Ce travail de thèse consacré à la chimie de Zingiberaceae est divisé en deux parties distinctes.Dans la première partie, une étude phytochimique des rhizomes d’une plante africaine, Aframomum sceptrum K. Schum., couramment employée en Côte d’Ivoire, a été réalisée. Deux nouveaux composés, nommés sceptrumlabdalactone A et sceptrumlabdalactone B ont été isolés. Ce sont des composés terpéniques type labdane. Le sceptrumlabdalactone B est fortement actif contre L. donovani, avec une CI50 proche de celle de la pentamidine.L’extraction de l’huile essentielle des rhizomes a également été réalisée par hydrodistillation. L’analyse de l’huile par GC-MS a montré la présence de mono- et de sesquiterpènes avec une quasi-absence de monoterpènes aromatiques. L’évaluation des activités biologiques de l’huile a montré une activité contre les bactéries à Gram positif, et dans une moindre mesure, contre les bactéries à Gram négatif. Une forte activité trichomonicide a aussi été constatée.La deuxième partie, est consacrée à la curcumine. Ce diarylheptanoïde, est fréquent dans plusieurs Curcumas, Des analogues originaux, par exemple prénylés ont été préparés. Plusieurs activités biologiques (activités antiparasitaires, antibactériennes, anti-inflammatoires, anti-agrégation de la protéine β-amyloïde) ont été évaluées in vitro. L’activité anti-inflammatoire apparait différente de celle du produit de départ pour un des analogues.De même, la désaromatisation oxydante de la curcumine et ses analogues a permis l’accès en une ou deux étapes à des composés originaux à pharmacophore largement modifié.Des nanoparticules à base de "curcumine-squalénisée" ont également été préparées afin de surmonter le problème de la faible biodisponibilité de la curcumine. L’activité leishmanicide in vitro semble prometteuse. / During our research for fighting human African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness), two approaches were employed; firstly the traditional use of plants, secondly the synthesis of original derivatives of curcumin.In the first part, a bioguided fractionation of a methanolic extract of the rhizomes of Aframomum sceptrum K. Schum (Zingiberaceae) allowed the isolation of five compounds, including new labdanes, named sceptrumlabdalactone A and sceptrumlabdalactone B successively. Sceptrumlabdalactone B was reasonably active against T. brucei brucei, and strongly active against L. donovani, with IC50 close to that of pentamidine.The essential oil from the rhizomes of the species might also contribute to its biological activity. It was obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC–MS. Its major constituents were β-pinene, caryophyllene oxide and cyperene. It exhibited strong bactericidal activity against Gram-positive bacteria. It only showed moderate bacteriostatic activity against Gram-negative bacteria. Remarkable activities against T. b. brucei and Trichomonas vaginalis were also observed.The second part is devoted to curcumin. This diarylheptanoid, is common in several Curcuma spp.Structural modifications and preparation of nanoparticles of curcumin were carried out to increase its activities and/or overcome the problem of the low bioavailability of this compound.Original analogs, e.g. prenylated curcumins were prepared. Several biological activities (antiparasitic, anti-inflammation, Inhibition of β–amyloid aggregation, etc) were evaluated in vitro.Similarly, the oxidative dearomatization of curcumin and its analogues allowed the access to novel original compounds.Finally, the coupling of curcumin and squalene was achieved. The resulting molecules were able to form spherical nanoassemblies that may overcome bioavailability issues. Antiparasitic, antibacterial, and cytotoxic activities were also evaluated. The in vitro leishmanicidal activity seems promising.

