Tez (Yüksek Lisans) - Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Kimya Anabilim Dalı, 2008. / Bibliyografya var.

Thesis (M.P.H.)--University of Michigan, 1944. / Cover title: The effect of certain industrial wastes on anaerobic decomposition.

Thesis (MTech (Chemical Engineering))--Cape Technikon, 2000. / The large quantities of wood chips produced at mines from damaged underground timber contain gold that cannot be completely recovered by cyanidation. A fungus that can degrade a portion of the wood matrix will allow the gold that was previously locked up, to come into contact with the cyanide solution during beneficiation, thereby improving recoveries. The fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium produces enzymes that use the organic compounds found in lignin as substrate. Consequently, the fungus is able to selectively break down lignin, which is one of the major components of wood. Chips sampled from Vaal Reef Mine contained between 2 and 5 mg/kg gold. The main source of gold in the chips was determined to be impregnated gold-bearing ore and discrete gold particles. Direct cyanidation resulted in around 60 per cent recovery prior to biological treatment. Despite relatively high weight losses caused to the chips as a result of treatment with Phanerochaete chrysosporium gold recovery only increased 10 per cent after 4 weeks treatment compared to direct recovery without treatment.

Estudamos as propriedades de absorção e emissão de aglomerados Yb2+/CN- em haletos de potássio (KCl, KBr e KI) e estamos propondo um modelo para a estrutura geométrica do aglomerado. Neste modelo o itérbio divalente e o íon cianeto substituem um cátion e um ânion vizinhos, respectivamente, com o eixo que une os dois íons na direção . O acoplamento entre os dois impede o movimento rotacional do cianeto, mesmo à temperatura ambiente, como pode ser comprovado pela presença de linhas estreitas no espectro de absorção infravermelha. Os espectros de absorção visível e ultravioleta são compatíveis com as transições 4&#40214&#8594 4&#40213 5d do itérbio em simetria C4v. A absorção vibracional indica a presença não intencional de OCN- que pode formar aglomerados com os íons cianeto. À temperatura do nitrogênio líquido, observa-se a influência do itérbio sobre os estados rotacionais do cianeto, uma indicação da interação entre centros vizinhos. A excitação sobre as bandas de absorção ultravioleta e visível produz intensa emissão em que podem ser identificadas três regiões (450&#8594;500 nm, 500&#8594;600 nm e acima de 600 nm) com comportamentos distintos quanto à variação da temperatura e excitação. Os tempos de vida variam de 50&#181s à temperatura ambiente até 20 ms à temperatura do hélio líquido. Simultaneamente à emissão visível, observa-se a emissão vibracional-rotacional dos íons cianeto, com indicações de transferência de energia entre os íons cianeto acoplados ao itérbio e os isolados / We have studied the absorption and emission properties of the Yb2+/CN- in potassium halides (KCl, KBr and KI) and it was proposed a structural model for this system. In this model the divalent ytterbium and the cyanide ion substitute a neighboured cation and an anion along a direction. The rotational motion of the cyanide ion is constrained by the coupling with the ytterbium, which is by the presence of narrow lines in the infrared absorption spectra, even at room temperature. The UV and visible absorption spectra are compatibles with the 4&#40214&#8594 4&#40213 5d ytterbium transitions under C4v symmetry. The vibrational absorption reveals the unintentional presence of OCN- that can form clusters with cyanide ions. The influence of the ytterbium over the rotational states of cyanide can be observed at liquid nitrogen temperature, revealing the interaction between both impurities. The optical excitation if the absorption bands shows a broad and strong emission in three regions (450&#8594;500 nm, 500&#8594;600 nm and above 600 nm) with different behaviors under temperature and excitation pump changes. Lifetimes between &#181s at room temperature and 20 ms at liquid heliurn temperature can be observed. Simultaneously to the visible emission, it was observed the vibrational-rotational emission of CN- ions with evidences of energy transfer between coupled Yb<sup<2+/CN- pairs and isolated CN- ions

