Orientador: Pascoal José Giglio Pagliuso / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Física Gleb Wataghin / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-02T11:57:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Souza_JeanCarlo_M.pdf: 4438731 bytes, checksum: aaba7a375b2b45b638619e944111c41b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017 / Resumo: A ideia de topologia na Física da Matéria da Condensada, apesar de ter surgido com o efeito Hall quântico inteiro, só voltou a ser explorada recentemente na busca de novas fases da matéria depois do surgimento dos Isolantes Topológicos (ITs) 2D. Após a previsão teórica, e a descoberta experimental, foi proposto que esta nova fase poderia ser generalizada para sistemas 3D, em que o volume do material seria isolante com estados metálicos de superfície que possuiriam canais de spin polarizados. Apesar de diversos experimentos e o surgimento de outras fases topológicas da matéria subsequentes, ainda há dúvidas sobre a natureza dos ITs 3D. Os efeitos topológicos mais claros ainda não foram observados de forma inequívoca e reprodutível experimentalmente e ainda seria de extrema valia encontrar técnicas experimentais que possam complementar os mais discutidos experimentos de ARPES. Nesta dissertação foram estudadas duas famílias distintas de materiais propostas como possíveis ITs 3D: os binários Bi2Se3 e Sb2Te3 e o half-Heusler YPdBi. Utilizando a técnica de auto-fluxo e a fusão estequiométrica, os sistemas foram sintetizados dopados com os terras-rara Gd3+, Nd3+ e Er3+ para realizar estudos de ressonância de spin eletrônico (RSE) e do papel dos efeitos de campo cristalino (CEF) - no caso do half-Heusler. Para o ternário YPdBi foram feitos dois estudos. Na família dos half-Heuslers, a ordem topológica surge da relação entre o acoplamento spin-órbita e a hibridização, que está ligada com a mudança do parâmetro de rede, então os efeitos de CEF poderiam estar refletindo a transição entre a trivialidade e a não-trivialidade. A partir das medidas de susceptibilidade magnética em função da temperatura das amostras dopadas com Nd3+ e Er3+ combinadas com os estudos de RSE, foi possível extrair os parâmetros de campo cristalino (CFP) de quarta e sexta ordem. Comparando esses dados com resultados anteriores para o material, supostamente, não-trivial YPtBi, observou-se uma mudança sistemática no sinal dos CFP. Resultados prévios para as amostras de YPtBi dopadas com Nd3+ mostram uma evolução não usual para uma forma de linha difusiva com a potência de micro-onda. Neste trabalho também foi realizado um estudo da forma de linha em função da potência. Apenas a ressonância do Nd3+ para os monocristais de 10% de Nd em YPdBi mostrou uma forma de linha difusiva que evolui com a potência da micro-onda. No caso dos binários Bi2Se3 e Sb2Te3, o objetivo era otimizar a rampa de tratamento térmico para obter monocristais melhores que poderiam permitir a observação de um espectro totalmente resolvido do Gd3+. Após mudanças no crescimento dos monocristais, o espectro totalmente resolvido foi obtido para as amostras de Bi2Se3. No caso do Sb2Te3 apenas uma linha central com a estrutura fina colapsada foi observada. Acompanhando o deslocamento g e a evolução da largura de linha dH da RSE do Gd3+ com a temperatura, o comportamento negativo do deslocamento g para toda a faixa de temperatura indica que elétrons do tipo p são os grandes responsáveis pela formação da superfície de Fermi residual destes sistemas. Um aumento no coeficiente angular de dH em função da temperatura, a taxa Korringa b, foi observado em baixas temperaturas, logo diferentes concentrações de Gd3+ foram utilizadas para estudar este comportamento. Novamente observou-se um comportamento anômalo em baixas temperaturas, o que poderia estar relacionado com a evolução dos CFP com a temperatura. Todos esses resultados foram discutidos levando-se em conta a possibilidade de existência de topologia não-trivial na estrutura eletrônica desses materiais, com foco particular na relação da interação spin-órbita e os efeitos de campo cristalino com a manifestação da topologia não trivial nesses sistemas / Abstract: The idea of topological systems in Condensed Matter Physics, although already explored in the Quantum Hall Effect, has recently become a topic of intense scientific investigation. In particular, great efforts have been dedicated to the search for new quantum phases since the proposal of the Topological Insulators (TIs) in 2D. After the theoretical prediction and the experimental discovery of the TIs in the 2D case, the existence of the Quantum Hall Spin Effect in 3D, 3D TIs, was proposed, where an insulator bulk and metallic surface states with spin polarized channels could be experimentally realized. Although many experiments have been performed, and some groups claimed the direct observation of such new topological phases, there is still a lot of controversy about the nature of the 3D TIs and about the actual microscopic origin of the metallic states on the surface of the studied materials. Other signatures of the topological phases have not been unambiguously and repeatedly measured yet and there is an obvious lack of a supplementary lab technique to be compared to the most used technique to probe these states, which is ARPES. In this work we have studied two different classes of 3D TIs: the binaries Bi2Se3 and Sb2Te3 and the half-Heusler YPdBi. We have been able to grow single crystals of these materials pure and rare-earth doped with Gd3+, Nd3+ and Er3+ using the self-flux technique and the stoichiometric melting. The aim was to use these crystals to study Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) as a potential probe to investigate the existence of the metallic surface states and to explore the possible of the crystalline electrical field (CEF) effects on the formation of the non-trivial electronic structure of these materials. Regarding the YPdBi, our ESR and magnetization studies have revealed that, in the half-Heusler family, the topological order emerges from the interplay between spin-orbit coupling and the hybridization, which is connected with the changes on the lattice parameter. Thus, the CEF effects could reflect the transition from trivial to nontrivial topology. From the magnetic susceptibility data as a function of temperature from the Nd3+ and Er3+ doped samples combined with the ESR studies, it was possible to extract the fourth and sixth order crystal field parameters (CFP). Comparing our data with the previous results from YPtBi, which is a putative non-trivial material, a systematic change in the sign of the CFP was observed. Previous results with the YPtBi Nd-doped samples show an unusual evolution of the Nd3+ ESR line to a diusive-like line shape as a function of the microwave power. In this work we have performed a similar study of the Nd3+ ESR line shape as a function of the microwave power. Only for the single crystal of 10% Nd in YPdBi resonance shows a diffusive-like line shape that evolves with the microwave power. In the case of the binaries Bi2Se3 e Sb2Te3, the aim of this work was to optimize the heat treatment used in previous works of our group to obtain better single crystals that could allow the observation of the full resolved spectra from Gd3+. After many changes in the single crystal growth method, we were able to observe fully resolved Gd3+ ESR spectra in the Bi2Se3 samples. Regarding the Sb2Te3 single crystals, only a single Gd3+ Dysonian ESR line was observed. Following the Gd3+ ESR dg and dH as a function of temperature, the observed negative behavior of dg, in the whole temperature range studied, indicates that p-type electrons are the main source for the formation of the small the Fermi surface of these materials. An increase of the angular coefficient of dH as a function of temperature, the Korringa rate b, at low temperatures was observed and different concentrations of Gd3+ were required to investigate this anomaly. Again this anomalous behavior at low temperatures was observed for the all Gd-doped samples, which could be related to an evolution of CFP with temperature. We discuss our results taking into account the existence of non-trivial topological states in our samples and the role of spin-orbit and CEF effects might have in the formation of such states / Mestrado / Física / Mestre em Física / 132653/2015-0 / CNPQ / CAPES / FAPESP

A modulação da penetração de fármacos na/através da pele representa um desafio para sobrepor o efeito barreira proporcionado pela camada mais externa da pele, o estrato córneo. Sistemas de liberação nanoestruturados e funcionalizados representam uma importante estratégia para promover a penetração de fármacos nas camadas mais profundas da pele. O ácido lipóico (AL) é uma molécula com atividade antioxidante e constitui terapia antioxidante tópica para tratamento de estresse oxidativo e inflamação recorrente em patologias cutâneas. A encapsulação de AL em nanodispersões líquido-cristalinas (NDLCs) funcionalizadas com os peptídeos de penetração celular (PPCs), a saber, os peptídeos D4 e TAT, visa promover a liberação de AL em camadas específicas da pele através de uma estratégia inovadora associando tanto as vantagens de um sistema nanoparticulado como a superfície modificada para melhorar a interação com células e tecido-alvos. Nesse trabalho, foram desenvolvidos e validados métodos de cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência com detectores ultravioleta, eletroquímico e espalhamento de luz evaporativo específicos para quantificação do AL em várias faixas de linearidade para as diferentes etapas experimentais. As NDLCs foram preparadas com monooleato de glicerila, ácido oleico, lipopolímeros, peptídeos TAT e D4 em diversas proporções e associações. NDLCs foram caracterizadas por diferentes métodos. A microscopia de luz polarizada e difração de raios X de baixo ângulo identificaram o sistema líquido-cristalino como fase hexagonal reversa. As técnicas de espalhamento dinâmico de luz e análise de rastreamento mostraram nanopartículas na ordem de 200 nm, estreito índice de polidispersividade, portencial zeta negativo e número de partículas por mL na faixa de 1012. A eficiência de encapsulação foi em torno de 79% e a capacidade de carga (drug loading) de AL nas NDLCs atinigiu 15%. A avaliação de comportamento e ação in vitro das NDLCs foi estudada em queratinócitos e fibroblastos, evidenciando que o tratamento com as NDLCs não diminuiu a viabilidade celular nas células estudadas. A internalização celular das NDLCs comprovada por microscopia confocal a laser e citometria de fluxo foi aumentada com a funcionalização com peptídeo D4 de maneira dependente da concentração e do tempo de incubação e com peptídeo TAT por mecanismo inespecífico. Em estudos de permeação in vitro foi demonstrada a penetração cutânea aumentada de AL a partir das NDLCs. Ensaio in vivo com camundongos hairless expostos à radiação UVB evidenciou a eficácia das NDLCs contendo AL pela atividade de mieloperoxidase ter sido diminuída, além de menor liberação da citocina inflamatória TNF-?, mostrando que as NDLCs desenvolvidas podem ser uma opção de tratamento tópico contra processos de estresse oxidativo e inflamação presentes no envelhecimento cutâneo e outras desordens cutâneas. / The