The present thesis deals with different aspects of the chemistry and photo-biology of various ferrocene-conjugates, their interaction with double helical DNA, DNA photocleavage and photo-enhanced cytotoxicity in visible light, localization and cellular uptake to study the mechanism of cell death. Phenyl analogues of the active complexes have been synthesized and used for comparison in biological assays. Chapter I presents an overview of cancer and its types, various treatments for cancer. A general overview on the Photodynamic Therapy, a new modality of light activated cancer treatment and its various possible mechanism of action, has been made. The promise of photoactivated chemotherapy is discussed with recently developed metal based antitumor agents. Biological applications of few ferrocene conjugates as anticancer and anti-malarial agents are discussed. The objective of the present investigation is also presented in this chapter. Chapter II presents the synthesis, characterization, structure, DNA binding, DNA photocleavage, photocytotoxicity and cellular localization of ferrocene-conjugated dipicolylamine oxovanadium(IV) complexes of curcumin. To explore the role of the ferrocenyl moiety the phenyl analogue of the ferrocenyl complexes is synthesized and used as a control for comparison purpose. Chapter III deals with the photo-induced DNA cleavage and photo-enhanced cytotoxicity of ferrocene-conjugated oxovanadium(IV) complexes of heterocyclic bases. The synthesis, characterization, structural comparisons, DNA binding, DNA photocleavage and photocytotoxic activity in visible light are discussed in detail. Chapter IV describes the synthesis, characterization and structure of ferrocene-conjugated oxovanadium(IV) complexes of acetylacetonate derivatives. The complexes are evaluated for DNA binding, DNA photocleavage and photocytotoxic activity in HeLa, MCF-7, 3T3 cells in visible light. The fluorescent nature of the complexes is used to study the cellular localization of the complexes and the mechanism of cell death induced by the complexes is also discussed. Chapter V presents the photocytotoxic effect of ferrocene-conjugated oxovanadium(IV) complexes of different curcuminoids in HeLa , HepG2 and 3T3 cells. Curcumin based fluorescence has been successfully used to study the cellular uptake and localization behavior of the complexes. The positive role of the ferrocenyl complex is evident from the ~4 fold increase in its photocytotoxicity compared to the phenyl analogue. The apoptotic mode of cell death is evident from nuclear co-staining using Hoechst dye. Chapter VI describes the synthesis, characterization and photochemotherapeutic efficacy of ferrocene conjugates of N-alkyl pyridinium salts. Mitochondria targeting property of ferrocene compound having n-butyltriphenylphosphonium group has been studied by JC-1 assay. FACS analysis showed significant sub G1/G0 phase cell-cycle arrest in cancer cells on visible light treatment. Finally, the summary of the dissertation and conclusions drawn from the present investigations are presented. The references in the text have been indicated as superscript numbers and compiled at the end of each chapter. The complexes presented in this thesis are represented by bold-faced numbers. Crystallographic data of the structurally characterized complexes are given in CIF format in the enclosed CD (Appendix-I). Due acknowledgements have been made wherever the work described is based on the findings of other investigators. Any unintentional omission that might have happened due to oversight or mistake is regretted. INDEX WORDS: Ferrocene conjugates Crystal structure DNA binding DNA photocleavage Photocytotoxicity Vanadium Cellular Imaging

No description available.

[ES] El alcohol es una de las drogas más aceptadas y consumidas a nivel mundial, y su ingesta crónica causa alteraciones en el sistema nervioso central, desde desmielinización hasta muerte neural. Se ha demostrado que gran parte de estos efectos estarían mediados por la activación del sistema inmune innato, principalmente a través del receptor TLR4, que desemboca en un estado inflamatorio. Para ahondar en estos mecanismos, en esta tesis se pretende analizar si el consumo crónico de etanol puede causar modificaciones en los miARNs de la corteza cerebral, regulando la expresión de genes proinflamatorios asociados a la ruta de señalización del TLR4 y si el uso de la curcumina como terapia es capaz de disminuir estos efectos. Además, analizaremos si el consumo de alcohol a largo plazo es capaz de alterar la microbiota intestinal, y la implicación del TLR4 en estos procesos. Nuestros resultados demuestran que el etanol es capaz de alterar la expresión de diferentes microARNs que regulan la expresión de genes proinflamatorios y asociados a la vía del TLR4. La ausencia del receptor causa un perfil de expresión distinto tanto en los controles como en los animales alcohólicos crónicos. Puesto que en los últimos años nos hemos interesado en la búsqueda de una posible terapia para paliar la neuroinflamación producida por el etanol, hemos usado