O cianeto é um composto tóxico, que pode ser encontrado no ambiente de maneira natural ou como resultado de atividades antropogênicas tais como a mineração de ouro e a indústria da galvanoplastia. Dentre as diferentes espécies do composto, o cianeto de hidrogênio (HCN) é considerado o mais tóxico, mesmo concentrações de 100ppm são letais para os seres humanos. Para a degradação destes compostos de cianeto a compostos menos tóxicos existem diferentes métodos de tratamento que podem ser químicos, físicos ou biológicos. O presente trabalho estudou a capacidade de degradação bacteriana de cianeto com cepas nativas isoladas de rejeito de mineração de ouro. Para isto, foram escolhidas três cepas dentro de um grupo de vinte cepas isoladas previamente. As cepas foram identificadas mediante as técnicas de MALDI-TOF e sequenciamento do gene 16s. Posteriormente realizou-se o processo de ativação e crescimento bacteriano no qual foram determinados os parâmetros de crescimento para cada uma das cepas, tais como pH, agitação, temperatura e meio de cultura. Após a etapa de ativação bacteriana, realizou-se a adaptação das três cepas em ambientes alcalinos. Nesta etapa, foram feitos ensaios em frascos agitados e avaliou-se o crescimento celular em função da formação de células viáveis para diferentes condições de pH (7; 8; 9,10 e 11). Com as cepas adaptadas ao pH 10 foram realizados ensaios de degradação bacteriana de cianeto em frascos agitados contendo 100mL de solução sintética de cianeto de potássio e 0,2mL de inoculo bacteriano. A concentração da solução de cianeto foi de 500mgL-1 e o pH de 10. Foram avaliadas três condições de temperatura (37, 32 e 27oC). Durante os ensaios foi estudado o crescimento bacteriano, o comportamento do pH e a degradação de cianeto. A quantificação do cianeto livre foi determinada pelo método polarográfico com eletrodo de mercúrio. Através dos resultados obtidos, foi possível identificar que as três cepas isoladas pertencem ás espécies Bacillus pumilus, Bacillus licheniformis e Bacillus subtilis. As cepas bacterianas apresentaram maior produção celular quando cultivadas em meio L.B a pH 7, velocidade de rotação de 190rpm e 37oC de temperatura. A máxima faixa de adaptação a ambientes alcalinos aconteceu em valores de pH 10. As melhores taxas de degradação de cianeto para a cepa B. subtilis e B. pumilus ocorreram em temperatura de 27oC e 65rpm, conseguindo degradar 100% do cianeto. A cepa B. licheniformis apresentou a melhor taxa de degradação de cianeto em temperatura de 32oC e 190rpm obtendo 99,5% de degradação. Através dos resultados obtidos no presente trabalho, foi possível avaliar o potencial de degradação de cianeto para as bactérias B. pumilus, B. licheniformis e B. subtilis as quais podem ser utilizadas como alternativa de tratamento em efluentes contaminados com cianeto. / Cyanide is a highly toxic compound that can be naturally found in the environment or as a result of anthropogenic activities such as gold mining and electroplating industry. Among the different species of the compound, hydrogen cyanide (HCN) is considered the most toxic, even concentrations of 100 ppm are lethal to humans. Degradation of this cyanide compound to less toxic compounds can be carried out through different methods such as chemical, physical and biological treatments. The present work investigated the bacterial degradation capacity of cyanide by isolated native strains from gold mining tailings. Three strains were selected from a group of twenty previously isolated strains which were identified using MALDI-TOF and 16s gene sequencing techniques. The bacterial activation and cellular growth were performed to determine the growth parameters for the strains, such as pH, temperature, rotation speed and culture medium. After the activation, the strains were adapted to grow in alkaline environments. During this phase, cellular growth was carried out in agitated flask at different pHs (7, 8, 9, 10 and 11). The adapted strains were used to perform cyanide degradation tests at pH 10 in agitated flask by using 100mL of a synthetic solution. The solution was composed of 500 ppm of potassium cyanide and 0,2mL of bacterial inoculum. During the experiments, three temperatures were evaluated (37, 32 and 27°C). Bacterial growth, cyanide degradation and pH behaviour were studied Free cyanide quantification was determined by polarographic method with a mercury electrode. It was found that the three isolated strains belong to Bacillus pumilus, Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus subtilis groups. The highest bacterial growth was observed when the strains were cultivated in a L.B media at pH 7,0, 37°C by using 190 rpm of rotation velocity. The maximum range of adaptation to alkaline environments occurred in pH values of 10. The best cyanide degradation rate (100%) were achieved at 27°C for the strain B. suptilis and B. pumilus. The strain. B. licheniformis showed the best cyanide degradation rate (99,5%) at 37°C. The results obtained in the present work were able to evaluate the potential of cyanide degradation for the bacteria B. pumilus, B. licheniformis and B. subtilis. These results can be used as an alternative to treat wastewaters that are polluted with cyanide.

