This thesis focuses on a certain type of nonlinear parabolic partial differential equations, i.e. PME and FDE. Chapter 1 consists of a survey on results related to PME and FDE, and a short review on some works about deriving gradient estimates in probabilistic ways. In Chapter 2 we estimate gradient on space variables of solutions to the heat equation on Euclidean space. The main idea is to construct two semimartingales by letting the solution and its gradient running backward on the path space of a diffusion process. Estimates derived from decompositions of those two semimartingales are then combined to give rise to an upper bound on gradient that only involves the maximum of the initial data and time variable. In particular, it is independent of the dimension. In Chapter 3 we carry the idea in Chapter 2 onto the study of positive solutions to PME or FDE, and obtained a similar type of bound on |∇u| for local solutions to PME or FDE on Euclidean space. In existing literature there have always been constraints on m. By considering a more general form of transformation on u and introducing a family of equivalent measures on path space, we add more flexibility to our method. Thus our result is valid for a larger range of m. For global solutions, when m violates our constraint, we need two-sided bound on u to control |∇u|. In Chapter 4 we utilize maximum principle to derive Li-Yau type gradient estimate for PME on a compact Riemannian manifold with Ricci curvature bounded from below. Our result is able to yield a Harnack inequality possessing the right order in time variable when the lower bound of Ricci curvature is negative.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(理学) / 甲第19468号 / 理博第4128号 / 新制||理||1594(附属図書館) / 32504 / 京都大学大学院理学研究科数学・数理解析専攻 / (主査)准教授 矢野 孝次, 教授 上田 哲生, 教授 重川 一郎 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

Au cours des 20 dernières années, la théorie du transport optimal s’est revelée être un outil efficace pour étudier le comportement asymptotique dans le cas des équations de diffusion, pour prouver des inégalités fonctionnelles et pour étendre des propriétés géométriques dans des espaces extrêmement généraux comme des espaces métriques mesurés, etc. La condition de courbure-dimension de la théorie Bakry-Emery apparaît comme la pierre angulaire de ces applications. Il suffit de penser au cas le plus simple et le plus important de la distance quadratique de Wasserstein W2 : la contraction du flux de chaleur en W2 caractérise les bornes inférieures uniformes pour la courbure de Ricci ; l’inégalité de Talagrand du transport, comparant W2 à l’entropie relative est impliquée et implique, par l’inégalité HWI, l’inégalité log-Sobolev ; les géodésiques de McCann dans l’espace de Wasserstein (P2(Rn),W2) permettent de prouver des propriétés fonctionnelles importantes comme la convexité, et des inégalités fonctionnelles standards telles que l’isopérymétrie, des propriétés de concentration de mesure, l’inégalité de Prékopa-Leindler et ainsi de suite. Néanmoins, le manque de régularité des plans minimisation nécessite des arguments d’analyse non lisse. Le problème de Schrödinger est un problème de minimisation de l’entropie avec des contraintes marginales et un processus de référence fixes. À partir de la théorie des grandes déviations, lorsque le processus de référence est le mouvement Brownien, sa valeur minimale A converge vers W2 lorsque la température est nulle. Les interpolations entropiques, solutions du problème de Schrödinger, sont caractérisées en termes de semigroupes de Markov, ce qui implique naturellement les calculs Γ2 et la condition de courbure-dimension. Datant des années 1930 et négligé pendant des décennies, le problème de Schrodinger connaît depuis ces dernières années une popularité croissante dans différents domaines, grâce à sa relation avec le transport optimal, à la regularité de ses solutions, et à d’autres propriétés performantes dans des calculs numériques. Le but de ce travail est double. D’abord, nous étudions certaines analogies entre le problème de Schrödinger et le transport optimal fournissant de nouvelles preuves de la formulation duale de Kantorovich et de celle, dynamique, de Benamou-Brenier pour le coût entropique A. Puis, en tant qu’application de ces connexions, nous dérivons certaines propriétés et inégalités fonctionnelles sous des conditions de courbure-dimension. En particulier, nous prouvons la concavité de l’entropie exponentielle le long des interpolations entropiques sous la condition de courbure-dimension CD(0, n) et la régularité du coût entropique le long du flot de la chaleur. Nous donnons également différentes preuves de l’inégalité variationnelle évolutionnaire pour A et de la contraction du flux de la chaleur en A, en retrouvant comme cas limite, les résultats classiques en W2, sous CD(κ,∞) et CD(0, n). Enfin, nous proposons une preuve simple de la propriété de concentration