el BDMC, un curcuminoide con capacidad antiinflamatoria y antioxidante, para revertir los daños causados por el abuso del alcohol. Para su administración proponemos su conjugación con un polipéptido que elimina los tradicionales problemas asociados al uso de estos compuestos naturales como son su vida media corta y su baja biodisponibilidad, sin que hayamos registrado toxicidad. El uso de este polímero en animales con un consumo crónico de etanol produce una disminución de la inflamación, tanto a nivel proteico como de expresión génica. Considerando que otra de las regiones del organismo más afectadas por el alcohol es el tracto gastrointestinal, y que la población bacteriana puede ser modificada en determinadas enfermedades o por el uso de sustancias nocivas, produciendo una disbiosis, hemos comparado el efecto del alcohol sobre la población bacteriana y la participación del receptor TLR4 en estos efectos. Mediante análisis de expresión génica, confirmamos que el tejido intestinal ausente del receptor TLR4 es menos susceptible de sufrir cambios debidos al consumo de alcohol. Sin embargo, no hemos encontrado en estos animales la expresión aumentada de genes proinflamatorios característica de los tratamientos alcohólicos. Además, los ratones carentes de este receptor presentan una microbiota intestinal única y diferente a la encontrada en animales de genotipo normal, con sus propios cambios en el equilibrio bacteriano en respuesta a la ingesta de alcohol. Esta microbiota presenta menor cantidad de especies Gram - y mayor resistencia al desequilibrio ocasionado por el alcohol, que su contraparte en los ratones WT. En general, los resultados científicos que aparecen en esta tesis resaltan el papel del TLR4 en las alteraciones causadas por el consumo crónico de alcohol. Mostramos como cambios causados por el etanol a niveles tan distintos como la regulación mediante miARNs o la microbiota intestinal dependen en gran medida de la respuesta inicial que causa el alcohol en el TLR4. Dado que es un receptor necesario para el correcto funcionamiento de muchos órganos, planteamos un posible tratamiento mediante la inhibición de esta cascada inflamatoria. / [CA] L'alcohol és una de les drogues més acceptades i consumides a nivell mundial, i la seva ingesta crònica causa alteracions al sistema nerviós central, des de desmielinització fins a mort neural. S'ha demostrat que gran part d'aquests efectes estarien intervinguts per l'activació del sistema immune innat, principalment a través del receptor TLR4, que desemboca en un estat inflamatori. Per aprofundir en aquests mecanismes, en aquesta tesi es pretén analitzar si el consum crònic d'etanol pot causar modificacions als miARNs de l'escorça cerebral, regulant l'expressió de gens proinflamatoris associats a la ruta de senyalització del TLR4 i si l'ús de la curcumina com a teràpia és capaç de disminuir aquests efectes. A més, analitzarem si el consum d'alcohol a llarg termini és capaç d'alterar la microbiota intestinal i la implicació del TLR4 en aquests processos. Els nostres resultats demostren que l'etanol pot alterar l'expressió de diferents microARNs que regulen l'expressió de gens proinflamatoris i associats a la via del TLR4. L'absència del receptor causa un perfil d'expressió diferent tant als controls com als animals alcohòlics crònics. Com que els darrers anys ens hem interessat en trobar una possible teràpia per pal·liar la neuroinflamació produïda per l'etanol, hem utilizat el BDMC, un curcuminoide amb capacitat antiinflamatòria i antioxidant, per revertir els danys causats per l'abús de l'alcohol. Per a la seva administració proposem la seva conjugació amb un polipèptid que elimina els problemes tradicionals associats a l'ús d'aquests compostos naturals com són la seva vida mitjana curta i la seva baixa biodisponibilitat, sense que haguem registrat toxicitat. L¿ús d¿aquest polímer en animals amb un consum crònic d¿etanol produeix una disminució de la inflamació, tant a nivell proteic com d¿expressió gènica. Considerant que una altra de les regions de l'organisme més afectades per l'alcohol és el tracte gastrointestinal, i que la població bacteriana pot ser modificada en determinades malalties o per l'ús de substàncies nocives, produint una disbiosi, hem comparat l'efecte de l'alcohol sobre la població bacteriana i la participació del receptor TLR4 en aquests efectes. Mitjançant una anàlisi d'expressió gènica, confirmem que el teixit intestinal absent del receptor TLR4 és menys susceptible de patir canvis deguts al consum d'alcohol. Tot i això, no hem trobat en aquests animals l'expressió augmentada de gens proinflamatoris característica dels tractaments alcohòlics. A més, els ratolins sense aquest receptor presenten una microbiota intestinal única i diferent de la trobada en animals de genotip normal, amb els seus propis canvis en l'equilibri bacterià en resposta a la ingesta d'alcohol. Aquesta microbiota presenta menor quantitat d'espècies Gram - i més resistència al desequilibri ocasionat per l'alcohol, que la contrapart en els ratolins WT. En general, els resultats científics