O fator alimentar pode ser considerado um promotor tumorigênico responsável pela etiologia do câncer gástrico no estado do Pará. A mandioca (Manihot esculenta Crantz) é uma das muitas espécies da Amazônia consumida de modo indiscriminado pelos habitantes da região norte. O cianeto, seu principal componente tóxico, pode ser liberado durante o processamento da mandioca por meio da hidrólise do glicosídeo cianogênico linamarina. No organismo, o cianeto bloqueia a cadeia de transporte de elétrons inibindo a respiração celular e, provocando, entre outras coisas, a produção de radicais livres que podem agir no DNA, através da formação de adutos exocíclicos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi a avaliação da atividade citotóxica, genotóxica e mutagênica de folhas e tucupi, crus e cozidos, de mandioca mansa e brava, usando os ensaios do MTT, cometa e citoma em células HepG2. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que a viabilidade celular decai à medida que a concentração aumenta na maioria dos grupos de tratamento. No ensaio do cometa, a análise visual demonstrou que o cianeto de potássio, usado como padrão, foi genotóxico em todas as concentrações testadas (5,0; 15,0 e 25,0 ?g/mL). As amostras de folhas de mandioca brava foram genotóxicas somente nas concentrações 15,0 e 25,0 ?g/mL (cruas) e 5,0; 15,0 e 25,0 ?g/mL (cozidas). As amostras de mandioca mansa foram genotóxicas apenas quando cozidas (5,0 e 25,0 ?g/mL). Já as amostras de tucupi, tanto cruas quanto cozidas, demonstraram dano ao DNA de células HepG2 em todas as concentrações testadas (20,0; 40,0 e 60.0 ?g/mL). Utilizando análise de fragmentação de DNA observamos que o cianeto de potássio foi genotóxico apenas na avaliação da porcentagem de DNA na cauda. Já amostras de mandioca brava e mansa, de maneira geral, demonstraram valores de porcentagem de DNA na cauda, tail moment e olive moment maiores em relação ao grupo controle negativo, mas, somente as folhas de mandioca, em algumas concentrações, demonstraram valores estatisticamente significativos. Observando o ensaio do citoma, as concentrações de folhas e tucupi, crus e cozidos, tanto de mandioca brava quanto de mandioca mansa mostraram um discreto aumento no número de micronúcleos em células HepG2 binucleadas, estatisticamente não significativo, em relação ao grupo controle negativo. Já o número de pontes nucleoplasmáticas e brotos nucleares foi menor que no grupo controle. Os danos aqui observados pelo ensaio do cometa podem estar transitoriamente presentes ii como intermediários formados durante o reparo de lesões no DNA. A ausência de brotos nucleares, pontes nucleoplasmáticas e resultados estatísticos significativos em relação ao grupo controle negativo, não nos permitem afirmar presença de mutagenicidade em células HepG2 tratadas com mandioca tanto brava quanto mansa. De maneira geral, o cozimento das amostras não foi um fator determinante na diminuição do dano observado em células HepG2. Nossos resultados confirmam apenas citotoxicidade e genotoxicidade das variedades da mandioca nas concentrações e sistema celular utilizados. Os mecanismos moleculares que envolvem a genotoxicidade da mandioca requerem estudos futuros. Para o consumo da mandioca devem ser levados em consideração tipo de processamento realizado para extração de compostos cianogênicos, níveis de glicosídeos cianogênicos nos produtos consumidos, quantidade de mandioca consumida e estado nutricional do consumidor / The food factor can be considered a tumor causing agent reponsasible for the etiology of gastric cancer in the state of Pará Cassava ( Manihot esculenta Crants is one of the many food species of the Amazon indiscriminately consumed by the inhabitants of the northern region Cyanide, its main toxic component, can be released during cassava processing through the hydrolysis of the cyanogenic glycoside linamarin. In the body, cyanide blocks the electron transport chain by inhibiting cell respiration which brings about, among other things, the production of free radicals which can act upon DNA through the formation of exocyclical adducts. The main goal of this study was the assessment of the citotoxic, genotoxic and mutagenic role of the leaves and tucupi juice of wild and sweet cassava, both raw and cooked, using the MTT, comet and cytome assays in HepG2 cells. The results gathered have shown that cell viability decreases as the concentration increases in most treatment groups. In the comet assay, a visual analysis has shown that potassium cyanide, used as a standard, was genotoxic in all concentrations tested (5.0, 15.0 and 25.0 ?g/mL). Samples of wild cassava leaves were genotoxic only in concentrations of 15.0 and 25.0 ?g/mL for raw leaves, and 5.0, 15.0 