modulation of drug penetration into/ through the skin presents a challenge to overcome the barrier effect provided by the outermost layer of skin, the stratum corneum. Nanostructured and functionalized delivery systems represent an important strategy for promoting drugs penetration into the deeper layers of the skin. Lipoic acid (LA) is a molecule with antioxidant activity and it has application in topical antioxidant therapy for the treatments of oxidative stress and cutaneous inflammation pathologies . LA encapsulation into liquid crystalline nanodispersions (LCNDs) functionalized with cell penetrating peptides (CPPs), namely, D4 and TAT peptides, aims to promote LA release in specific layers of the skin through an innovative strategy combining both the advantages of nanoparticulate system with modified particle surface to enhance the interaction with cell and tissue-targets. In this work, we developed and validated high performance liquid chromatography methods with ultraviolet, electrochemical and evaporative light scattering detectors aiming to achieve specificity to assay LA in several linearity ranges for the different experimental stages. The NDLCs were prepared with glyceryl monooleate, oleic acid, lipopolymers, TAT and D4 peptides in various ratios and associations. LCNDs were characterized by several methods. The polarized light microscopy and small angle Xray diffraction identified the liquid crystalline system as reverse hexagonal phase. Techniques of dynamic light scattering and nanotracking analysis showed nanoparticles in the order of 200 nm, narrow polydispersity index, negative zeta potential and number of particles per mL in the range of 1012. The encapsulation efficiency was around 79%, and LA drug loading in LCNDs reached 15%. Assessment of in vitro behavior and effect of LCNDs was studied in keratinocytes and fibroblasts, demonstrating that LCNDs treatment did not decrease cell viability for studied cells. The cell internalization of LCNDs demonstrated by confocal laser microscopy and flow cytometry was increased by functionalization with D4 peptide in concentration and time of incubation dependent manners and with TAT peptide in a nonspecific mechanism. In vitro permeation studies demonstrated the increased skin penetration of LCNDs loaded LA. In vivo assay with hairless mice exposed to UVB radiation evidenced the efficacy of LCNDs loaded LA by myeloperoxidase activity have been reduced, also reduced release of inflammatory cytokine TNF-?, indicating that the developed LCNDs can be an alternative for topical treatment against processes of oxidative stress and inflammation present in skin aging and other skin disorders.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O efeito magnetocalórico, base da refrigeração magnética, é caracterizado por duas quantidades: a variação isotérmica da entropia (ΔST) e a variação adiabática da temperatura (ΔTad) as quais podem ser obtidas sob variações na intensidade de um campo magnético aplicado. Em sistemas que apresentam anisotropia magnética, pode‐se definir o efeito magnetocalórico anisotrópico, o qual, por definição, é calculado através da variação na direção de aplicação de um campo magnético cuja intensidade se mantém fixa. Nos materiais de nosso interesse, o efeito magnetocalórico é estudado teoricamente partindo de um hamiltoniano modelo que leva em conta a rede magnética (que pode ser composta por diversas sub-redes magnéticas acopladas), rede cristalina e a dinâmica dos elétrons de condução. No hamiltoniano magnético são consideradas as interações de troca, Zeeman e campo cristalino (esta ultima responsável pela anisotropia magnética). Recentemente, estudamos o efeito magnetocalórico convencional e o efeito magnetocalórico anisotrópico nos compostos mononitretos com terras-raras, a saber: Ho(y)Er(1-y)N para as concentrações y= 0,1,0.5 e 0.75. Comparações entre nossos resultados teóricos e os dados experimentais para o EMC foram bastante satisfatórias [3,9]. Além disso, diversas predições teóricas como a existência de uma fase ferrimagnética no sistema Ho(y)Er(1-y)N (para a concentração y=0.5) e reorientações de spin nas sub-redes do Ho e Er foram feitas [25]. / The magnetocaloric effect, magnetic refrigeration base, is characterized by two quantities: the isothermal entropy change (ΔST) and the adiabatic temperature change (ΔTad) which can be obtained through variations in the intensity of a magnetic field applied. In systems which present magnetic anisotropy, one can define anisotropic magnetocaloric effect, which, by definition, is calculated through the variation the direction of application of a magnetic field whose intensity remains fixed. In the materials of our interest, the magnetocaloric effect is studied theoretically starting from a model Hamiltonian which takes into account the magnetic lattice (that can be composed of several magnetic sublattices coupled), crystalline lattice and the dynamics of the conduction electrons. In the magnetic hamiltonian are considered the exchange interactions, Zeeman and crystalline electrical field (this latter responsible for the magnetic anisotropy). Recently, we studied the conventional magnetocaloric effect and anisotropic magnetocaloric effect in mononitrides compounds with rare earths, namely: o(Y)Er(1-Y)N for concentrations y= 0,1,0.5 e 0.75 . Comparisons between our theoretical results and experimental data for EMC were quite satisfactory [26].Furthermore, several theoretical predictions how to the existence of a phase ferrimagnetic in the system Ho(y)Er(1-y)N (for concentration ) and spin reorientations in the sublattices of Ho and Er were made [25].