que apareixen en aquesta tesi ressalten el paper del TLR4 a les alteracions causades pel consum crònic d'alcohol. Mostrem com a canvis causats per l'etanol a nivells tan diferents com la regulació mitjançant miARNs o la microbiota intestinal depenen en gran mesura de la resposta inicial que causa l'alcohol al TLR4. Atès que és un receptor necessari per al funcionament correcte de molts òrgans, plantegem un possible tractament mitjançant la inhibició d'aquesta cascada inflamatòria. / [EN] Alcohol is one of the most accepted and consumed drugs worldwide, and its chronic consumption causes alterations in the central nervous system, such as demyelination and neural death. It has been shown that these effects would be mediated by the activation of the innate immune system, mainly through the TLR4 receptor, which leads to an inflammatory response. To inquire into these mechanisms, this thesis aims to analyse whether chronic ethanol consumption can cause changes in miRNAs in the cerebral cortex, regulating the expression of proinflammatory genes associated with the TLR4 signalling pathway, and whether the use of curcumin as a therapy it is able to reduce these effects. In addition, we will analyse if long-term alcohol consumption can alter the intestinal microbiota, and the involvement of TLR4 in these processes. Our results show that ethanol can alter the expression of different microRNAs that regulate the expression of proinflammatory genes associated with the TLR4 pathway. The absence of this receptor causes a different expression profile in both controls and chronic alcoholic animals. Taking into account our interest in seeking a possible therapy to alleviate the neuroinflammation caused by ethanol, we have used BDMC, a curcuminoid with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity, to ameliorate the damage caused by alcohol abuse. For its administration, we propose its conjugation with a polypeptide that eliminates the traditional problems associated with the use of these natural compounds, such as their short half-life and low bioavailability, with no toxicity recorded. The use of this polymer in animals with chronic ethanol consumption produces a decrease in inflammation, at both protein level and gene expression. Considering that another of the regions of the body most affected by alcohol is the gastrointestinal tract, and that bacterial population can be modified in certain diseases or due to harmful substances, producing dysbiosis, we have compared the effect of alcohol on the bacterial population and the participation of the TLR4 receptor in these effects. Using gene expression analysis, we confirm that intestinal tissue without TLR4 receptor show less changes induced by the alcohol consumption. However, we have not found in these animals an increased expression of proinflammatory genes which are observed in alcoholic treatments. In addition, mice lacking this receptor have a unique intestinal microbiota, which is different from the normal genotype animals, with their own changes in bacterial balance in response to alcohol intake. This microbiota has less Gram - species and greater resistance to imbalance caused by alcohol than its counterpart in WT mice. In general, the results of this thesis highlight the role of TLR4 in the alterations caused by chronic alcohol consumption. We show that ethanol can cause changes at different levels, such as regulation of miRNAs or intestinal microbiota, which largely depend on the TLR4 activation induced by ethanol. Therefore, herein we demonstrate the importance of the TLR4 to the correct activity of several body organs, and we propose a possible treatment by inhibiting its inflammatory cascade. / Cuesta Díaz, CM. (2022). Papel de los receptores TLR4 y de la microbiota intestinal en los procesos inflamatorios y neuroinflamatorios causados por el consumo crónico de alcohol, y posibles terapias con curcuminoides [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/183832 / TESIS

In biological systems, several metabolic and environmental factors are responsible for the production of reactive oxygen (ROS) and nitrogen (RNS) species. The exacerbated production of these reactive species or the significant decrease in the effectiveness of the defenses against them causes the redox imbalance, with consequent damage to biological macromolecules, which is associated to the emergence and progression of several diseases. Among the exogenous antioxidants, phenolic compounds of plants have been highlighted by their ability to scavenge various reactive species. Among the most studied plants, Curcuma longa has many beneficial properties for health, which are mainly associated with the phenolic compounds present in the rhizome, known as curcuminoids (curcumin, demethoxycurcumin and bisdemethoxycurcumin), but the benefits are more particularly attributed to curcumin. Thus, the objective of this study was to investigate the antioxidant capacity of C. longa extracts and to determine their contents in curcuminoids, investigating the antioxidant action of the extract and of each isolated