des analyses de la microstructure et des propriétés des matériaux ont été menées en vue d’appréhender les mécanismes d’influence du champ électrique sur les processus de germination-croissance des cristaux. Ces études soulèvent la grande complexité des interactions entre le champ électrique externe et les milieux ioniques solide et liquide portés à hautes température (conducteurs polarisables). Une influence particulière de l’énergie électrostatique sur les équilibres de phases a été démontrée, notamment à travers une élévation significative de la température de fusion des matériaux en présence du champ électrique [1]. Les résultats associés révèlent que les modèles établis jusqu’à présent [2-4], à savoir une perturbation de l’énergie libre à travers la polarisation des milieux, ne rendent pas compte de l’ensemble des mécanismes sous-jacents à la présence du champ électrique externe. Un modèle de double couche électrique à l’interface de croissance où un champ local intense est créé par des distributions surfaciques de charges semble correspondre au mieux à la description de la nouvelle organisation chimique induite sous champ électrique de manière à rétablir l’équilibre électrostatique. De fait, à l’interface de croissance, les potentiels chimiques des espèces sont principalement influencés par la différence de potentiel électrique locale, déterminée par la nature de la double couche. Par ailleurs, les analyses des microstructures de croissance, notamment ciblées sur l’étape de germination, révèlent que des mécanismes dynamiques de transport de charges couplés aux transferts de chaleur (effets thermoélectriques) agissent très certainement sur les conditions de formation des cristaux. Des analyses élémentaires de cristaux dopés formés sous champ électrique démontrent la capacité de ce dernier à agir sur la ségrégation des espèces et donc, sur les conditions d’équilibres électrostatiques à l’interface de croissance. On distingue ici la possibilité de contrôler, dans une certaine mesure, la stœchiométrie des cristaux formés ainsi que l’incorporation d’espèces qui confèrent aux matériaux des propriétés particulières. En outre, des effets observés sur des orientations de croissance privilégiées sous champ électrique ou encore la formation de défauts par la création de charges d’espace laissent à penser qu’une polarisation in situ de matériaux piézoélectriques ou ferroélectriques serait un objectif atteignable à terme. / This thesis work named “Role of an intense electric field on thermodynamic and kinetic conditions of oxides' crystal growth” lies on the elaboration of a novel way to conduct crystal growth of bulk functional oxides. With the use of an intense electric field during growth, we wish to act on the thermodynamic equilibria taking place during the solidification process and to modulate the kinetic conditions of crystals’ formation with the aim to achieve new crystal phases and structures in order to produce materials with novel, enhanced or controlled properties. Therefore, a specific device of intense electric field production (several kV/cm) that fits inside a mirror furnace has been conceived. The interactions between the external electric field and the ionic solid and liquid media have been investigated through modeling studies, growth in situ observations and analysis of materials’ structure that reveal a complex situation where multiple mechanisms of influence act on the nucleation and growth processes. A notable impact of the electrostatic energy on thermodynamic equilibria has been evidenced, especially on materials’ melting temperature [1]. Moreover, results suggest that the existing models that describe the shifts in thermodynamic equilibria due to displacements of phases’ free energies through a polarization mechanism [2-4] are not sufficient because of the variety of mechanisms that are in stake. The picture of an electric double layer formed at the growth interface where an intense local electric field is created by surface charge distributions seems to be the most reliable conceptualization of the induced chemical organization taking place in order to restore the electrostatic equilibrium under the influence of an external electric field. Thus, at the growth front, the chemical potential of species is mostly influence by the local electric potential that depends upon the electric double layer’s nature. Besides, analysis of the growth microstructures, especially during the nucleation process, reveal that coupling of dynamic charges and heat transports, therefore thermoelectric flux, act upon the growth conditions of crystals. Chemical analysis of doped crystals grown under electric field show that the latter is capable of influencing the segregation of species, which reveals its action on the electrostatic conditions of equilibrium at the interface. Herein, we notice the possibility to control, in a certain extent, the stoichiometry of crystals and the incorporation of chemical elements that impart crystals particular properties. Moreover, some observations of enhanced growth orientations under electric field or some defects formation creating space charges give insights on the possibilities to, at term, conduct in situ polarization of piezoelectric or ferroelectric materials throughout growth under electric field. Finally, an opening on hydrodynamic effects bound to the external electric field reveal the great potentials of the use of an external electric field as an additional parameter to the crystal growth of functional oxides.