Desde a descoberta das ligas amorfas em 1960, os motivos pelos quais algumas ligas podem ser facilmente amorfizadas enquanto outras não podem, não é claramente conhecido, assim não há teoria universal para predizer a habilidade de formação vítrea em sistemas metálicos. No presente trabalho, um critério de seleção foi aplicado ao sistema Ni-Nb-Zr com o objetivo de predizer as melhores estequiometrias com as mais altas tendências de formação vítrea. As habilidades de formação vítrea das ligas foram avaliadas pelo parâmetro térmico γm e os resultados mostraram uma pobre correlação com as predições. Este critério preditivo correlaciona as taxas de resfriamento para a formação vítrea com a instabilidade topológica de estruturas cristalinas, as diferenças médias de função trabalho e densidade eletrônica entre os elementos constituintes da liga. O parâmetro térmico depende de temperaturas características de transformações de fases que podem ser facilmente determinadas a partir de curvas de calorimetria exploratória diferencial dos vidros metálicos. As hipóteses iniciais para explicar a pobre correlação entre os resultados e as predições foram atribuídas às influências de fatores não considerados nos cálculos como os compostos intermetálicos desconhecidos e contaminação por oxigênio. Assim, algumas ligas solidificadas rapidamente foram investigadas com mais rigor com o objetivo de entender a formação das fases cristalinas que competem contra a formação vítrea. As fases cristalinas foram caracterizadas e comparadas com estruturas cristalinas encontradas na literatura como também alguns diagramas de fases. Os diagramas de fases foram utilizados como guias para o melhor entendimento do comportamento de cristalização. Em adição, o critério de seleção também foi utilizado para predizer o melhoramento da tendência de formação vítrea de uma liga do sistema Ni-Nb-Zr com pequenas adições dos elementos terras-raras Y ou Er. É bem conhecido que uma pequena adição de um elemento terra-rara apropriado pode aumentar significativamente a habilidade de formação vítrea de algumas ligas. As tendências de formação vítrea da liga base e das ligas dopadas com terras-raras também foram avaliadas pelo parâmetro térmico &#947m e os resultados concordaram muito bem com a tendência predita pelo cálculo. As amostras amorfas volumosas foram produzidas por injeção em molde de cobre. A natureza amorfa foi analisada por difração de raios-X e calorimetria exploratória diferencial. As fases cristalinas foram analisadas por microscopia eletrônica de transmissão, microscopia eletrônica de varredura, espectroscopia de raios-X por dispersão em energia e difração de raios-X. A contaminação por oxigênio foi quantificada pelo método de fusão em gás inerte. / Since the discovering of amorphous alloys in 1960, the actual causes of why some alloys can be easily formed into glasses while others cannot, are not clearly known, thus there is no universal theory to predict the glass forming ability in metallic systems. In the present work, a selection criterion was applied in the Ni-Nb-Zr system in order to predict the best stoichiometries with high glass forming ability. The actual glass forming ability of alloys were evaluated by the thermal parameter γm and the results have shown a poor correlation with the predictions. This criterion correlates critical cooling rate for glass formation with topological instability of stable crystalline structures; average work function difference and average electron density difference among the constituent elements of the alloy. The thermal parameter depends on the characteristic temperatures of phase transformations which can be easily measured from differential scanning calorimetry curves of metallic glasses. The initial hypotheses to explain the poor correlation between the experimental results and the predictions concerned with the influence of factors not considered in the calculation, such as unknown intermetallic compounds and oxygen contamination. Thus some rapidly quenched alloys were investigated with more accuracy in order to understand the formation of crystalline phases which compete against the glass formation. We characterized the crystalline phases and compared them to crystalline structures found in literature as well as some phase diagrams. The phase diagrams were used as guides in order to understand the crystallization behavior. In addition, the selection criterion also was used to predict the glass forming ability improvement of a Ni-Nb-Zr alloy with minor additions of rare-earth elements Y or Er. It is well known that the minor amount addition of proper rare-earth elements can greatly enhance the glass forming ability of some glass-forming alloys. The actual glass forming ability of the base alloy and rare-earth doped alloys also were evaluated by the thermal parameter &#947m and the results agree very well with the tendency predicted by the calculation. Bulk amorphous specimens were produced by injection casting. The amorphous nature was analyzed by X-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry. The crystalline phases were analyzed by transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and x-ray diffraction. Oxygen contamination was quantified by the inert gas fusion method.

