This bachelor thesis covers the initial development of a synthesis of fullerene dimers using two different types of linking reactions. Different setups for [3+2] cycloadditions to fullerenes (Prato reaction) were tested, and for that purpose, an N-alkylated amino acid was synthesised. Hydroarylation of fullerene using Rh-catalysis was also studied, using both MIDA protected and unprotected boronic acids, as well as by using cycloaddition products. A range of model compounds in form of fulleropyrrolidenes were synthesised. Products were puried with HPLC and analysed with MALDI-MS and 1H NMR. A range of new compounds were synthesised and characterisation of them was begun. With MALDI-MS, indications that the fullerene dimer had formed were found. Using synthesised model compounds, by-products of the hydroarylation reaction were identied. / Denna kandidatuppsats behandlar påborjandet av syntesutvecklingen för bildandet av fullerendimerer genom användandet av två olika sorters länkningskemi. Olika förhållanden och reagens for [3+2]-cykloaddition till fullerener (Pratoreaktionen) studerades, och i samband med det syntetiserades en N-alkylerad aminosyra. Hydroarylering av fullerener med hjälp utav rodiumkatalys studerades även, genom reaktioner med både skyddade och oskyddade borsyror, inklusive fulleropyrrolidiner. Produkter har renats upp med HPLC och analyserats med MALDI-MS och 1H NMR. En uppsättning nya substanser har syntetiserts, men karaktäriseringen av dessa har inte slutförts. Genom användning av MALDI-MS har indikationer att fullerendimer bildats framkommit. Genom att använda syntetiserade modellsubstanser har biprodukter från hydroaryleringsreaktionen identierats.

As hydrogel products are manufactured and used for applications ranging from biomedical to agricultural, it is useful to characterize their behavior and interaction with other materials. This thesis investigates the adhesion between two different solvated semi-interpenetrating polymer network (S-IPN) silicone hydrogels and a cyclo-olefin (COP) polymer through experimental, analytical, and numerical methods. Interfacial fracture data was collected through the application of the wedge test, a relatively simple test allowing for the measurement of fracture properties over time in environments of interest. In this case, the test was performed at discrete temperatures within range of 4Ë C to 80Ë C. Two COP adherends were bonded together by a layer of one of the S-IPN silicone hydrogels. Upon the insertion of a wedge between the two adherends, debonding at one of the two interfaces would initiate and propagate at a decreasing rate. Measurements were taken of the debond length over time and applied to develop crack propagation rate versus strain energy release rate (SERR) curves. The SERR values were determined through the application of an analytical model derived for the wedge test geometry and to take into account the effects of the hydrogel interlayer. The time-temperature superposition principle (TTSP) was applied to the crack propagation rate versus SERR curves by shifting the crack propagation rates with the Williams-Landel-Ferry (WLF) equation-based shift factors developed for the bulk behavior of each hydrogel. The application of TTSP broadened the SERR and crack propagation rate ranges and presented a large dependency of the adhesion of the system on the viscoelastic nature of the hydrogels. Power-law fits were applied to the master curves in order to determine parameters that could describe the adhesion of the system and be applied in the development of a finite element model representing the interfacial fracture that occurs for each system. The finite element models were used to validate the analytical model and represent the adhesion of the system such that it could be applied to future geometries of interest in which the S-IPN silicone hydrogels are adhered to the COP substrate. <i>[Files modified per J. Austin, July 9, 2013 Gmc]</i> / Master of Science

No / Nutritionally important PUFAs (polyunsaturated fatty acids) mediate some of their bioactivities through formation of oxygenated metabolites. These bioactive lipids are formed by COX (cyclo-oxygenase), LOX (lipoxygenase) and cytochrome-P450-catalysed reactions, as well as non-enzymatic lipid peroxidation. These reactions produce numerous species, some of which can be formed through more than one pathway. MS-based lipidomics offers the selectivity and sensitivity required for qualitative and quantitative analysis of multiple lipid species, in a variety of biological systems, and can facilitate the study of these mediators.