curcuminoid against ROS and RNS. The identification and quantification of curcuminoids, the total phenols content analysis and the antioxidant capacity in terms of scavenging of the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl radical (DPPH•) and the FRAP method (ferric reducing antioxidant power) were carried out for methanol (CM), defatted methanol (CHM), ethanol (EC) and hexane (CH) extracts, besides commercial extract (ExtFarC) of C. longa. The elimination capacity of ROS and RNS was performed for CE and isolated curcuminoids (curcumin, demethoxycurcumin and bisdemethoxycurcumin). The CM, CHM and CE had shown the three curcuminoids in their compositions, while, for the ExtFarC, curcumin was the predominant compound. The CE and ExtFarC had shown the higher total phenols content and antioxidant activity by the FRAP method, besides the lower IC50 values for to the DPPH• radical. The use of high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with spectrophotometric detection (DPPH•-HPLC-UV) indicated that curcumin and demethoxycurcumin had the greater potential for capture of DPPH•, as observed by the reduction of their peaks in HPLC, at equivalent contact time. In the experiments related to hypochlorous acid (HOCl), nitric oxide (•NO) and peroxynitrite (ONOO‾), the curcuminoids had shown a direct efficiency toward their elimination, similarly to the positive control (quercetin). For CE, despite showing higher IC50 values against these species, in comparison to the isolated compounds, it presented lower IC50 values, when compared to other plants’ extracts, studied by the same methods. Although curcumin is the target of many therapeutic studies for a number of diseases, the present data show that the three curcuminoids can play essential roles against ROS and RNS, and thus, may be considered promising in the prevention and treatment of diseases related to oxidative stress. / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Em sistemas biológicos, diversos fatores metabólicos e ambientais são responsáveis pela produção de espécies reativas de oxigênio (EROs) e de nitrogênio (ERNs). Quando a produção é exacerbada ou quando há uma diminuição significativa na eficácia das defesas contra essas espécies, ocorre o desequilíbrio redox, causando danos a macromoléculas biológicas, o que está associado ao surgimento e progressão de várias doenças. Dentre os antioxidantes exógenos, os compostos fenólicos de plantas têm se destacado pela capacidade de sequestrar diversas espécies reativas. Das plantas mais estudadas, a Curcuma longa apresenta inúmeras propriedades benéficas para a saúde, que são principalmente associadas aos compostos fenólicos presentes no rizoma, conhecidos como curcuminoides (curcumina, desmetoxicurcumina e bisdesmetoxicurcumina), porém os benefícios são mais particularmente atribuídos à curcumina. Dessa forma, o objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a capacidade antioxidante de extratos de C. longa e determinar seus curcuminoides constituintes, investigando a ação antioxidante do extrato e de curcuminoides isolados contra as EROs e ERNs. A identificação e quantificação de curcuminoides, o conteúdo total de fenóis e a capacidade antioxidante, em termos de sequestro do radical 2,2-difenil-1-picrilhidrazila (DPPH•) e pelo método de FRAP (do inglês, ferric reducing antioxidant power), foram realizados para os extratos metanólico (CM), metanólico desengordurado (CHM), etanólico (CE), hexânico (CH) e para o extrato comercial (ExtFarC) de C. longa. A capacidade de eliminação das EROs e ERNs foi realizada para o CE e para os curcuminoides (curcumina, desmetoxicurcumina e bisdesmetoxicurcumina). Os extratos CM, CHM e CE apresentaram, em suas composições, os três curcuminoides, enquanto o ExtFarC apresentou a curcumina como componente majoritário. O extrato etanólico (CE) e o ExtFarC apresentaram maior conteúdo total de fenóis e atividade antioxidante pelo método de FRAP e menores valores de IC50 frente ao radical DPPH•. Cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (CLAE), com detecção espectrofotométrica (DPPH•-CLAE-UV) indicou que a curcumina e a desmetoxicurcumina apresentaram maior potencial de captura de DPPH•, observado pela redução de seus picos em CLAE, em tempos de contato equivalentes. Nos experimentos de capacidade de eliminação das EROs e ERNs, os curcuminoides apresentaram atividade semelhante ao controle positivo (quercetina) frente ao ácido hipocloroso (HOCl), óxido nítrico (•NO) e peroxinitrito (ONOO‾), mostrando-se eficientes de forma direta contra essas espécies. O extrato CE, apesar de exibir maiores valores de IC50 para essas espécies, quando comparado aos compostos isolados, apresentou valores de IC50 inferiores, em comparação com extratos de outras plantas estudados pelos mesmos métodos. Apesar de a curcumina ser o alvo de estudos com finalidade terapêutica para inúmeras doenças, os dados evidenciam que os três curcuminoides têm papel potencial contra as EROs e ERNs, desta forma são promissores na prevenção e tratamento de doenças relacionadas ao estresse oxidativo.