Objetivo. No Brasil encontram-se em crescimento os índices de prevalência das doenças crônicas causadas pela exposição dos trabalhadores a poeiras minerais. Realizou-se estudo com objetivo de avaliar as condições de trabalho e de saúde dos trabalhadores em marmorarias e propor ações preventivas. Métodos. Realizou-se estudo transversal em 27 marmorarias, no Município de São Paulo que executavam o beneficiamento final de rochas ornamentais, incluindo: a) avaliação da exposição a poeiras e à sílica cristalina respirável por meio de coleta de amostras de ar (n=762), análise por gravimetria e Difração de Raios X e acumulação das exposições estimadas por função conforme história ocupacional; b) aplicação de questionário de sintomas respiratórios (n=267) e avaliação médica, por espirometria e radiogradia de tórax; d) correlação dos resultados de exposição acumulada com achados clínicos e radiológicos por meio de análises estatísticas; e) levantamento de informações sobre os processos de trabalho e alternativas de controle. Resultados. Para os acabadores encontrou-se a maior exposição: concentração de 0,36 mg/m³ (IC95% 0,29 e 0,42) para os granitos e de 0,19 mg/m3 (IC95% 0,16-0,22) para a mistura de matérias-primas. Para estimativa de exposição acumulada à sílica cristalina respirável com mediana de 0,56 mg/m3-anos existiu risco de Odds Ratio igual a 1,2 (IC95% 1,02-1,40) de o trabalhador exposto apresentar classificação radiológica com alterações, presença de pequenas opacidades - profusão ³ 0/1, em relação a um trabalhador não-exposto. A população possuía baixo nível de escolaridade e de renda familiar, com média de idade 35,8 (±11,6) anos. Conclusões. Há exposição excessiva à sílica cristalina respirável nas marmorarias, com valores de concentração ultrapassando até 54 vezes o valor de referência recomendado pela NIOSH 0,05 mg/m3. As matérias-primas mais perigosas foram rochas silicáticas (silestoneÒ, granitos, arenitos e quartzitos). Entre as medidas de controle para as poeiras, caracterizaram-se como mais eficientes as aplicadas a úmido em máquinas e ferramentas. / Objective. In Brazil it can be seen growing prevalence rates of chronic diseases due to occupational exposure to mineral dusts, being silicosis the greater prevalence of pneumoconiosis. A study was carried out with the aim to evaluate the work conditions and of the workers’ health in granite and marble sheds and to propose preventive actions. Methods: A cross sectional study was performed among 27 sheds in Sao Paulo county that perform the finishing work of ornamental rocks. The study included: a) evaluation of dust exposure and respirable crystalline silica, by means of air sampling (n=762), analysis by gravimetry and X-Ray diffraction, and cumulative silica exposure estimates in each job according to the occupational history; b) applying a questionnaire of respiratory symptoms (n=267) and medical evaluation, espirometry and chest X-Ray; d) results correlation of cumulative exposure with the clinical and radiological data by statistical means; e) search of working process information and control alternatives. Results: Finishing workers had the greater exposition: concentration of 0.36 mg/m3 (CI95% 0.29-0.42) for granites and of 0.19 mg/m3 (CI95% 0.16-0.22) for the mixture of raw materials. To the estimated cumulative exposure to respirable crystalline silica with median equal to 0.56 mg/m3-years there was a risk Odds Ratio =OR=1.20 (CI95%1.02 1.40) of the exposed worked to present an altered radiological classification with alterations, presence of small opacities - perfusion ≥0/1, in relation to a non exposed worker. The population studied had low scholar education and low familiar income, with average age 35.8 (±11,6) years. Conclusions: There is excessive exposure to respirable crystalline silica in sheds with concentrations 54 times over the recommended exposure limit by NIOSH of 0.05 mg/m3. The most dangerous raw materials were silicatious rocks (silestoneÒ, granites, sandstones and quartzites). Among the control measures for dusts, were characterized as more efficient the applied ones the humid in machines and tools.