Le cancer colorectal (CCR) est au 3ème rang des cancers les plus répandus dans le monde. Il est bien établi que l'inflammation est un acteur clé de la carcinogenèse colorectale. Parmi les cellules de l'infiltrat inflammatoire tumoral, les macrophages jouent un rôle moteur dans la carcinogenèse en sécrétant un arsenal de cytokines/chimiokines et facteurs protumoraux tels que la prostaglandine E2 (PGE2), produit enzymatique de la cyclo-oxygénase 2 (COX-2). Des dysbioses du microbiote intestinal, en particulier une augmentation d’Escherichia coli (E. coli) appartenant au phylogroupe B2 et producteurs de cyclomodulines ont été rapportées chez les patients atteints de CCR. Mon doctorat s'inscrit dans lacaractérisation du potentiel carcinogène de souches d'E. coli B2 isolées de patients atteints de CCR, et ceci notamment au travers de leur interaction avec les macrophages, principale population de l'infiltrat inflammatoire tumoral. La caractérisation de souches d'E. coli de phylogroupe B2 isolées de patients atteints de CCR a révélé qu'elles possèdent de faibles capacités d'adhésion et d'invasion aux cellulesépithéliales intestinales comparativement à la souche adhérente et invasive d'E. coli LF82. En revanche, les E. coli associés au CCR sont capables d'induire l'expression du récepteur CEACAM6 par les cellules épithéliales coliques humaines T-84. Nous avons également montré que la souche d'E. coli 11G5 associée au CCR est capable, dans un modèle murin d'infection chronique exprimant CEACAM6, de coloniser la muqueuse colique, d'induire une inflammation colique et des dommages épithéliaux, ainsi qu'une augmentation de la prolifération cellulaire, suggérant que les E. coli associés au CCR pourraient participer à l'établissement d'un épithélium hyperprolifératif. Par ailleurs, nous avons montré que les E. coli isolés de patients atteints de CCR sont capables de survivre en macrophages humains THP-1, suggérant que les macrophages pourraient représenter un niche de réplication pour ces bactéries. Les souches d'E. coli isolées de CCR sont capables d'induire des niveaux de COX-2 significativement supérieur à celui induit par une souche de la souche d'E. coli commensale ED1a. L'expression de COX-2 induite par les souches d'E. coli associées au CCR est dépendante du nombre et de la viabilité des bactéries internalisées. Enfin, l'analyse des voies de signalisation a révélé que la voie de signalisation p38 permet de contrôler le nombre de bactéries intracellulaires et l'expression de COX-2, suggérant que cette voie de signalisation pourrait être impliquée dans la survie et la multiplication des E. coli associés au CCR. Ce travail de thèse a contribué à une meilleure caractérisation des souches d'E. coli associés au cancer du côlon et a ouvert de nouvelles pistes sur la compréhension de leurcapacité à influencer la carcinogenèse colorectale. Plus largement, ces données suggèrent que les bactéries associées aux tumeurs pourraient jouer un rôle actif dans la progression tumorale, et ceci notamment au travers de leur interaction avec les macrophages. En plus d'être une cible, le tropisme particulier des E. coli associés au CCR pour les macrophages en ferait de bons candidats pour le développement de nouvelles stratégies thérapeutiques. / No abstract available

Die Detektion von Umweltsignalen und die gezielte zelluläre Reaktion ist eine zentrale und für das Überleben aller Lebewesen essentielle Fähigkeit. Candida albicans, als dominierender humanpathogener Pilz, ist hochgradig verschiedenen biochemischen und physikalischen Umweltbedingungen ausgesetzt, welche sowohl die Zellmorphologie als auch die Virulenz dieses Erregers beeinflussen. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde der Einfluss von Kohlendioxid, als ubiquitär vorkommendes Gasmolekül, auf die Zellmorphologie und Virulenz untersucht. Erhöhte Konzentrationen von Kohlendioxid stellen ein äußerst robustes Umweltsignal dar, welches die morphologische Transition vom Hefewachstum zum hyphalen Wachstum, einem Hauptvirulenzfaktor, in Candida albicans stimuliert. In diesem Zusammenhang wurde die Rolle der putativen Carboanhydrase Nce103 durch die Generation von knock – out Mutanten untersucht. Die Disruption von NCE103 in C. albicans führt zu einem Kohlendioxid – abhängigen Phänotyp, welcher Wachstum unter aeroben Bedingungen (ca. 0,033% CO2) nicht zulässt, jedoch unter Bedingungen mit einem erhöhten CO2 Gehalt von ca. 5% ermöglicht. NCE103 ist also für das Wachstum von C. albicans in Wirtsnischen mit aeroben Bedingungen essentiell. Durch Untersuchungen zur Enzymkinetik mittels Stopped – flow wurde in dieser Arbeit gezeigt, dass Nce103 die Funktion einer Carboanhydrase erfüllt. Die biochemische Funktion dieser Carboanhydrase besteht in der Fixation von CO2 bzw. HCO3&#713; in der Zelle zur Unterhaltung der wesentlichen metabolischen Reaktionen. Weiterhin konnte gezeigt werden, dass die Induktion hyphalen Wachstums durch CO2 in C. albicans nicht durch den Transport von CO2 mittels des Aquaporins Aqy1 beeinflusst wird. CO2 bzw. HCO3&#713; aktiviert in der Zelle direkt eine Adenylylcyclase (Cdc35), welche sich grundlegend von den bisher gut charakterisierten G-Protein gekoppelten Adenylylcylasen unterscheidet. Die Generation von cAMP beeinflusst in der Folge direkt die Transkription hyphenspezifischer Gene und nachfolgend die morphologische Transition vom Hefewachstum zum elongierten, hyphalen Wachstum. Dieser Mechanismus konnte sowohl in Candida albicans als auch in Cryptococcus neoformans nachgewiesen werden, was auf einen panfungal konservierten Signaltransduktionsmechanismus schliessen lässt. Die Inhibition dieser spezifischen Kaskade eröffnet neue Ansätze zur Entwicklung spezifischer antimykotischer Wirkstoffe. / Detection of environmental signals and subsequently directed reaction is essential for the survival of all living organisms. Candida albicans, as the predominant human fungal pathogen is exposed to severely different physical and chemical conditions, which influence cell morphology as well as virulence in human. In the present work, the influence of carbon dioxide as ubiquitous gaseous molecule on virulence and cell morphology was analysed. Elevated concentrations of carbon dioxide are a robust signal to induce the morphological transition from yeast growth to an elongated hyphal growth form, which is believed to be one of the main virulence factors in Candida albicans. The role of the putative carbonic anhydrase Nce103p in carbon dioxide signalling is reviewed by generating knockout mutant strains, which exhibited a carbon dioxide dependent phenotype. Growth under aerobic conditions (0,033 % carbon dioxide) is inhibited but feasible in 5% carbon dioxide. Therefore, Nce103p is essential for growth in host niches with aerobic conditions. Analysis of the biochemical properties of Nce103p by stopped – flow kinetics revealed carbonic anhydrase activity. It is hypothesised, that Nce103p is essential for fixation of carbon dioxide and bicarbonate within the cell in order to sustain basic metabolic reactions. Furthermore, the induction of hyphal growth was independent of aquaporine-mediated transport of carbon dioxide. Bicarbonate rather carbon dioxide activates directly the adenylyl cyclase Cdc35p generating cyclic AMP as second messenger and influencing the transcription of hyphal specific genes in Candida albicans thus promoting the morphological transition from yeast growth to elongated hyphal growth. This signal transduction cascade is present in Candida albicans as well as Cryptococcus neoformans and it is believed to be a pan fungal signal transduction cascade. The specific inhibition of carbon dioxide mediated polymorphism may serve as a new target for antifungal therapeutic agents.