gaussienne via le problème de Schrödinger comme alternative aux arguments classiques tel que l’argument de Marton basé sur le transport optimal / In the past 20 years the optimal transport theory revealed to be an efficient tool to study the asymptotic behavior for diffusion equations, to prove functional inequalities, to extend geometrical properties in extremely general spaces like metric measure spaces, etc. The curvature-dimension of the Bakry-Émery theory appears as the cornerstone of those applications. Just think to the easier and most important case of the quadratic Wasserstein distance W2: contraction of the heat flow in W2 characterizes uniform lower bounds for the Ricci curvature; the transport Talagrand inequality, comparing W2 to the relative entropy is implied and implies via the HWI inequality the log-Sobolev inequality; McCann geodesics in the Wasserstein space (P2(Rn),W2) allow to prove important functional properties like convexity, and standard functional inequalities, such as isoperimetry, measure concentration properties, the Prékopa Leindler inequality and so on. However the lack of regularity of optimal maps, requires non-smooth analysis arguments. The Schrödinger problem is an entropy minimization problem with marginal constraints and a fixed reference process. From the Large deviation theory, when the reference process is driven by the Brownian motion, its minimal value A converges to W2 when the temperature goes to zero. The entropic interpolations, solutions of the Schrödinger problem, are characterized in terms of Markov semigroups, hence computation along them naturally involves Γ2 computations and the curvature-dimension condition. Dating back to the 1930s, and neglected for decades, the Schrödinger problem recently enjoys an increasing popularity in different fields, thanks to this relation to optimal transport, smoothness of solutions and other well performing properties in numerical computations. The aim of this work is twofold. First we study some analogy between the Schrödinger problem and optimal transport providing new proofs of the dual Kantorovich and the dynamic Benamou-Brenier formulations for the entropic cost A. Secondly, as an application of these connections we derive some functional properties and inequalities under curvature-dimensions conditions. In particular, we prove the concavity of the exponential entropy along entropic interpolations under the curvature-dimension condition CD(0, n) and regularity of the entropic cost along the heat flow. We also give different proofs the Evolutionary Variational Inequality for A and contraction of the heat flow in A, recovering as a limit case the classical results in W2, under CD(κ,∞) and also in the flat dimensional case. Finally we propose an easy proof of the Gaussian concentration property via the Schrödinger problem as an alternative to classical arguments as the Marton argument which is based on optimal transport

Cette thèse traite de plusieurs sujets d'analyse dans les espaces métriques mesurés, en lien avec le transport optimal et des conditions de courbure-dimension. Nous considérons en particulier les équations de continuité dans ces espaces, du point de vue de fonctionnelles continues sur les espaces de Sobolev, et du point de vue de la dualité avec les courbes absolument continues dans l'espace de Wasserstein. Sous une condition de courbure-dimension, mais sans condition de doublement de mesure ou d'inégalité de Poincaré, nous montrons également l'identification des p-gradients faibles. Nous étudions ensuite les espaces de Sobolev sur le produit tordu de l'ensemble des réels et d'un espace métrique mesuré. En particulier, nous montrons la propriété Sobolev-à-Lipschitz sous une certaine condition de courbure-dimension. Enfin, sous une telle condition et dans le cadre d'une théorie non-lisse de Bakry-Emery, nous obtenons une inégalité améliorée de Bochner et proposons une définition du N-tenseur de Ricci. / This thesis concerns in some topics on calculus in metric measure spaces, in connection with optimal transport theory and curvature-dimension conditions. We study the continuity equations on metric measure spaces, in the viewpoint of continuous functionals on Sobolev spaces, and in the viewpoint of the duality with respect to absolutely continuous curves in the Wasserstein space. We study the Sobolev spaces of warped products of a real line and a metric measure space. We prove the 'Pythagoras theorem' for both cartesian products and warped products, and prove Sobolev-to-Lipschitz property for warped products under a certain curvature-dimension condition. We also prove the identification of p-weak gradients under curvature-dimension condition, without the doubling condition or local Poincaré inequality. At last, using the non-smooth Bakry-Emery theory on metric measure spaces, we obtain a Bochner inequality and propose a definition of N-Ricci tensor.