Objetivo. No Brasil encontram-se em crescimento os índices de prevalência das doenças crônicas causadas pela exposição dos trabalhadores a poeiras minerais. Realizou-se estudo com objetivo de avaliar as condições de trabalho e de saúde dos trabalhadores em marmorarias e propor ações preventivas. Métodos. Realizou-se estudo transversal em 27 marmorarias, no Município de São Paulo que executavam o beneficiamento final de rochas ornamentais, incluindo: a) avaliação da exposição a poeiras e à sílica cristalina respirável por meio de coleta de amostras de ar (n=762), análise por gravimetria e Difração de Raios X e acumulação das exposições estimadas por função conforme história ocupacional; b) aplicação de questionário de sintomas respiratórios (n=267) e avaliação médica, por espirometria e radiogradia de tórax; d) correlação dos resultados de exposição acumulada com achados clínicos e radiológicos por meio de análises estatísticas; e) levantamento de informações sobre os processos de trabalho e alternativas de controle. Resultados. Para os acabadores encontrou-se a maior exposição: concentração de 0,36 mg/m³ (IC95% 0,29 e 0,42) para os granitos e de 0,19 mg/m3 (IC95% 0,16-0,22) para a mistura de matérias-primas. Para estimativa de exposição acumulada à sílica cristalina respirável com mediana de 0,56 mg/m3-anos existiu risco de Odds Ratio igual a 1,2 (IC95% 1,02-1,40) de o trabalhador exposto apresentar classificação radiológica com alterações, presença de pequenas opacidades - profusão ³ 0/1, em relação a um trabalhador não-exposto. A população possuía baixo nível de escolaridade e de renda familiar, com média de idade 35,8 (±11,6) anos. Conclusões. Há exposição excessiva à sílica cristalina respirável nas marmorarias, com valores de concentração ultrapassando até 54 vezes o valor de referência recomendado pela NIOSH 0,05 mg/m3. As matérias-primas mais perigosas foram rochas silicáticas (silestoneÒ, granitos, arenitos e quartzitos). Entre as medidas de controle para as poeiras, caracterizaram-se como mais eficientes as aplicadas a úmido em máquinas e ferramentas. / Objective. In Brazil it can be seen growing prevalence rates of chronic diseases due to occupational exposure to mineral dusts, being silicosis the greater prevalence of pneumoconiosis. A study was carried out with the aim to evaluate the work conditions and of the workers’ health in granite and marble sheds and to propose preventive actions. Methods: A cross sectional study was performed among 27 sheds in Sao Paulo county that perform the finishing work of ornamental rocks. The study included: a) evaluation of dust exposure and respirable crystalline silica, by means of air sampling (n=762), analysis by gravimetry and X-Ray diffraction, and cumulative silica exposure estimates in each job according to the occupational history; b) applying a questionnaire of respiratory symptoms (n=267) and medical evaluation, espirometry and chest X-Ray; d) results correlation of cumulative exposure with the clinical and radiological data by statistical means; e) search of working process information and control alternatives. Results: Finishing workers had the greater exposition: concentration of 0.36 mg/m3 (CI95% 0.29-0.42) for granites and of 0.19 mg/m3 (CI95% 0.16-0.22) for the mixture of raw materials. To the estimated cumulative exposure to respirable crystalline silica with median equal to 0.56 mg/m3-years there was a risk Odds Ratio =OR=1.20 (CI95%1.02 1.40) of the exposed worked to present an altered radiological classification with alterations, presence of small opacities - perfusion ≥0/1, in relation to a non exposed worker. The population studied had low scholar education and low familiar income, with average age 35.8 (±11,6) years. Conclusions: There is excessive exposure to respirable crystalline silica in sheds with concentrations 54 times over the recommended exposure limit by NIOSH of 0.05 mg/m3. The most dangerous raw materials were silicatious rocks (silestoneÒ, granites, sandstones and quartzites). Among the control measures for dusts, were characterized as more efficient the applied ones the humid in machines and tools.