Fungos isolados de organismos marinhos têm despertado o interesse de pesquisadores no mundo inteiro, por representarem uma fonte diferenciada de metabólitos secundários, devido às condições ambientais as quais esses microrganismos estão sujeitos. Diversas atividades biológicas têm sido relatadas para estas substâncias, principalmente antitumoral, antimicrobiano e antiparasitária. O crescente aumento nos casos de resistência a antibióticos aponta para a necessidade da disponibilidade de novos agentes terapêuticos. Neste contexto, este trabalho objetivou a identificação dos fungos associados a organismos marinhos coletados na Ilha do Arvoredo (SC), visando o isolamento bioguiado de metabólitos de extratos de micélio e meios de cultivo. As atividades antibiótica e antibiofilme frente aos patógenos Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 35984 e Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 e anti-Trichomonas vaginalis ATCC 30236 e isolados clínicos, foram investigadas. Todos os fungos isolados foram cultivados por períodos de 7, 14 e 21 dias. Utilizando técnicas moleculares, foram identificados 37 fungos pertencentes ao Filo Ascomycota e um ao Filo Basidiomycota, distribuídos entre 15 diferentes gêneros. O rastreamento de metabólitos quanto à atividade antibiótica foi realizado utilizando a técnica de difusão em agar, obtendo-se 19 amostras com halos de inibição superiores a 10 mm de diâmetro. As atividades antiformação e erradicação de biofilme previamente formado foram avaliadas pelo método de coloração com cristal violeta, e 5% do total de amostras apresentaram inibição de formação e 1% a erradicação de mais de 75% de biofilme de S. epidermidis. Da mesma forma, 5% das amostras foram capazes de inibir ou erradicar entre 51% e 75% biofilmes de P. aeruginosa. Entre os isolados, foram selecionados um fungo pertencente à ordem Sordariales (isolado F22, 14 dias de cultivo) e outro ao gênero Penicillium (isolado F37, 7 dias de cultivo). Os filtrados dos fungos foram particionados com acetato de etila e submetidos à separação cromatográfica, levando à identificação dos compostos mevalonolactona e cis-cyclo(leucyl-tyrosyl) (identificados por técnicas espectroscópicas e espectrométricas), ambos ativos na inibição da formação de biofilme de S. epidermidis ATCC. Mevalonolactona também apresentou atividade frente a isolados clínicos de S. epidermidis revelando, além da atividade antibiofilme, atividade antibiótica em concentração de 0,06 mg/mL. A atividade frente ao parasita T. vaginalis foi avaliada pela técnica de coloração de resazurina e a viabilidade dos trofozoítos caracterizada utilizando trypan blue. Duas amostras dos fungos Hipocrea lixii e Penicillium citrinum mostraram a presença de metabólitos ativos. A inibição do crescimento dos trofozoítos foi observada em 24 horas (MIC=2,5 mg/mL), de acordo com a curva cinética de crescimento. A ausência de hemólise de eritrócitos também foi observada para estas duas amostras. Os resultados obtidos corroboram com os relatos sobre o grande potencial dos fungos marinhos para a descoberta de metabólitos ativos. / Fungi isolated from marine organisms attract the interest of many researchers around the world, since they produce differentiated secondary metabolites due to the environmental conditions to which these organisms are subjected. Several biological activities have been reported for these compounds, mainly as antitumoral, antibacterial and, antiprotozoal. The increasing cases of antimicrobial drug resistance reveal the necessity for the search for new therapeutic agents. In this context, this study aimed to identify the fungi associated with marine organisms collected in the Arvoredo Island (SC/Brazil), in order to isolate bioactive metabolites in extracts of mycelia and broth. The antibiotic and antibiofilm activities against Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 35984 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 and anti-Trichomonas vaginalis ATCC 30236 and clinical isolates activity were investigated. The isolated fungi from marine organisms were cultured