The aim of this study is to examine how profit warnings affect company valuation on companies listed on the Stockholm Stock Exchange and what factors contribute to the valuation effects. Using an event study approach, we compute the cumulative abnormal returns following profit warnings between 2016 and 2022. Our findings show that companies issuing profit warnings experience substantial abnormal returns at the time of the announcement but that there are no cumulative abnormal returns the days after the issuance of profit warnings. Company-specific characteristics and properties of profit warnings do not explain the abnormal returns. However, the state of the business cycle does. The study provides insight into what factors mediate the market participants’ reaction to profit warnings. Also, it considers how current market contingencies impact abnormal returns the days after profit warnings are released. A key limitation is that the study does not consider the financial information disclosed in the profit warnings in any quantitative detail. The results of the study are partly inconsistent with previous studies on profit warnings regarding the effects of company-specific characteristics, properties of profit warnings, and abnormal returns after the issuance of profit warnings.

Researchers in various business disciplines use the event study methodology to assess the market value of firms through capital market reaction to news in the public media about the firm's activities. Capital market reaction is assessed based on cumulative abnormal return (sum of abnormal returns over the event window). In this study, the event study methodology is used to assess the impact that two important information technology activities, Internet security breach and ecommerce initiative, have on the market value of firms. While prior research on the relationship between these business activities and cumulative abnormal return involved the use of regression analysis, in this study, we use decision tree induction and regression.For the Internet security breach study, we use negative cumulative abnormal return as a surrogate for damage to the breached firm. In contrast to what has been reported in the research literature, our results suggest that the relationship between cumulative abnormal return and the independent variables for both the Internet security breach and ecommerce initiative studies is complex, often involving conditional interactions between the independent variables. We report that the incomplete contract theory is unable to effectively explain the relationship between cumulative abnormal return and the organizational variables. Other ecommerce theories provide support to the findings from our analysis. We show that both attack and firm characteristics are determinants of damage to breached firms.Our results revealed that the use of decision tree induction presents additional insight to that provided by regression models. We illustrate that there is value in using data mining techniques to study the market value of e-commerce initiative and Internet security breach and that this approach has applicability in other domains and that Decision Tree can enhance the event study methodology.We demonstrate that Decision Tree induction can be used for both theory building and theory testing. We specifically employ Decision Tree induction to test and enhance ecommerce theories and develop a theoretical model for cumulative abnormal return and ecommerce. We also present theoretical models for Internet security breach and damage to the breached firm. These models can be used by decision makers in Internet security and ecommerce investments strategic formulations and implementations.

This paper is a study on how U.S stock market reacts on sovereign credit rating announcements, and if there is a significant difference between low or high debt firms. We have used an event study based on historical stock prices from 30 companies, 15 with high debt and 15 with low debt. All companies are taken from the S&P`s 500 index which we also use as a market index. We use a regression model with 10 % significance level to see if there is a significant impact on high debt firms. Our result shows that the market will be affected by the downgrade. We also conclude that there was a significant negative impact on the high debt firms.

本研究以民國94年至96年曾採私募增資之上市、上櫃公司為研究對象，探討私募增資決策是否影響企業之經營績效，並比較企業在採取私募或現金增資之不同增資方式下之經營績效。 實證結果發現，企業私募增資兩年後其經營績效顯著優於增資前一年；增資前私募企業之經營績效比現金增資企業之經營績效差，但其差距在增資後顯著縮小。綜合而言，私募後企業本身之經營績效不但有顯著的改善，相對於現金增資企業之經營績效，在增資後也有顯著的改善。 此外，私募普通股占原已發行普通股股數之比例越高的公司，其累計異常報酬大；而參考價格與私募實際價格間的差異，亦會影響投資人對於股價的反應，其差距越大，累計異常報酬越小。 / This study examines the effects of private placement or seasoned equity offerings on performance. Three main findings are as follows. In general, the corporate performance of firms with private equity offering is worse than that of firms with public offering, but the difference lessens after the fund raising. The evidence shows that the firm performance is improved after private placement. Moreover, the change of performance after private placement is better than public offering. The evidence also shows that the volume of private equity offering is positively associated with cumulative abnormal return, but the difference between the actual price and consultative price is negatively associated with cumulative abnormal return.