Le lien entre la structure semi-cristalline et les propriétés d’usage (mécaniques, diélectriques et électro-actives) de films de copolymères fluorés électro-actifs développés pour des applications en électronique organique imprimée a été étudié. Les matériaux investigués sont des copolymères poly(VDF-co-TrFE) et des terpolymères poly(VDF-ter-TrFE-ter-CTFE) à base de fluorure de vinylidène (VDF), trifluoroéthylène (TrFE) et chlorotrifluoroéthylène (CTFE).Les films de polymères obtenus par évaporation du solvant sont étudiés par diffraction des rayons X (SAXS-WAXS), DSC, FTIR, DMA, spectroscopie diélectrique et cycles de polarisation afin de mettre en évidence l’impact de la composition et de la mise en forme (recuit, polarisation) sur la structure et les propriétés finales du matériau. Nous montrons ainsi qu’au sein des films de copolymères, la phase ferroélectrique (FE) coexiste avec une phase ferroélectrique défective (DFE). La fraction croissante de cette phase DFE avec la teneur en TrFE permet d’expliquer l’évolution des propriétés thermiques dont la transition de Curie. Une transition structurale continue, de la phase DFE vers la phase paraélectrique (PE), en température a été mise en évidence.La teneur en termonomère CTFE influence fortement la structure cristalline et les propriétés électro-actives des films de terpolymères (disparition du caractère ferroélectrique au profit du caractère ferroélectrique relaxeur (RFE)). Nous prouvons pour la première fois l’existence d’une transition structurale continue entre la phase RFE et la phase PE au voisinage de la température ambiante. Cette transition permet d’expliquer les propriétés exacerbées de ces matériaux (constante diélectrique et déformation sous champ électrique). Enfin, des analogies de comportement entre les copolymères et les terpolymères sont discutées, notamment l’évolution des phases cristallines sous champ électrique, afin de mieux comprendre le fonctionnement de ces polymères électro-actifs pour leur futur développement au niveau industriel. / The relationship between semi-crystalline structure and properties of use (mechanical, dielectric and electroactive) of fluorinated copolymer films was studied for applications in organic electronics. Investigated materials are poly(VDF-co-TrFE) copolymers and poly(VDF-ter-TrFE-ter-CTFE) terpolymers based on vinylidene fluoride (TrFE), trifluoroethylene (TrFE) and chlorotrifluoroethylene (CTFE). Polymer films, obtained after solvent evaporation, are studied by X-ray diffraction (SAXS-WAXS), DSC, FTIR, DMA, dielectric spectroscopy and polarization cycles in order to highlight the impact of composition and processing (annealing, poling) on structure and final properties of material. We showed that the ferroelectric (FE) phase coexists with the defective ferroelectric (DFE) phase in copolymer films. The increasing fraction of DFE phase with TrFE content allows explaining the evolution of thermal properties. A continuous structural transition, from DFE phase to paraelectric (PE) phase was highlighted. The CTFE termonomer content highly influences the crystalline structure and the electro-actives properties of terpolymer films (loss of ferroelectric behavior in favor of relaxor ferroelectric (RFE) behavior).We proved for the first time the existence of a continuous structural transition between RFE phase and PE phase around room temperature. This transition allows explaining exacerbated properties of these materials (dielectric constant and deformation under electric field).Finally, analogies of behavior between copolymers and terpolymers are discussed, especially the evolution of crystalline phases under electric field, in order to better understand how these electro-active materials work for their future development at industrial level.

Hydrogen fuel is one of the most important areas of research in the field of renewable energy development and production. Hydrogen gas can be generated by fuel cells, water electrolyzers, and heterogeneous nanoscale catalysts. It can be burned to directly release chemical energy or condensed for storage and transport, providing fuel for combustion devices or storing excess energy generated by renewable sources such as wind turbines and concentrated solar power assemblies. While platinum is the most active catalyst for hydrogen reduction, its high cost significantly deters its utilization in advanced photocatalytic materials. One approach to mitigating this expense is optimizing the morphology and placement of nanostructured platinum catalysts. Highly crystalline, morphologically-controlled platinum nanoparticles (Pt NPs) have been effectively utilized to increase hydrogen generation efficiency in a variety of nanocomposite materials. However, synthesis routes to high-quality Pt NPs can be dangerous and difficult to replicate. Furthermore, utilization of the Pt NPs in nanocomposite materials is hindered by lack of control over catalyst placement. Nanopeapods are versatile nanocomposites that offer a high degree of control over catalyst placement as well as the potential for interesting new properties arising from the interaction between the catalyst and a semiconductor. Platinum@hexaniobate nanopeapods (Pt@HNB NPPs) consist of linear arrays of Pt NPs encapsulated within the scrolled semiconductor hexaniobate. Pt@HNB NPPs offer significant advantages over similar composites by utilizing the isolated reduction environment of the encapsulated Pt NP arrays to decrease kinetic competition and surface crowding. This work describes the design, fabrication, and implementation of the new nanocomposite platinum@hexaniobate nanopeapods for sensitized hydrogen production under visible light irradiation. The following chapters present facile microwave heating syntheses of highly crystalline Pt nanocubes and Pt@HNB NPPs with consistent morphology and high catalyst loading. A detailed study is also presented of the optical properties of the Pt nanocubes, which produced a UV-range absorbance band that indicates the formation of a localized surface plasmon resonance. Most significantly, preliminary results from visible light photolysis indicate that sensitized Pt@HNB NPPs produce hydrogen in quantities comparable to published systems, and that alteration of experimental parameters may result in even greater yields.