|
284 |
Croissance cristalline et étude par spectroscopie Raman des orthochromites de terres rares RCr03 (R=terre rare) / Crystal growth and polarized Raman studies of rare earth carthochromites RGO3 (R = rare earth)Camara, Nimbo 02 April 2019 (has links)
Les multiferroïques sont entre autres des matériaux possédant à la fois un ordre magnétique et un ordre ferroélectrique, le plus souvent couplés entre eux (couplage magnétoélectrique). Ce caractère multifonctionnel scientifiquement et technologiquement prometteur, rend ces matériaux plus attrayants, d’autant plus que l'aimantation peut être contrôlée par l'application de champ électrique, ou que la polarisation électrique peut être contrôlée par un champ magnétique. D’un point de vue technologique, ces matériaux ouvrent la voie à des applications dans les domaines de l’électronique de spins, des capteurs magnétoélectriques, des mémoires de stockage, … D’un point de vue scientifique, ce sont les questions fondamentales relative à la compréhension des mécanismes gouvernant la présence de l'ordre ferroélectrique dans un matériau magnétique, qui expliquent leur attractivité. / Multiferroics are materials exhibiting in the same phase, at least two ferroics orders such as magnetism and ferroelectricity, which is furthermore extended when these orders are coupled (magnetoelectric coupling). This multifunctionality is scientifically and technologically promising, and makes multiferroics more attractive, especially since the magnetization can be controlled by the application of an electric field, or the polarization can be controlled by a magnetic field. From a technological point of view, these materials open pathways for many applications in spintronics, magnetoelectric sensors, data storage memories, ... From a scientific point of view, their attractiveness is explained by the fact that many fundamental questions related to the mechanisms of the occurrence of ferroelectricity in a magnetic material, are still unanswered.
|
285 |
Convection and segregation phenomena in low Prandtl number melt growth systems : a quantitative experimental and theoretical approachMartin, Edward Paul. January 1977 (has links)
Thesis: Ph. D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, 1977 / Vita. / Includes bibliographical references. / by Edward Paul Martin, Jr. / Ph. D. / Ph. D. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Materials Science and Engineering
|
286 |
Growth and defect investigation of high-purity germanium crystals for radiation detector applicationsGradwohl, Kevin-Peter 07 February 2022 (has links)
Isotopenangereicherte hochreine Germanium (HPGe) Strahlungsdetektorkristalle mit herausragender chemischen Reinheit und kristalliner Perfektion spielen eine Schlüsselrolle zur Beantwortung fundamentaler Fragen bezüglich Neutrinos und Dunkler Materie. Diese Dissertation untersucht die einhergehende Materialaufbereitung von Germanium angereichert an 76Ge, Kristallzüchtung, sowie die notwendige Charakterisierung und Beschreibung von Defekten. In dieser Arbeit wird ein Wasserstoff-Reduktionsprozess eingesetzt um 50 kg an angereicherten GeO2 zu halbleitenden Ge zu reduzieren, was anschließend mittels Zonenreinigung auf intrinsische Reinheit gebracht wurde. Die Prozesse wurden hinsichtlich einer minimalen Exposition durch kosmische Strahlung und einer maximaler Ausbeute optimiert. Zudem wurde eine Zonenreinigungstechnologie für HPGe in Quarzglasbooten zur Erreichung der angestrebten Netto-Ladungsträgerdichte von 10^10 cm^-3 entwickelt. [0 0 1] HPGe Einkristalle mit niedriger Defektdichte wurden mittels des Czochralski-Verfahrens gezüchtet. Ein dynamischer Beugungseffekt zeigte die Existenz von Leerstellencluster in versetzungsfreien Ge mit einem Durchmesser von 100 nm und einer Dichte von 10^5 cm^-3 auf, was mit einem Abfall der Ladungsträgerlebensdauer von über 400 auf 83 µs verbunden war. Des Weiteren wurde Versetzungslinien und –typ Selektion in [2 1 1] und [1 1 0] Ge Kristallen durch Weißstrahltopografie und einer damit einhergehenden umfangreichen Burgersvektor-Analyse nachgewiesen. Die hohen Lebensdauern weisen auf eine verbesserte zukünftige Detektorkristalltechnologie hin. Letztendlich wurde die aus der Kristallzüchtung resultierende Versetzungsmultiplikation durch Diskrete Versetzungsdynamik unter Verwendung und Modifizierung des Open-Source Codes ParaDiS beschrieben. Exponentielle Versetzungsmultiplikation wurde beobachtet, mit einer linearen Proportionalität der mittleren Versetzungsgeschwindigkeit und des Multiplikationsparameters zur effektiven Schubspannung. / Isotopically enriched high-purity germanium (HPGe) radiation detector crystals with outstanding crystalline perfection play a key role in answering fundamental questions concerning neutrinos and dark matter. This thesis investigates the related material processing of germanium isotopically enriched in 76Ge, crystal growth, and the necessary defect characterization and description. In this work, a hydrogen reduction process was employed to reduce around 50 kg of enriched GeO2 to semiconducting Ge, which was subsequently purified by zone-refining to intrinsic purity. The processes were optimized towards a minimal exposure to cosmic radiation and a maximal yield. Furthermore, HPGe zone-refining technology in fused silica boats has been developed to reach the target net charge carrier density of 10^10 cm^-3. [0 0 1] HPGe single crystals with low defect density were grown by the Czochralski method. A dynamical X-ray diffraction effect revealed the presence of voids in dislocation-free Ge with a diameter of 100 nm and a density of 10^5 cm^-3, which was accompanied by a decrease in charge carrier lifetime from above 400 to 83 µs. Additionally, dislocation line and type selection were demonstrated in [2 1 1] and [1 1 0] Ge crystals by white beam X-ray topography accompanied by an extensive Burgers vector analysis. The high lifetimes suggest an improved future detector crystal technology. Finally, the dislocation multiplication during crystal growth could be described by discrete dislocation dynamics, utilizing and modifying the open-source code ParaDiS. Exponential dislocation multiplication was observed with an average dislocation velocity and multiplication parameter linearly proportional to the effective shear stress.