The interaction between the study of geometric and analytic aspects of Riemannian manifolds and that of graphs is a very amazing subject. The study of synthetic curvature notions on graphs adds new contributions to this topic. In this thesis, we mainly study two kinds of synthetic curvature notions: the Ollivier-Ricci cuvature on locally finite graphs and the combinatorial curvature on infinite semiplanar graphs. In the first part, we study the Ollivier-Ricci curvature. As known in Riemannian geometry, a lower Ricci curvature bound prevents geodesics from diverging too fast on average. We translate this Riemannian idea into a combinatorial setting using the Olliver-Ricci curvature notion. Note that on a graph, the analogue of geodesics starting in different directions, but eventually approaching each other again, would be a triangle. We derive lower and upper Ollivier-Ricci curvature bounds on graphs in terms of number of triangles, which is sharp for instance for complete graphs. We then describe the relation between Ollivier-Ricci curvature and the local clustering coefficient, which is an important concept in network analysis introduced by Watts-Strogatz. Furthermore, positive lower boundedness of Ollivier-Ricci curvature for neighboring vertices imply the existence of at least one triangle. It turns out that the existence of triangles can also improve Lin-Yau\'s curvature dimension inequality on graphs and then produce an implication from Ollivier-Ricci curvature lower boundedness to the curvature dimension inequality. The existence of triangles prevents a graph from being bipartite. A finite graph is bipartite if and only if its largest eigenvalue equals 2. Therefore it is natural that Ollivier-Ricci curvature is closely related to the largest eigenvalue estimates. We combine Ollivier-Ricci curvature notion with the neighborhood graph method developed by Bauer-Jost to study the spectrum estimates of a finite graph. We can always obtain nontrivial estimates on a non-bipartite graph even if its curvature is nonpositive. This answers one of Ollivier\'s open problem in the finite graph setting. In the second part of this thesis, we study systematically infinite semiplanar graphs with nonnegative combinatorial curvature. Unlike the previous Gauss-Bonnet formula approach, we explore an Alexandrov approach based on the observation that the nonnegative combinatorial curvature on a semiplanar graph is equivalent to nonnegative Alexandrov curvature on the surface obtained by replacing each face by a regular polygon of side length one with the same facial degree and gluing the polygons along common edges. Applying Cheeger-Gromoll splitting theorem on the surface, we give a metric classification of infinite semiplanar graphs with nonnegative curvature. We also construct the graphs embedded into the projective plane minus one point. Those constructions answer a question proposed by Chen. We further prove the volume doubling property and Poincare inequality which make the running of Nash-Moser iteration possible. We in particular explore the volume growth behavior on Archimedean tilings on a plane and prove that they satisfy a weak version of relative volume comparison with constant 1. With the above two basic inequalities in hand, we study the geometric function theory of infinite semiplanar graphs with nonnegative curvature. We obtain the Liouville type theorem for positive harmonic functions, the parabolicity. We also prove a dimension estimate for polynomial growth harmonic functions, which is an extension of the solution of Colding-Minicozzi of a conjecture of Yau in Riemannian geometry.

The interaction between the study of geometric and analytic aspects of Riemannian manifolds and that of graphs is a very amazing subject. The study of synthetic curvature notions on graphs adds new contributions to this topic. In this thesis, we mainly study two kinds of synthetic curvature notions: the Ollivier-Ricci cuvature on locally finite graphs and the combinatorial curvature on infinite semiplanar graphs. In the first part, we study the Ollivier-Ricci curvature. As known in Riemannian geometry, a lower Ricci curvature bound prevents geodesics from diverging too fast on average. We translate this Riemannian idea into a combinatorial setting using the Olliver-Ricci curvature notion. Note that on a graph, the analogue of geodesics starting in different directions, but eventually approaching each other again, would be a triangle. We derive lower and upper Ollivier-Ricci curvature bounds on graphs in terms of number of triangles, which is sharp for instance for complete graphs. We then describe the relation between Ollivier-Ricci curvature and the local clustering coefficient, which is an important concept in network analysis introduced by Watts-Strogatz. Furthermore, positive lower boundedness of Ollivier-Ricci curvature for neighboring vertices imply the existence of at least one triangle. It turns out that the existence of triangles can also improve Lin-Yau\''s curvature dimension inequality on graphs and then produce an implication from Ollivier-Ricci curvature lower boundedness to the curvature dimension inequality. The existence of triangles prevents a graph from being bipartite. A finite graph is bipartite if and only if its largest eigenvalue equals 2. Therefore it is natural that Ollivier-Ricci curvature is closely related to the largest eigenvalue estimates. We combine Ollivier-Ricci curvature notion with the neighborhood graph method developed by Bauer-Jost to study the spectrum estimates of a finite graph. We can always obtain nontrivial estimates on a non-bipartite graph even if its curvature is nonpositive. This answers one of Ollivier\''s open problem in the finite graph setting. In the second part of this thesis, we study systematically infinite semiplanar graphs with nonnegative combinatorial curvature. Unlike the previous Gauss-Bonnet formula approach, we explore an Alexandrov approach based on the observation that the nonnegative combinatorial curvature on a semiplanar graph is equivalent to nonnegative Alexandrov curvature on the surface obtained by replacing each face by a regular polygon of side length one with the same facial degree and gluing the polygons along common edges. Applying Cheeger-Gromoll splitting theorem on the surface, we give a metric classification of infinite semiplanar graphs with nonnegative curvature. We also construct the graphs embedded into the projective plane minus one point. Those constructions answer a question proposed by Chen. We further prove the volume doubling property and Poincare inequality which make the running of Nash-Moser iteration possible. We in particular explore the volume growth behavior on Archimedean tilings on a plane and prove that they satisfy a weak version of relative volume comparison with constant 1. With the above two basic inequalities in hand, we study the geometric function theory of infinite semiplanar graphs with nonnegative curvature. We obtain the Liouville type theorem for positive harmonic functions, the parabolicity. We also prove a dimension estimate for polynomial growth harmonic functions, which is an extension of the solution of Colding-Minicozzi of a conjecture of Yau in Riemannian geometry.