Ce travail de thèse a pour but de comprendre l’impact des propriétés électriques du silicium cristallin sur les performances des cellules solaires Silicium à HétéroJonction (SHJ) et de déterminer des spécifications matériaux nécessaires en termes de durée de vie des porteurs de charge et de résistivité.Dans une première partie de cette thèse, le potentiel du silicium mono-like a été évalué pour la fabrication de cellules solaires SHJ. La forte productivité de cette technique permet de réduire considérablement les coûts de fabrication des plaquettes. Des rendements de conversion de 20% équivalents à ceux des matériaux du marché ont été obtenus ainsi qu’un rendement de 21.6% avec l’utilisation d’un procédé de fabrication de cellules haut rendements. Ces valeurs ont été obtenues pour des durées de vie volumiques moyennes sur les plaquettes supérieures à 1ms. Les principaux limitations de la qualité du matériau mono-like ont été identifiés. D’abord, la présence de zones multicristallines sur certaines plaquettes rend le matériau incomptable avec le procédé SHJ notamment en ce qui concerne les étapes de texturation des surfaces et ensuite l’uniformité en épaisseur des couches déposées. Ce type de défauts fait chuter en premier lieu la Jcc, puis la Vco et le FF et finalement le rendement de conversion. De plus, la présence de contamination et la génération de dislocations aux extrémités du lingot font également chuter la durée de vie volumique et les paramètres photovoltaïques des cellules. Finalement, seulement 30% de la hauteur de lingot a pu être utilisé pour des hauts rendements de conversion.La deuxième partie a été consacrée à l’étude et l’optimisation, avec la technologie SHJ, d’une technique de dopage innovante remplaçant celles utilisant des impuretés dopantes, telle que le phosphore, en générant des donneurs thermiques dans le substrat silicium cristallin. Cette méthode de dopage présente l’avantage d’utiliser l’oxygène naturellement présent dans le silicium en transformant en dopant par des recuits à 450°C. Cette technique est uniquement valable avec une procédé basse température tel que celui utilisé dans ce travail de thèse et permettrait de contrôler les propriétés électriques du silicium sur l’ensemble d’un lingot Cz afin d’augmenter le rendement matière. La compatibilité du silicium cristallin dopé par des DT a été validée pour une gamme de résistivité de 3-10Ω.cm et durées de vie volumique de 3-10ms. La limite d’utilisation des DT pour l’obtention de hauts rendements correspond à une concentration inférieure à 7x1014cm-3 (3Ω.cm, 3ms). La technique de dopage a été transférée avec succès à l’échelle du lingot et a permis d’obtenir de rendement de 20.7% avec un procédé industriel et même de 21.7% avec une métallisation « smart-wire ». Une perte de FF a été observée par rapport aux références, liées à une résistance série élevée dont l’origine n’a pas encore été confirmée mais dont la source la plus probable serait l’inhomogénéité radiale de résistivité générée par le dopage. / This study aims to understand the electrical properties impact of the crystalline Silicon on the HeteroJunction (SHJ) solar cells performances and define the required material specifications in terms of minority carrier lifetime and bulk resistivity.In the first part of this work, the potential of the mono-like silicon was evaluated for SHJ solar cells production The high productivity of the crystallization method allows to significantly reduce the material cost. 20% efficiencies comparable to reference wafers were obtained for industrial process and had reached 21.6% values have been reached with a high efficiency process. Values above 1ms bulk lifetime were mandatory to obtain these results. The main limitations of the material properties were identified. First, the presence of multicrystalline zones on the material is incompatible with the SHJ process especially regarding the texturization step and then layers thickness’ uniformity. This defects drive down, at the first order, the Jsc and then the Voc and FF. Moreover, the metallic contamination and the dislocations generation at the ingots ends induce also a bulk lifetime degradation and PV performances drop. Finally, only 30% of the ingot height was usable to obtain high solar cell efficiencies.In the second part of this work, an innovative doping method, replacing the ones which use doping impurities, such as phosphorus, by generating thermal donors (TD) was studied. The advantages of this doping method are to use the oxygen naturally content in the silicon to generate the doping after 450°C annealing. This method is only possible if low temperature solar cell process is performed such the one used in this work. It could control the electrical properties of the crystalline silicon throughout a complete Cz ingot and increase the material yield. For a resistivity range of 3-10Ω.cm and bulk lifetime between 3 and 10ms, the TD doped material is compatible with SHJ technology. The maximum TD concentration for a SHJ application was estimated to 7x1014cm-3.The doping method was successfully transferred to the ingot scale and allowed reaching 20.7% efficiency with an industrial process and 21.7% with the “smart-wire” improved metallization. A FF loss was observed compared to the references, related to high series resistances. The origin has not been confirmed yet, but the most likely source would be the radial resistivity inhomogeneity generated by doping on silicon bulk.

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