Thesis (MCurr)--Stellenbosch University, 2012. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Background Diarrhoea (frequent, loose, watery stools) is one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality globally and affects mainly infants and children under the age of five years. Unhygienic feeding practices and feeding utensils contribute to diarrhoeal incidences. The most common causes of acute gastroenteritis worldwide are infectious agents, such as viruses, bacteria and parasites Aim The aim of the study was to investigate which out of three particular sterilising methods is the most effective for sterilising feeding bottles and cups. Methods An experimental quantitative approach was most appropriate for the current study. An in vitro experimental study with a descriptive design was utilised under controlled laboratory conditions. The study was conducted at the University of the Western Cape (UWC) in April 2009. Results The sample size consisted of 16 samples, of which two were used for each method of sterilisation, namely: two (2) bottles and two (2) cups for sunlight; two (2) bottles and two (2) cups for Milton™; two (2) bottles and two (2) cups for Sunlight™ dishwashing liquid; and control utensils that consisted of two (2) bottles and two (2) cups. The target population for the study comprised infant feeding bottles and feeding cups. The analysis for the APC cultures that was compared in the cups vs. bottles, in order to see whether there was a significant difference between the mean bacteria counts, shows that the average bacteria count (on the ln scale) was 6 cfu/ml and 9 cfu/ml for the cups and bottles, respectively. The t-value was -1.17524. As the ρ-value was 0.2595, no significant difference was found between the cups and bottles. The E. coli cultures were compared in the cups vs. bottles to see whether there was a significant difference between the mean bacteria counts. The results show that the average bacteria count (on the ln scale) was 7 cfu/ml and 7.6 cfu/ml for cups and bottles, respectively. The t-value was -0.211902. The ρ-value was 0.835237, and therefore there was no significant difference between cups and bottles. Conclusion The current study showed no significant difference between the sterilising methods or between the use of either bottles or cups. Therefore, a study with a larger sample size is recommended for further research. Recommendations The researcher recommends that future researchers conduct broader studies, with a larger sample size on the topic. Studies with a larger sample size enabled the real differences to be large enough to be significant. The use of sunlight is recommended as a sterilisation method for infant feeding utensils, as it is both time- and cost-effective. Sunlight is an inexpensive and readily available method of sterilisation; therefore, it can be used by relatively under resourced socio-economic communities. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Agtergrond Diarree (gereelde, los, waterige stoelgang) is een van die hoofoorsake van morbiditeit en sterflikheid wêreldwyd en affekteer hoofsaaklik suigelinge en kinders onder die ouderdom van vyf jaar. Onhigiëniese voedingspraktyke en -gereedskap dra by tot die voorkoms van diarree-gevalle. Die mees algemene oorsake van akute gastroënteritus wêreldwyd word veroorsaak deur aansteeklike agente soos virusse, bakterieë en parasiete. Doel Die doel van hierdie studie is om ondersoek te doen na watter van die drie bepaalde steriliseringsmetodes die mees effektiewe is vir die sterilisering van bottels en koppies. Metodes ’n Eksperimentele kwantitatiewe benadering is die mees geskikte een vir die huidige studie. ’n In vitro-eksperimentele studie met ’n deskriptiewe ontwerp is onder gekontroleerde laboratorium omstandighede aangewend. Die studie is by die Universitet van die Wes-Kaap (UWK) in April 2009 uitgevoer. Resultate Die steekproefgroote het bestaan uit 16 monsters waarvan twee gebruik is vir elke steriliseringsmetode, naamlik: twee (2) bottels en twee (2) koppies vir sonlig; twee (2) bottels en twee (2) koppies vir Milton™; twee (2) bottels en twee (2) koppies vir Sunlight™ skottelgoedopwasmiddel; en kontrole gereedskap wat bestaan het uit twee (2) bottels en twee (2) koppies. Die teikenbevolking vir die studie het bestaan uit voedingsbottels en -koppies vir suigelinge. Die analise vir die APC-kulture wat vergelyk is in die koppies vs. bottels om te bepaal of daar ’n beduidende verskil is tussen die gemiddelde bakterie-tellings, toon dat die gemiddelde bakterie-telling (op die In-skaal) is 6 cfu/ml en 9 cfu/ml vir die koppies en bottels respektiewelik. Die t-waarde is -1.17524. Aangesien die p-waarde 0.2595 is, is daar geen beduidende verskil gevind tussen die koppies en die bottels nie. Die E. coli-kulture is vergelyk in die koppies vs. bottels om te bepaal of daar ’n beduidende verskil tussen die gemiddelde bakterie-tellings is. Die uitslae wys dat die gemiddelde bakterie-telling (op die In-skaal) is 7cfu/ml en 7.6 cfu/ml vir koppies en bottels respektiewelik. Die t-waarde is -0.211902. Die p-waarde is 0.835237 en dus is daar geen beduidende verskil tussen koppies en bottels nie. Gevolgtrekking Die huidige studie toon dat daar geen beduidende verskil tussen die steriliseringsmetodes of tussen die gebruik van of bottels of koppies is nie. Dus, ’n studie met ’n groter steekproefgrootte word aanbeveel vir toekomstige navorsing. Aanbevelings Die navorser beveel aan dat toekomstige navorsers meer omvattende studies met ’n groter steekproefgrootte oor die onderwerp uitvoer. Studies met ’n groter steekproefgrootte sal veroorsaak dat die werklike verskille vanweë hul grootte genoegsaam sal wees, om beduidend te wees. Die gebruik van sonlig as ’n steriliseringsmetode vir die gereedskap van suigelinge word aanbeveel, aangesen dit beide tyd- en kostebesparend is. Sonlig is ’n goedkoop en maklik verkrygbare metode van sterilisasie; dus kan dit gebruik word deur gemeenskappe wat nie oor die nodige middele beskik nie, vanweë hul sosio-ekonomiese situasies.