and 25.0 ?g/mL for cooked leaves. Samples of sweet cassava leaves were genotoxic only when cooked (5.0 and 25.0 ?g/mL). Yet, samples of tucupi juice, both raw and cooked, have shown damage to DNA in HepG2 cells at all concentrations tested (20.0, 40.0 and 60.0 ?g/mL). In performing DNA fragmentation analysis, it was observed that potassium cyanide was genotoxic only in the assessment of percentage DNA in tail. Whereas the wild and sweet cassava samples, in a general fashion, have shown greater values of percentage DNA in tail, tail moment and olive moment than the negative control group, but only the cassava leaves revealed statistically significant values, in some concentrations. For the cytome assay, concentrations of leaves and of tucupi juice, raw and cooked, of both wild and sweet cassava, have shown a slight increase in the number of micronuclei in binucleated HepG2 cells, not statistically significant as compared to the negative control group. On the other hand, the number of nucleoplasmic bridges and nuclear buds in binucleated cells was lower than the value found in the negative control group. The damages verified herein by the comet assay may be transiently present as intermediates formed during repair of DNA lesions. The absence of iv nucleoplasmic bridges, nuclear buds and of statistically significant results vis-à-vis the negative control group do not warrant the assertion for the presence of mutagenicity in HepG2 cells treated with either wild or sweet cassava. In general, the cooking of the samples was not determining factor of the decrease in damage observed in HepG2 cells. Our results only confirm cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of wild and sweet cassava species in the concentrations and cell system used. The molecular mechanisms involving genotoxicity of cassava require further studies. For the consumption of cassava, the way of processing performed for extracting cyanogen contents, the levels of cyanogenic glycosides in the products consumed, amount of cassava consumed as well as the nutritional condition of the consumer must be taken into account.

Cette thèse porte sur la synthèse et la caractérisation de complexes octaédrique de fer(II) et fer(III) coordinés par un ligand tridente de type scorpionate (symétrie fac) et par trois ligands cyanures. Leur utilisation en tant que metalloligand face à des ions métalliques partiellement bloqués est étudiée. Les ligands cyanures, de par leur caractère ambidente, permettent un accès facile aux espèces hétérobimétalliques. De plus, ces ligands sont connus pour transmettre efficacement l'interaction d'échange magnétique et donc pour favoriser la communication électronique intramoléculaire entre les ions métalliques qu'ils relient. La fonctionalisation des ligands scorpionates permet de contrôler les propriétés électroniques intrinsèques des complexes précurseurs de fer, et donc de moduler les propriétés des espèces polynucléaires obtenues à partir de ces dernières par auto-assemblage. Dans cette thèse, un intérêt particulier est porté aux systèmes {FeCo} en raison de leur capacité à présenter une bistabilité électronique (propriétés photomagnétiques ou de molécules/chaines aimants). Les systèmes cyanuré {FeCo} sont particulièrement adaptés pour l'observation de réarrangements électroniques thermo- et/ou photo-induit, comme en témoignent le nombre important de composés cyanurés photomagnétiques dans la littérature. / The work presented in this PhD dissertation focuses on the synthesis and the characterisation of octahedral iron(II) and iron(III) complexes coordinated by a tridentate ligand of the scorpionate family (fac- geometry) and three cyanide ligands. Their use as metalloligands in respect to partially blocked metal ions is studied. Because of their ambidentate character, cyanide ligands open the door to facile synthesis of heterobimetallic species. Moreover, these ligands are known to be efficient magnetic exchange interaction transmitter, thus favouring intramolecular electronic communication between the metal ions they are bridging. The functionalisation of scorpionate ligands allows control over the intrinsic electronic properties of the iron precursor complexes, thus allows to tune the properties of the obtained polynuclear species from the latter by self-assembly. In this PhD dissertation, a particular interest was taken in {FeCo} systems because of their potential ability to exhibit electronic bistability (photomagnetic properties or SMM/SCM behaviour). Cyanide-bridged {FeCo} systems are particularly suitable for the observation of thermally or light-induced electron rearrangements, as testified by the wide range of photomagnetic cyanide-bridged compounds in the literature.

