published_or_final_version / abstract / Education / Doctoral / Doctor of Education

Sverige har gått från ett monokulturellt samhälle till ett mångkulturellt samhälle. En allt större del av Sveriges befolkning består av människor med olika kulturella och etniska bakgrunder. Det senaste decenniet har kombinationen av en åldrande befolkning med varierad etnisk och kulturell bakgrund ställt nytt krav på svensk hälso- och sjukvård. Detta innebär att sjuksköterskor kommer att träffa människor från olika kulturer och med olika vård behov. Med detta i beaktande är det betydelsefullt att belysa vikten av kulturell omvårdnad och kulturkompetens i mötet med patienten. Bakgrund: Patienter med annan etnisk bakgrund kan vara sårbara på grund av de problemen som inträffar när de flyttar till ett nytt land. Kulturella skillnader och språk svårigheter kan vara ett hinder för patienten att söka eller få adekvat vård. Syfte: Att belysa kulturens betydelse i omvårdnadsarbetet. Metod: En litteraturstudie utförs för att kunna besvara syftet. Tio vetenskapliga artiklar har valts ut. Nio av de valda artiklarna har en kvalitativ ansats och en är en blandning av kvantitativ och kvantitativ ansats. Resultat: Sju kategorier identifierades i studien; Språk och kommunikation, Samarbeta med anhöriga, Sjuksköterskan attityder och uppfattningar, Betydelse av utbildning, Vikten av kulturell kompetens inom omvårdnad, Sjuksköterskans yrkesroll samt Patient perspektiv. Slutsats: Resultatet påvisar de berörda kategorier i studierna som har betydelse i vårdande av patienter från annan kultur. Studien fokuserade på att belysa betydelsen av kulturen i omvårdnadsarbetet. De flesta studierna här huvudsakligen berört sjuksköterskorna men i resultat delen lyfts bland annat patientens perspektiv fram vilket uppsatsens författare tycker att det kan bidra till att skapa medvetenhet hos alla hälso-sjukvård personal inom olika områden. / Sweden has changed from a monoculture society to a multicultural society. A big part of the Swedish population today consists of people with different cultural backgrounds. These past decades the combination of the ageing population with different cultural backgrounds has put new demands on the Swedish health sector. This means that nurses today and in the future will meet patients from different cultures and with various health needs. Putting this in consideration it is significant to highlight the importance of cultural care and cultural competence in nursing encounter. Background: Patients with different ethnicity can be vulnerable because of problems they face when they move in the new country. Cultural differences and language barriers can be one of the obstacles for a patient to receive sufficient health care. Aim: The purpose of this study is to illustrate the importance of cultural care and cultural competence and the effects it has in nursing. Method: A literature study is designed to answer the aim of the study. Nine qualitative scientific articles and one article composed of both quantitate and qualitative are selected for the study. Results: seven categories were identified in the study: Communication and language barriers, education, cooperation with relatives, nurse’s attitudes, cultural competence, patient perspectives and nursing profession role. Conclusion: The result demonstrates categories in the studies that are important in caring for patients from other cultures. The study focused on highlighting the importance of culture in nursing. Most studies where about nurses but in the results section highlights include the patient's perspective, which essay writers feel that it can also help create awareness among all health care professionals in various fields.

Nunavut Inuit youths exhibit cultural resilience and leadership. However, researchers frequently neglect such assets and instead emphasize these youths’ challenges or perceived inadequacies. I conducted an intrinsic case study regarding Nunavut Inuit youths’ experiences with an experiential learning program, Northern Youth Abroad (NYA), in order to investigate participants’ growth in cross-cultural awareness, individual career goals, leadership, and global citizenship. Drawing on post-colonial theory, semi-structured interviews, archival research, and participant observation, I argue that NYA’s Nunavut Inuit participants reported significant personal growth in these four objectives. I also provide an in-depth analysis of how NYA’s Nunavut Inuit participants described and developed distinct and rich leadership styles that draw on Inuit and Euro-Canadian influences.

In this thesis, we examine the current levels of cultural understanding and irregular warfare being taught in U.S. Army conventional military schools. Given engagements in Iraq and Afghanistan, it is our view that the military needs a deeper understanding of the indigenous people due to the extremely close and on-going interaction between American Soldiers and the local populations. Current analysis of the difficulties being reported suggests U.S. Army Soldiers are having trouble combating irregular warfare due to cultural misunderstandings and a lack of counterinsurgency training, thereby reflecting a likely educational gap in the U.S. Army's formal military educational training system. This thesis analyzes the current problems and difficulties Soldiers are reported to be having while attempting to combat irregular forces in non-western environments. We analyze the amount of training U.S. Army Soldiers receive in cultural understanding and irregular warfare in the military schools pipeline and conclude that there is a connection between problems Soldiers currently face and a lack of training for the conduct of operations in foreign countries. We propose a number of solutions to overcome these suspected gaps in education and suggested changes to the Army's professional education curriculum.

Teachers are being asked to implement cultural awareness into their instruction in the 21st century classroom, yet many lack the requisite knowledge and skills to accomplish this. The purpose of this inquiry was to explore the perceptions of teachers who are returned Peace Corps volunteers (RPCV) regarding what in their long-term international experience influenced them to include cultural awareness in their instruction. Bennett's developmental model of intercultural sensitivity and Mezirow's transformative learning theory were the conceptual frameworks. The research questions for this qualitative study asked how a long-term international volunteering experience impacts teachers' pedagogy and what instructional practices RPCV teachers consider to be influenced by their Peace Corps experience. From 11 interviews, codes were identified and categorized into patterns and themes. There were three key findings. The first was that teachers who are RPCVs recognized their Peace Corps experience provided them with a deep cultural experience that brought about the realization of their own culture. The second was their recognition of their ability to adapt to cultural differences more easily than before they had their Peace Corps experience. The final finding was that RPCV teachers choose to use deep and engaging teaching practices with varied approaches, forms, styles, and subject matter in their classrooms upon their return to the United States. Given the current problem of preservice teachers entering teaching jobs with a lack of cultural understanding, these findings could contribute to positive social change by providing a practical approach for policy makers and universities to increase attention to promoting international volunteering and implementing cultural awareness in their curriculum.