Nations have always competed vigorously during the bidding process to host mega sporting events. The selection of the host nation is a much anticipated decision that results in the promotion of a country on a global platform. In this paper, I use a market adjusted return (index) model to conduct an event study in order to examine abnormal returns in the stock market surrounding the selection of a nation for the Summer Olympics and the FIFA World Cup. I also focus specifically on the construction and industrial sectors, as well as analyze the impact of selection on the nation emerging as the runner up in the bidding process. The research finds that the outcome of the selection process is partially anticipated by investors, resulting in a market reaction that does not accurately measure the financial impact of hosting the event. As developing nations have demonstrated an increased interest in the hosting of events over the years, this paper also addresses the resulting policy implications, as well as the opportunity cost and the economic effects of crowding out and substitution.

O trabalho faz uma pesquisa das narrativas jornalísticas durante as Copa de 1970, 1982, 1990 e 1994 procurando definir como a seleção brasileira foi tratada pelos meios de comunicação na vitória e na derrota. Nossa questão principal é investigar como a ideia de futebol-arte é abordada pelos jornais em momentos distintos. Partimos da hipótese que ao praticar o futebol-arte exerceríamos nossa brasilidade e a narrativa midiática tenderia a exaltar a equipe no caso de vitória e entender no caso de derrota. Já quando não praticamos o nosso real estilo, a narrativa seria mais crítica quando a seleção é derrotada e contestaria a vitória, tratando-a como ilegítima, exatamente por fugir de nossas supostas raízes. Nosso referencial teórico tem como base as ideias de Gilberto Freyre (1938) sobre o que seria o futebol-arte e sua importância na edificação do que viria a ser o nacional, iniciada nos anos 1930. Também seguiremos as pesquisas de Lovisolo e Soares (2003) sobre estilos de jogo, os trabalhos de Helal (2001) ao indicar o papel do futebol na construção de uma identidade nacional e como estas representações emergem de maneira latente durante a realização das Copas do Mundo / The thesis makes a survey of newspaper accounts during the World Cup 1970, 1982, 1990 and 1994 seeking to define how the Brazilian team was treated by the media in victory and defeat. Our main issue is to investigate how the idea of football art is addressed by the newspapers at different times. We hypothesized that the football art would exercise our Brazilianness and the media narrative tends to exalt the team in case of victory and "understand" it in case of defeat. But when we do not practice "our real style" the narrative would be more critical when the team is defeated and would contest the victory, treating it as illegitimate, precisely because it would escape our supposed roots. Our theoretical framework is based on the ideas of Gilberto Freyre (1938) on what would be football-art and its importance in the construction of what would be "national", started in the 1930s. We would also follow the research of Soares and Lovisolo (2003) about playing styles, the work of Helal (2001) to indicate the role of football in building a national identity and how these representations emerge from in a latent manner during the course of World Cups