Syftet med studien är undersöka hur förvärvsmetoden påverkar de uppköpande företagens abnormala avkastning på kort sikt, samt utröna huruvida företagens branschtillhörighet har en betydelse för reaktionen. I studien tillämpas tre teorier och flertalet tidigare forskningar som är av relevans för studien. De teorier som nyttjas är olika former av förvärv, effektiva marknadshypotesen och signalteorin. Denna studie utförs av en kvantitativ och komparativ ansats med hjälp av en eventstudie där 64 företagsförvärv observerats. Förvärven är uppdelade på 4 olika branscher och fördelade inom tillvägagångssätten aktie- och inkråmsförvärv. Dessa förvärv har undersökts under en elvadagarsperiod, fem dagar innan till och med fem dagar efter offentliggörandet. Den insamlade sekundärdata som bearbetats har erhållits från Nasdaq OMX, Google Finance och databasen Zephyr. Resultaten enligt denna studie förmedlar om att ett inkråmsförvärv är att föredra i jämförelse med aktieförvärv, detta med undantag för företag i sällanköpsvarubranschen som gynnas av ett aktieförvärv. Det går även att urskilja hur hälsovårdsbranschen är den bransch som gynnas mest vid offentliggörande av företagsförvärv, sett till den abnormala avkastningen. / The purpose of the study is to examine how the acquisition method affects the purchasing companies’ abnormal returns in the short term, and to ascertain whether the companies’ industry affiliation has an impact on the reaction. The study applied three theories and a number of previous researches that are of significance to the study. Theories used are different forms of acquisitions, the efficient market hypothesis and the signal theory. This study was made by a quantitative and comparative approach using an event study where 64 acquisitions were observed. The acquisitions were divided into four different industries and distributed in the approaches of share- and asset acquisitions. These acquisitions have been observed during an eleven-day period, five days before to five days after publication. The collected secondary processed data has been collected from Nasdaq OMX, Google Finance and the database Zephyr. The results according to this study conveys that an acquisition of asset is preferable in comparison with the acquisition of shares, except for companies in the consumer discretionary sector as seen benefits from an acquisition of shares. It is possible to discern how the healthcare sector is the one that benefits most in the publication of an acquisition, in terms of the abnormal returns.

<p>Takeover is a business activity which really started in the beginning of the eighties and which still takes a strong part in the business and financial area all over the world. According to our studies as the desire for further acknowledgements and the desire of building a career around financial activities, this study has been naturally conducted in the banking area.</p><p>Regarding the steady use of acquisition like a powerful process with some positive and negative sides, we decided to implement a comparison of different mergers and acquisitions in the banking industry in the United States and Europe. This comparison has been supported and based on the third main topic of our study: performance.</p><p>These large and complex subjects combined together lead to the following hypotheses:</p><p>Hypothesis 1: Performance is not improved after takeover in the banking industry.</p><p>Hypothesis 2: The level of post takeover performance is the same in the U.S. as in the European bank acquisitions.</p><p>Based on the historical data and knowledge, the United States was the pioneer in the development of such gathers in the banking sector. Considering the United States as a reference, a first purpose was to compare them with the bank mergers and acquisitions in Europe. Stating on some possible differences as increasing our own knowledge have been some others purposes which have supported our work.</p><p>A first large part of our work was focused, through a large literature review, on the enhancement of our knowledge as the statements of the basis and support for the analysis.</p><p>To illustrate and to try to answer our research question, we have conducted our study based on a sample of 20 acquisitions which were achieved in the banking industry between March 1998 and May 2004. 10 of these acquisitions had been achieved in the United States as the 10 remaining acquisitions had been executed in Europe.</p><p>The analysis has been achieved by collecting data in Thomson Datastream Advance.</p><p>Based on a quantitative method, we applied two financial models: The Market Model (MM) and the Market-Adjusted Returns Model (MAR) supported by the Cumulative Abnormal Returns Method (CARs).</p><p>The post-takeover study has been delimited on a period of 42 months after the public announcement.</p><p>The study and the comparison between the United States and Europe have shown some differences between the two areas. Nevertheless it seems that negative abnormal returns are usually the case after such takeovers on the whole period studied. Some positive abnormal returns have been recorded at different points in the time into the studying period.</p><p>According to the models we applied, the US banks results seem to be better than the ones of European banks: the differences range from 5,58 to 16,65 points under the MM, and from 1,66 to 18,08 points under the MAR model.</p>