Los dos baños de cobre más utilizados comercialmente son el baño ácido a base de sulfato y el baño alcalino a base de cianuro. Los baños alcalinos son utilizados principalmente para producir recubrimientos en piezas con geometría compleja y para evitar la deposición galvánica cuando se deposita un metal en un sustrato menos noble. Debido a la toxicidad de los compuestos de cianuro, se han desarrollado baños alternativos usando diferentes agentes complejantes. El punto de partida de la presente investigación es un baño primario sin cianuros para deposición de cobre en sustratos de Zamak desarrollado en el Instituto de Investigaciones Tecnológicas del Estado de Sao Paulo / Brasil. La sustitución de materias primas como el cianuro debe ser económicamente ventajosa y técnicamente viable. De esta manera, la investigación presentada pretendió proponer una alternativa para el tratamiento de residuos líquidos del baño ya mencionado con la finalidad de recuperar de manera simultánea el agua y las materias primas en un sistema cerrado. Se ha estudiado el proceso de separación por membranas de intercambio iónico, la electrodiálisis, usando un sistema en escala de laboratorio y una disolución sintética que simulaba las aguas residuales del baño a base de HEDP. Se ha evaluado la viabilidad del sistema por medio del análisis de los parámetros de operación, como la extracción de iones, la tasa de desmineralización, el porcentaje de concentración, la eficiencia de la intensidad calculada para cada especie y el consumo medio de energía. Debido a que el ácido HEDP es un agente quelante, se ha evaluado el transporte de los quelatos Cu(II) HEDP a través de membranas de intercambio de aniones por medio de métodos electroquímicos. Se han construido curvas cronopotenciométricas y curvas intensidad-potencial para diferentes disoluciones sintéticas que contenían los mismos compuestos que el baño original. Se ha establecido la relación entre la presencia de los quelatos en las disoluciones y los grupos fijos de intercambio de aniones. Por fin, se han realizado las pruebas de deposición usando electrólitos conteniendo los compuestos reciclados y se han evaluado las características de los depósitos obtenidos. Los resultados indicaron que el sistema de electrodiálisis usando membranas de intercambio de aniones con grupos de intercambio de base fuerte ha podido producir disoluciones tratadas y un concentrado conteniendo los iones del baño. Se ha podido añadir el concentrado al baño original para compensar eventuales perdidas del arrastre sin afectar la calidad de los depósitos. Por lo tanto, la aplicación de la electrodiálisis demostró ser una alternativa viable para la recuperación del agua y de las materias primas de la disolución evaluada, reduciendo la generación de residuos líquidos y ahorrando los recursos naturales. / The two most common commercial copper baths are the acid sulfate copper bath and the alkaline cyanide copper bath. Alkaline copper baths are mostly used to coat parts with complex geometry and to avoid galvanic deposition when depositing a metal on a less noble substrate. Because of the toxicity of cyanide compounds, alternative baths have been developed using different complexing agents. The starting point of the present study is a cyanide free strike bath developed for copper plating on Zamak substrates developed by the Institute for Technological Research of the State of São Paulo/ Brazil. The replacement of a raw material such as cyanide must be economically advantageous and technically feasible. Therefore, this study intended to propose an alternative to the treatment of liquid wastes from the mentioned bath, aiming at simultaneous water reclamation and chemicals recovery in a closed system. The electrodialysis membrane separation process was studied, using a laboratory-scale system operating with a synthetic solution simulating the rinsing waters from the HEDP-based bath. The feasibility of the technique was evaluated by analyzing operational parameters such as ion extraction, demineralization rate, concentration rate, current efficiency for each anionic specie and average energy consumption. Because HEDP is a chelating agent, the transport of Cu(II) HEDP chelates through anion exchange membranes was also evaluated by means of electrochemical methods. Chronopotentiometric and current-voltage curves were constructed for different model solutions containing the same compounds as the original bath. A relation between the presence of chelates in the solutions and the fixed ion exchange group could be established. Lastly, deposition tests were performed using electrolytes containing the recycled inputs and the characteristics of the coatings were analyzed. The results showed that an electrodialysis stack using strongly basic anion exchange membranes was suitable to produce treated solutions and a concentrate containing the ions from the bath. The concentrate could be added to the copper bath to compensate eventual drag-out losses without affecting the quality of the coatings. Thus, the application of electrodialysis was shown to be