My main question in this essay is that if it is possible for an object to cause a universal feeling (widely accepted by the majority of people) and, at the same time, if it can connect to personal memories deeply. Can the same object stimulate a universal feeling and yet belong to a particular individual, after he recognized his personal history in such object? I chose “cup” as my main object through witch to investigate my subject. In each chapter, I investigate the object cup from different points of view to see how a cup’s definitions vary. I firstly analyze the object cup according to its shape and remarkable features / elements, then I look into people´s recognition of objects according to the phenomenology. Other important perspectives are the bodily and spatial communication between cups and people, the linguistic activity related to “cup”, my own and other´s private experiences / considerations regarding cups and finally the tea culture which has faithfully penetrated in our lifeThe concept which above all struck and inspired me for my work, was the potential of empty space. The blank space which is offered to viewers/users to fill in with their imagination use “cup” as my main subject to investigate how to communicate with people as an artist, by creating objects that entail an empty space open for interpretations. This essay is an exploration to find out the reason for my creation work as an artist.

O trabalho faz uma pesquisa das narrativas jornalísticas durante as Copa de 1970, 1982, 1990 e 1994 procurando definir como a seleção brasileira foi tratada pelos meios de comunicação na vitória e na derrota. Nossa questão principal é investigar como a ideia de futebol-arte é abordada pelos jornais em momentos distintos. Partimos da hipótese que ao praticar o futebol-arte exerceríamos nossa brasilidade e a narrativa midiática tenderia a exaltar a equipe no caso de vitória e entender no caso de derrota. Já quando não praticamos o nosso real estilo, a narrativa seria mais crítica quando a seleção é derrotada e contestaria a vitória, tratando-a como ilegítima, exatamente por fugir de nossas supostas raízes. Nosso referencial teórico tem como base as ideias de Gilberto Freyre (1938) sobre o que seria o futebol-arte e sua importância na edificação do que viria a ser o nacional, iniciada nos anos 1930. Também seguiremos as pesquisas de Lovisolo e Soares (2003) sobre estilos de jogo, os trabalhos de Helal (2001) ao indicar o papel do futebol na construção de uma identidade nacional e como estas representações emergem de maneira latente durante a realização das Copas do Mundo / The thesis makes a survey of newspaper accounts during the World Cup 1970, 1982, 1990 and 1994 seeking to define how the Brazilian team was treated by the media in victory and defeat. Our main issue is to investigate how the idea of football art is addressed by the newspapers at different times. We hypothesized that the football art would exercise our Brazilianness and the media narrative tends to exalt the team in case of victory and "understand" it in case of defeat. But when we do not practice "our real style" the narrative would be more critical when the team is defeated and would contest the victory, treating it as illegitimate, precisely because it would escape our supposed roots. Our theoretical framework is based on the ideas of Gilberto Freyre (1938) on what would be football-art and its importance in the construction of what would be "national", started in the 1930s. We would also follow the research of Soares and Lovisolo (2003) about playing styles, the work of Helal (2001) to indicate the role of football in building a national identity and how these representations emerge from in a latent manner during the course of World Cups