Takeover is a business activity which really started in the beginning of the eighties and which still takes a strong part in the business and financial area all over the world. According to our studies as the desire for further acknowledgements and the desire of building a career around financial activities, this study has been naturally conducted in the banking area. Regarding the steady use of acquisition like a powerful process with some positive and negative sides, we decided to implement a comparison of different mergers and acquisitions in the banking industry in the United States and Europe. This comparison has been supported and based on the third main topic of our study: performance. These large and complex subjects combined together lead to the following hypotheses: Hypothesis 1: Performance is not improved after takeover in the banking industry. Hypothesis 2: The level of post takeover performance is the same in the U.S. as in the European bank acquisitions. Based on the historical data and knowledge, the United States was the pioneer in the development of such gathers in the banking sector. Considering the United States as a reference, a first purpose was to compare them with the bank mergers and acquisitions in Europe. Stating on some possible differences as increasing our own knowledge have been some others purposes which have supported our work. A first large part of our work was focused, through a large literature review, on the enhancement of our knowledge as the statements of the basis and support for the analysis. To illustrate and to try to answer our research question, we have conducted our study based on a sample of 20 acquisitions which were achieved in the banking industry between March 1998 and May 2004. 10 of these acquisitions had been achieved in the United States as the 10 remaining acquisitions had been executed in Europe. The analysis has been achieved by collecting data in Thomson Datastream Advance. Based on a quantitative method, we applied two financial models: The Market Model (MM) and the Market-Adjusted Returns Model (MAR) supported by the Cumulative Abnormal Returns Method (CARs). The post-takeover study has been delimited on a period of 42 months after the public announcement. The study and the comparison between the United States and Europe have shown some differences between the two areas. Nevertheless it seems that negative abnormal returns are usually the case after such takeovers on the whole period studied. Some positive abnormal returns have been recorded at different points in the time into the studying period. According to the models we applied, the US banks results seem to be better than the ones of European banks: the differences range from 5,58 to 16,65 points under the MM, and from 1,66 to 18,08 points under the MAR model.

The purpose and intent of this study is to conduct comparative research between domestic and foreign investors in regard to short selling positions on the Swedish financial market. The performance differences are measured by compounding short selling positions by the investors between 2015-2018. Two comparative methods were utilized to conduct this research: The cumulative abnormal return (CAR) and the buy-and-hold abnormal return, with each calculation being utilized in accordance with Barber &amp; Lyon (1997). The produced results have been scrutinized via univariate descriptive statistics (t-test) and a regression in order to verify if there is any significant difference between the investors. The result of the study shows that there is a tangible, noteworthy difference in an average performance amongst the investors. We can now recognize that foreign investors who hold their short selling positions for a longer time-period demonstrate better performance. To compare with the domestic investors, their displayed trading behavior seems to be more unpredictable and they have not been performing as good in this selected time-interval.

本文以除權息前後累積異常報酬率為應變數，探討稅額扣抵比率及股權集中度對除權息前後累積異常報酬率的影響。研究對象為民國88年至96年間分配盈餘的國內上市公司，排除行業性質特殊之金融業，以普通最小平方法從事實證模型分析。主要實證結果彙整如下： 1.稅額扣抵比率與除權息前之累積異常報酬率呈顯著正相關，與除權息後之累積異常報酬率呈負相關，但較不顯著。此表示稅額扣抵比率的租稅因素影響在除權息前較為顯著，但在除權息後現象較不顯著。 2.股權集中度與除權息前後之累積異常報酬率的關係均未達統計上顯著水準。產生此實證結果的可能解釋有二：（1）非稅成本的考量；（2）本文以股權集中度衡量可能並未真正捕捉到個人投資人的所得稅率。 3.低稅額扣抵比率類的除權息前累積異常報酬率，較高稅額扣抵比率（基準）類樣本為低的現象，此與預期相符。但在其他加入類別虛擬變數的迴歸結果，並未發現在不同稅額扣抵比率或股權集中度下，會對除權息前後之累積異常報酬率有不同的影響。 4.公司規模及股價淨值比與除權息前後累積異常報酬率均呈顯著正向關係；股利殖利率與除權息前累積異常報酬率呈顯著正向關係，而與除權息後之累積異常報酬率呈顯著負向關係。電子業別與除權息前之累積異常報酬率呈顯著負向關係，而與除權息後之累積異常報酬率呈顯著正向關係。 在圖表的分析中，可看出高稅額扣抵比率或低股權集中度的樣本，其除權息前後累積異常報酬率波動較小，較不受除權息事件的影響。 / The main purpose of this paper is to examine, before and after the ex-dividend day, the impacts of imputation credits and ownership concentration on cumulative abnormal returns(CARs). In this paper , CARs before and after the ex-dividend day are used as the dependent variable. The data are collected from the domestic listed companies which had allocated the earnings from 1999 to 2006. Because of its special characteristics, the financial industry is excluded from the data. In order to analyze the impacts of imputation credits and ownership concentration on CARs , we used the ordinary least squares. The empirical results in this paper are summarized as follows: 1.The imputation credits have a significant positive impact on CARs before the ex-dividend day, but they don’t have a significant negative impact on CARs after the ex-dividend day. This phenomenon implies that the influence of tax factor before the ex-dividend day is more significant than that after the ex-dividend day. 2.The failure of finding a significant relation between ownership concentration and CARs of before and after the ex-dividend day maybe due to two reasons. Frist, investors may not take tax factor into account when they invest the stock. Second, the proxy variable for ownership concentration of this study may not fully capture the marginal income rate of individuals. 3.CARs before the ex-dividend day in listed company with lower imputation credit are lower than that in listed company with higher imputation credit, the empirical result matchs general intuition. But other regressions with dummy variables regarding the degree of the imputation credit and ownership concentration don’t find significant relation among the imputation credit, ownership concentration and CARs before and after the ex-dividend day. 4.The size of companies and the ratio of market price to their book value have a significant positive impact on CARs before and after the ex-dividend day. Dividend yield has a significant positive impact on CARs before the ex-dividend day, but a negative impact on CARs after the ex-dividend day. A dummy variable standing for electronic industry has a significant negative impact on CARs before the ex-dividend day, but positive impact on CARs after the ex-dividend day. In the analysis of diagrams, we find CARs before and after the ex-dividend day fluctuate less for companies with higher imputed credit or lower ownership concentration.