for 7, 14 and 21 days. Using molecular techniques, 36 fungi belonging to the Ascomycota and one to Basidiomycota phyla, were identified, distributed among 15 different genera. Screening for metabolites possessing antibiotic activity was performed using the agar diffusion assay, for which was obtained 19 samples with inhibition halo higher than 10 mm in diameter. The inhibition and eradication of biofilm were performed by cristal violet staining method, and 5% of the total samples showed inhibition and 1% eradication of more than 75% of S. epidermidis biofilm. Moreover, 5% of the samples were able to inhibit and eradicate between 51% and 75% of biofilm formed by P. aeruginosa. Among these samples, one strain belonging to the order Sordariales (isolate F22, 14-days of cultive) and one to the genus Penicillium (isolate F37, 7-days of cultive) were selected. The filtrate was extracted with ethyl acetate and subjected to separation by chromatographic techniques, leading to purified compounds mevalonolactone and cis-cyclo(leucyl-tyrosyl) (identified by spectroscopic and spectrometric techniques), both able to inhibit biofilm formation by S. epidermidis ATCC. Mevalonolactone also showed activity against clinical isolates of S. epidermidis revealing, both antibiofilm and antibiotic activities at 0.06 mg.mL-1. The anti-T. vaginalis assay was carried out using the resazurin staining method andviability of trophozoites were characterized using trypan blue. Two samples of the fungi Hypocrea lixii and Penicillium citrinum showed the presence of active metabolites able to inhibit the trophozoites growth in 24 hours (MIC = 2.5 mg.mL-1), according to the kinetic curve of growth. Absence of hemolysis of erythrocytes was also observed for these two filtrate samples. The results corroborate with the reports of the great potential of marine fungi in the discovery of active metabolites.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:47:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 2978289 bytes, checksum: f112ecf9ec496a2b307f3b0315fd882e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-12-13 / The purpose of this study was to assess the intensity of the cyclo-oxygenase 2 (Cox2), as well as the nucleolus organizing regions impregnated with silver (AgNORs) and mitosis figures in different canine oteosarcomas. The material used for the analysis was obtained from a retrospective study of approximately 10 years, of canine oteosarcomas recorded in the clinics routine at Federal University of Viçosa and at Federal University of Minas Gerais. The 78 cases of osteosarcomas recorded were histologically analysed and 6 cases of each group were classified as being osteoblastics, condroblastics, fibroblastics and combined cases. This material was submitted to both histochemistry and immunohistochemistry evaluation. Telangiectatic giant cell type and poorly differentiated osteosarcomas were not evaluated due to the small number of observed cases. The results presented statistical differences (p<0,05) for the Cox2 expressions and for the AgNORs proteins among the different osteosarcomas, however no difference was found for the mitosis figures counting. Considering all the evaluations, the osteoblastic osteosarcoma recorded in 53 % of the cases, presented the highest number of NORs and mitosis figures by field, and also it showed the highest number of positive cases with the higher immunomarked cells counting. The results suggest that the osteoblastic osteosarcoma is more aggressive than the other kinds of osteosarcoma evaluated in this study, but because of the lack of both information and standardized clinics data, it is not possible at this point, to connect these findings with the over life and tumor development, and not even to correlate the agressivity of the different kinds of canine osteosarcomas. / O propósito deste trabalho foi avaliar a intensidade da cicloxigenase 2 (Cox2), as Regiões Organizadoras de Nucléolos Impregnadas pela Prata (AgNORs) e as figuras de mitose por campo nos diferentes tipos de osteossarcomas canino, a partir de um estudo