a feasible alternative for recovering water and inputs from the evaluated solution, reducing the wastewater generation and saving natural resources. / Els dos banys de coure més utilitzats comercialment són el bany àcid a base de sulfat i el bany alcalí a base de cianur. Els banys alcalins són utilitzats principalment per a produir recobriments en peces amb geometria complexa i per a evitar la deposició galvànica quan es deposita un metall en un substrat menys noble. A causa de la toxicitat dels compostos de cianur, s'han desenrotllat banys alternatius usant diferents agents complexants. El punt de partida de la present investigació és un bany primari sense cianurs per a deposició de coure en substrats de Zamak desenrotllat en l'Institut d'Investigacions Tecnològiques de l'Estat de Sao Paulo / Brasil. La substitució de matèries primeres com el cianur ha de ser econòmicament avantatjosa i tècnicament viable. D'aquesta manera, la investigació presentada va pretendre proposar una alternativa per al tractament de residus líquids del bany ja mencionat amb la finalitat de recuperar de manera simultània l'aigua i les matèries primeres en un sistema tancat. S'ha estudiat el procés de separació per membranes d'intercanvi iònic, electrodiàlisi, usant un sistema en escala de laboratori i una dissolució sintètica que simulava les aigües residuals del bany a base d'HEDP. S'ha avaluat la viabilitat del sistema per mitjà de l'anàlisi dels paràmetres d'operació, com l'extracció d'ions, la taxa de desmineralització, el percentatge de concentració, l'eficiència de la intensitat calculada per a cada espècie i el consum mitjà d'energia. Pel fet que l'àcid HEDP és un agent quelant, s'ha avaluat el transport dels quelats Cu (II)-HEDP a través de membranes d'intercanvi d'anions per mitjà de mètodes electroquímics. S'han construït corbes cronopotenciomètriques i corbes intensitat-potencial per a diferents dissolucions sintètiques que contenien els mateixos compostos que el bany original. S'ha establit la relació entre la presència dels quelats en les dissolucions i els grups fixos d'intercanvi d'anions. Finalment, s'han realitzat les proves de deposició usant electròlits contenint els compostos reciclats i s'han avaluat les característiques dels depòsits obtinguts. Els resultats van indicar que el sistema d'electrodiàlisi usant membranes d'intercanvi d'anions amb grups d'intercanvi de base forta ha pogut produir dissolucions tractades i un concentrat que conté els ions del bany. S'ha pogut afegir el concentrat al bany original per a compensar eventuals perdudes de l'arrossegament sense afectar la qualitat dels depòsits. Per tant, l'aplicació de l'electrodiàlisi va demostrar ser una alternativa viable per a la recuperació de l'aigua i de les matèries primeres de la dissolució avaluada, reduint la generació de residus líquids i estalviant els recursos naturals. / Scarazzato, T. (2017). Treatment of a cyanide-free copper electroplating solution by electrodialysis: study of ion transport and evaluation of water and inputs recovery [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/98502 / TESIS

Quinclorac controls crabgrass (Digitaria spp.) post-emergence in cool- and warm-season turfgrass. A rate response study revealed that two Mississippi smooth crabgrass (Digitaria ischaemum) species (MSU1 and MSU2) are resistant to quinclorac. Following that, field experiments were carried out to evaluate programmatic approaches to control one of these populations. Despite prior study on quinclorac-resistant weeds, to date, quinclorac-resistant smooth crabgrass and its mechanism of resistance have only been reported once in California. The mechanism of resistance of MSU1 and MSU2 relative to susceptible (SMT) was then investigated. The SMT biotype accumulated three times more cyanide than the resistant populations. Glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activity was evaluated as a possible contributor to non-target site resistance. The GST activity was elevated in the MSU1 and MSU2 populations. These findings suggest a non-target site–based mechanism of resistance involving the accumulation of cyanide. Further research is needed to investigate potential target-site mechanisms of resistance.

<p>The objective for this work is to identify and develop an intramuscularly delivered cyanide scavenger. This dissertation outlines in vitro methods which are used to evaluate platinum-based complexes for the potential to scavenge cyanide. Examples of the in vitro techniques used are HPLC, UV-Vis and an ion-selective electrode as orthogonal strategies to monitor cyanide scavenging. Intramuscular formulations for the active platinum-based scavengers are prepared and evaluated for stability. Subsequently, the formulations are tested by collaborating labs for in vivo efficacy. In addition, Sprague Dawley rat studies are employed to investigate the potential toxicity for several platinum complexes. Taken together, this dissertation outlines a short list of novel platinum-based cyanide scavengers as potential alternatives to legacy cobalt-based scavengers. </p>