O presente trabalho buscou investigar, sob a perspectiva da Teoria da Sinalização, o papel certificador dos fundos de Private Equity e Venture Capital (PE/VC) sobre a qualidade das empresas estreantes na BM&FBovespa (IPOs). Para isso, propôs-se um estudo de evento visando constatar a existência de retornos anormais acumulados (proxy para qualidade dos IPOs) em carteiras de investimentos compostas por ações provenientes dos IPOs realizados na BM&FBovespa, no período de janeiro de 2004 a dezembro de 2007. As hipóteses do trabalho foram verificadas por meio de três procedimentos distintos: teste de médias, método CAPM e regressões CAR. Os resultados dos testes de médias indicaram que os IPOs de empresas investidas por fundos de PE/VC apresentaram desempenhos de curto, médio e longo prazo (até 5 anos) superiores e estatisticamente significantes em relação às empresas não investidas. Além disso, os resultados demonstraram que quanto maior a participação dos fundos de PE/VC na empresa investida, melhor o desempenho de longo prazo. Os resultados do método CAPM indicaram que os retornos observados dos IPOs foram inferiores aos retornos esperados, dado o nível de risco assumido. As regressões CAR verificaram se a presença de fundos de PE/VC explica retornos anormais positivos dos IPOs, após controle de outros fatores. As evidências encontradas sugerem que a presença de fundos de PE/VC nas empresas estreantes na BM&FBovespa possui efeito positivo sobre os retornos anormais acumulados dos IPOs e, quanto maior a participação acionária detida pelo fundo de PE/VC na empresa, no momento imediatamente anterior ao IPO, maiores os retornos anormais acumulados de longo prazo. Em geral, os retornos das amostras analisadas foram inferiores ao desempenho do índice Ibovespa, podendo ser um reflexo da crise financeira mundial, com maior impacto sobre empresas com histórico recente na bolsa (IPOs), em relação às empresas tradicionais (blue chips) que integram o Ibovespa. / This study investigated, under the perspective of Signaling Theory, the certifier role of Private Equity and Venture Capital investments (PE/VC) on the quality of initial public offerings (IPOs) at BM&FBovespa. It was proposed an event study in order to examine the existence of cumulative abnormal returns (proxy for IPOs quality) in portfolios composed of stocks from the IPOs occurred on BM&FBovespa, from January 2004 to December 2007. The hypotheses of this study were verified by three different procedures: test for equality of means, CAPM method and CAR regressions. The tests for equality of means suggested that the companies that received investments of PE/VC, before the IPOs, had statistical significant short, medium and long-term performances (up to 5 years) higher than non-invested companies. Besides that, the results showed that the higher the equity PE/VC held in the companies, before the IPO, better the long-term yield. The CAPM method indicated that the observed returns were lower than the expected returns, given the level of risk assumed. CAR regressions examined whether the presence of PE/VC explains positive abnormal returns of the IPOs, after controlling for other factors. The evidence suggests that the presence of PE/VC has positive effect on the cumulative abnormal returns on the IPOs, and the higher the equity held by the PE/VC in the firm, immediately before the IPO, the greater the long-term cumulative abnormal returns. In general, the returns of the samples were below Ibovespa index, which may be a reflection of the global financial crisis, with greater impact on companies with recent history in the stock market (IPOs), compared to traditional firms (blue chips) that integrate Ibovespa.