|
287 |
Crystalline properties of gallium oxide thin films epitaxially grown by mist chemical vapor deposition / ミスト化学気相法によるエピタキシャル成長酸化ガリウム薄膜の結晶特性に関する研究Lee, Sam-Dong 23 March 2016 (has links)
京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第19721号 / 工博第4176号 / 新制||工||1644(附属図書館) / 32757 / 京都大学大学院工学研究科電子工学専攻 / (主査)教授 藤田 静雄, 教授 髙岡 義寛, 准教授 須田 淳 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DFAM
|
288 |
Strain-Controlled AlN Growth on SiC Substrates / SiC基板上への歪み制御AlN層の成長Kaneko, Mitsuaki 23 September 2016 (has links)
京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第19997号 / 工博第4241号 / 新制||工||1656(附属図書館) / 33093 / 京都大学大学院工学研究科電子工学専攻 / (主査)教授 木本 恒暢, 教授 藤田 静雄, 准教授 船戸 充 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DGAM
|
289 |
Investigation on properties of zinc phosphide related materials and interfaces for optoelectronic devices / 光・電子デバイスを指向した燐化亜鉛関連材料および界面の特性に関する研究Katsube, Ryoji 26 March 2018 (has links)
京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第21104号 / 工博第4468号 / 新制||工||1694(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院工学研究科材料工学専攻 / (主査)教授 杉村 博之, 教授 田中 功, 准教授 野瀬 嘉太郎 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DFAM
|
290 |
Electrochemical Metal Nanowire Growth From SolutionNerowski, Alexander 29 May 2013 (has links)
The aim of this work is to make electrochemical metal nanowire growth a competitive method, being up to par with more standardized procedures, like e.g. lithography.
This includes on the one hand the production of nanowires as reliable and reproducible parts, potentially suited for nanoelectronic circuit design. Therefore, this work presents a systematic investigation of the causes of nanowire branching, the necessary conditions to achieve straight growth and the parameters affecting the diameter of the wires. The growth of ultrathin (down to 15 nm), straight and unbranched platinum nanowires assembly is demonstrated.
On the other hand, it is the objective to go beyond purely electronic applications. An examination of the crystallography of the wires reveals nanoclusters inside the wire with a common crystallographic orientation. The versatility of the wires is illustrated by implementing them into an impedimetric sensor capable of the detection of single nanoscaled objects, such as bacteria. / Die Zielstellung der vorliegenden Arbeit ist es, die elektrochemische Herstellung von metallischen Nanodrähten zu einer wettbewerbsfähigen Methode zu machen, die sich mit standardisierten Prozessen, wie z. B. der Lithographie messen kann.
Dies beinhält auf der einen Seite die Produktion der Nanodrähte als zuverlässige und reproduzierbare Bauteile, die im nanoelektrischen Schaltungsdesign Verwendung finden können. Daher befasst sich diese Arbeit mit einer systematischen Untersuchung der Ursachen für die Verzweigung von Nanodrähten, den notwendigen Bedingungen um gerades Wachstum zu erlangen und mit den Parametern, die Einfluss auf den Durchmesser der Drähte haben. Der Wuchs von sehr dünnen (bis zu 15 nm), geraden und unverzweigten Nanodrähten aus Platin wird gezeigt.
Auf der anderen Seite ist es erklärtes Ziel, über rein elektronische Anwendungen hinaus zu gehen. Eine Untersuchung der Kristallographie der Nanodrähte zeigt, dass die Drähte aus Nanopartikeln bestehen, die eine gemeinsame kristallographische Orientierung aufweisen. Die Vielseitigkeit der Drähte wird anhand einer Sensoranwendung gezeigt, mit der es möglich ist, einzelne nanoskalige Objekte (wie z. B. Bakterien) zu detektieren.
|
Page generated in 0.0464 seconds