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This narrative inquiry explores the process through which a combination of coursework, field experiences, and experiential classroom activities engaged pre-service teachers with opportunities to expand their perspective upon culturally normative conceptions of values, beliefs, and worldview. Due to the current racial and ethnic demographic gap separating the professional ranks of the teaching force and the increasingly diverse population of students in the United States, cross-cultural awareness is imperative for both teacher education programming and membership in a culturally pluralistic society. Drawing on multiple data points, the narrative illuminates the participant voices, context, and dynamic social process of teaching and learning. The findings comprise a heuristic portrait that describes the process of how the instructor, students, and the researcher approached cross-cultural awareness from within the walls of a university classroom. The findings demonstrate how normative frames of reference in the class were meaningfully and experientially contrasted through a purposive curriculum under the guidance of an exemplar instructor. Findings included that cognitively dissociative cross-cultural simulations, with attendant debriefings, were effective means for engaging students in reflecting on culturally normative cognition and behaviors. This in part was due to the curricular decisions of an experienced instructor – students for the most part felt comfortable in reflecting and challenging their cultural assumptions and experiences. Not as effective was the engagement of guest speakers as a means for students to reflect on their cultural selves and others. These findings help inform and guide educators seeking to engage issues related to cross-cultural awareness, and offers new directions for future research.

The study consists of five chapters. The first chapter gives a brief description of how English as a foreign language is taught in Indonesia and the need to improve the social competence of Indonesian speakers of English so that they will be regarded as competent speakers in social interaction. Language competence, including the notion of linguistic competence, together with the notions of communicative competence and social competence, is discussed in the second chapter, since it underlies the language learner's knowledge and ability to create and maintain a harmonious atmosphere in social interaction. Furthermore, the theory of communicative competence will include competency in sociocultural rules of use which will specify the ways in which utterances are produced and understood appropriately with respect to the components of communicative events outlined by Hymes. Speech act theory, particularly as it relates to complimenting behaviour is discussed. Chapter three reviews research on complimenting behaviour and considers some possible reasons why Indonesians do not pay as many compliments as Australians do. Ways of perceiving face - threatening acts and politeness are related to different cultures with different social values because of their different traditions, experience, ways of development and ways of thinking. Developing from these considerations of theory and research, the fourth chapter describes the study project which deals with what counts as a compliment in Indonesian and Australian English, what to compliment about and how people compliment as well as how people accept and respond to compliments. Analysis of some problems caused by lack of awareness of the differences between cultures and the effects of applying ones own strategy in complimenting behaviour, leading to misunderstanding, are also discussed. In the final chapter, the results of the project suggest what Indonesian learners of English need to be taught to help students develop social competence in complimenting behaviour. Suggestions for improving the social competence of Indonesian speakers of English are made.

<p>This study identifies the competencies needed by a multi-cultural project manager, and investigates a potential link between conflict management styles and national culture. It takes as its base the assumption that cultural differences are demonstrated during conflict, and may in fact be the cause of the conflict. As a result, the manager of a multi-cultural project team must be able to manage conflict constructively in order to realise the full potential of the team.</p><p>The research begins by reviewing literature on project management, national culture, and conflict. A survey was performed on over 60 individuals from various cultural backgrounds, to analyse patterns in their methods of handling conflict. The study shows that there is in fact a link between different cultures and different management styles.</p>

<p>The global competition and as the worldwide market has become more open a company’s ability to outsource activities to external companies based in other countries, i.e. offshore outsourcing, has increased dramatically. Companies are starting to transfer higher value-added activities that require certain skills, domain knowledge and experience, i.e. Knowledge Process Outsourcing (KPO). These activities are getting more difficult and complex to manage compared with standardised activities such as payroll, and predict another kind of co-operation and communication between the companies. When the sender and receiver are based in different context, such as organisational and cultural, other aspects might be added to the difficulty. The purpose of this thesis is to describe, and analyse knowledge transfer in a cross cultural context based on three categories identified in the theoretical framework: character of knowledge, distances between sending and receiving context and mutual understanding. Also to answer how cultural differences might affect the knowledge transfer process. The objective of this study is mainly from a Swedish R&D company’s perspective that has an established relation with an external consultancy company based in India. The activities are within the area of dynamical changing software development of complex, communication and knowledge intensive products.</p><p>A qualitative case study has been performed based on open target interviews. The findings show that the character of knowledge is an important factor to consider when establishing the knowledge transfer process. It was a need to transfer knowledge not only related to the product itself but also knowledge embedded in organisational routines, processes, practises and norms. This is related to distances between sending and receiving context: organisational and knowledge differences shown in organisational skills and previous experience, and cultural differences mainly visible in communication such as raising problems and an expected top-down approach by managers. The geographical distance adds to the difficulty due to the missing face-to-face contact. The sending company must therefore be very active and can not just expect the receiving company to handle the activity, and especially when the companies’ prerequisites differ as much as in this case. Culture awareness and mutual understanding are factors that improve knowledge transfer.</p>