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / The megaevent, especially sports, is an activity that has been growing in recent years in the world, tend to generate employment, income, exposure image of the place internationally, attracting public and private resources, streamline urban projects that will enable the achievement of games and later will be a legacy of the event. In this sense, the lure of megaevents have been seen by planners, governments (those with a position of entrepreneur) and private initiative as a strategy for the growing economy, catalyst improvements and social inclusion of the city in the globalized economy. The research On the mega metropolis. Socio-spatial implications of the 2014 World Cup in Fortaleza therefore has the general objective to understand the socio-spatial implications of projects and investments in infrastructure and equipment in Fortaleza associated with this sporting event. Government structures were created in the federal, state and local in order to facilitate the completion of the World Cup 2014. In Cearà have as an example the Secretaria Especial da Copa - SECOPA conveyed to the state government and responsible for articulating the actions of other government agencies. The projects related to the mega promote profound changes in the spatial production of Fortaleza. Greater magnitude of the works of urban mobility improvements that involve pathways, VeÃculo Leve Sobre Trilhos - VLT and Bus Rapid Trasit - BRT stand out in the context of the mega event in Fortaleza. In the wake of these changes come into play two more agents: real estate, taking the opportunity to launch their products near the areas benefited by the works of Cup, Populations and Communities Rail calls in the vicinity of the railway project VLT fighting the removals and violations of their rights. Based on this scenario that consolidates the research seeks to understand how projects relate Cup Fortaleza urban planning and possible territorial disputes generated by singularities, the behavior of the housing market works before the mega event and compared with areas of targets removals and replacements possible use. The table is raising changes in the spatial configuration of Fortaleza. / Os megaeventos esportivos vÃm crescendo nos Ãltimos anos no mundo e agilizam projetos urbanos que viabilizarÃo a realizaÃÃo dos jogos e que posteriormente ficarÃo como legado do evento. Tudo isto com o intuito de gerar emprego, renda, exposiÃÃo da imagem do lugar a nÃvel internacional, atraÃÃo de recursos pÃblicos e privados. Neste sentido, a atraÃÃo de megaeventos tem sido vista por planejadores, governantes (estes com um posicionamento de empreendedor) e iniciativa privada como estratÃgia de aquecimento da economia, catalisador de melhorias sociais e inserÃÃo da cidade na economia globalizada. Esta dissertaÃÃo tem, pois, como objetivo geral compreender as implicaÃÃes socioespaciais dos projetos e investimentos em infraestrutura e equipamentos em Fortaleza associadas à este evento esportivo. Estruturas governamentais foram criadas nas esferas federais, estaduais e municipais no intuito de viabilizar a realizaÃÃo da Copa do Mundo de 2014. No Cearà temos como exemplo a Secretaria Especial da Copa â SECOPA vinculada ao governo estadual e responsÃvel por articular as aÃÃes entre outros ÃrgÃos governamentais. Os projetos relacionados ao megaevento promovem transformaÃÃes profundas na produÃÃo espacial de Fortaleza. De maior magnitude, as obras de mobilidade urbana, que envolvem melhorias de vias, VeÃculo Leve sobre Trilhos â VLT e Bus Rapid Trasit â BRT, se destacam no contexto deste Megaevento na capital cearense. Na esteira destas transformaÃÃes entram em cena dois atores: o setor imobiliÃrio, aproveitando a oportunidade para lanÃar seus produtos prÃximos as Ãreas beneficiadas pelas obras da Copa; as comunidades e os movimentos sociais que lutam contra a remoÃÃes e violaÃÃes do seus direitos. Com base neste cenÃrio que se consolida a pesquisa busca compreender: 1- como os projetos da Copa se relacionam com planejamento urbano de Fortaleza e os possÃveis conflitos territoriais gerados pelas suas singularidades; 2 - o comportamento do mercado imobiliÃrio diante das obras do megaevento e a relaÃÃo com as Ãreas alvos de remoÃÃes e as possÃveis substituiÃÃes de uso. O quadro que se constitui suscitam mudanÃas na configuraÃÃo espacial da capital cearense.

Gemeinsamer Workshop von Universitaetsrechenzentrum und Professur "Rechnernetze und verteilte Systeme" der Fakultaet fuer Informatik der TU Chemnitz. Workshop-Thema: Mobilitaet Der Vortrag stellt das Common UNIX Printing System vor, das auf dem neuen Internet Printing Protokol Standard IPP beruht und diskutiert Einsatzmöglichkeiten im URZ der TU Chemnitz

Many pages have been written concerning erotic images on Greek vases but few studies have focused on the frequency of erotic images. This is an important concept in determining the significance of the erotic images. Various Athenian cups from the online holdings of the Beazley Archive were investigated, using simple tabulations and Chi-square analysis, for erotic images. Out of 7901 cups only 130 had erotic images. As cups with erotic images represented only a small portion of the sample it was likely that they only appealed to the tastes of a small sub-set of the Athenian population. The context of these images is questionable and the historical community should use them with caution.

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