retrospectivo de pouco mais de 10 anos dos casos de osteossarcoma canino que surgiram na rotina da clínica de pequenos animais da Universidade Federal de Viçosa e da Escola de Veterinária da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. As 78 ocorrências encontradas foram classificadas histologicamente e 6 casos de cada grupo classificados como osteossarcomas osteoblásticos, condroblásticos, fibroblásticos e combinados (mistos) foram submetidos às avaliações histoquímicas e imunoistoquímicas do estudo. Os osteossarcomas teleangectásico, de células gigantes e pobremente diferenciados não foram avaliados em decorrência do pequeno número de casos encontrados. Os resultados mostraram diferenças estatística (p<0,05) nas expressões da Cox2 e nas proteínas AgNORs entre os diferentes osteossarcomas, no entanto, esta diferença não acorreu na contagem das figuras de mitoses. Em todas as avaliações, o osteossarcoma osteoblástico que surgiu com 53% dos casos, foi o que apresentou maior número de NORs, de figuras de mitoses por campo e de casos positivos com maior contagem de células imunomarcadas. Desta forma, pode-se sugerir que o osteossarcoma osteoblástico apresenta maior agressividade em relação aos demais tipos de osteossarcomas avaliados neste trabalho, porém, por falta de informações e padronização nos dados clínicos, não foi possível associar estes achados com a sobrevida e desenvolvimento tumoral, correlacionando-os com a agressividade dos diferentes tipos de osteossarcomas canino.

Fungos isolados de organismos marinhos têm despertado o interesse de pesquisadores no mundo inteiro, por representarem uma fonte diferenciada de metabólitos secundários, devido às condições ambientais as quais esses microrganismos estão sujeitos. Diversas atividades biológicas têm sido relatadas para estas substâncias, principalmente antitumoral, antimicrobiano e antiparasitária. O crescente aumento nos casos de resistência a antibióticos aponta para a necessidade da disponibilidade de novos agentes terapêuticos. Neste contexto, este trabalho objetivou a identificação dos fungos associados a organismos marinhos coletados na Ilha do Arvoredo (SC), visando o isolamento bioguiado de metabólitos de extratos de micélio e meios de cultivo. As atividades antibiótica e antibiofilme frente aos patógenos Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 35984 e Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 e anti-Trichomonas vaginalis ATCC 30236 e isolados clínicos, foram investigadas. Todos os fungos isolados foram cultivados por períodos de 7, 14 e 21 dias. Utilizando técnicas moleculares, foram identificados 37 fungos pertencentes ao Filo Ascomycota e um ao Filo Basidiomycota, distribuídos entre 15 diferentes gêneros. O rastreamento de metabólitos quanto à atividade antibiótica foi realizado utilizando a técnica de difusão em agar, obtendo-se 19 amostras com halos de inibição superiores a 10 mm de diâmetro. As atividades antiformação e erradicação de biofilme previamente formado foram avaliadas pelo método de coloração com cristal violeta, e 5% do total de amostras apresentaram inibição de formação e 1% a erradicação de mais de 75% de biofilme de S. epidermidis. Da mesma forma, 5% das amostras foram capazes de inibir ou erradicar entre 51% e 75% biofilmes de P. aeruginosa. Entre os isolados, foram selecionados um fungo pertencente à ordem Sordariales (isolado F22, 14 dias de cultivo) e outro ao gênero Penicillium (isolado F37, 7 dias de cultivo). Os filtrados dos fungos foram particionados com acetato de etila e submetidos à separação cromatográfica, levando à identificação dos compostos mevalonolactona e cis-cyclo(leucyl-tyrosyl) (identificados por técnicas espectroscópicas e espectrométricas), ambos ativos na inibição da formação de biofilme de S. epidermidis ATCC. Mevalonolactona também apresentou atividade frente a isolados clínicos de S. epidermidis revelando, além da atividade antibiofilme, atividade antibiótica em concentração de 0,06 mg/mL. A atividade frente ao parasita T. vaginalis foi avaliada pela técnica de coloração de resazurina e a viabilidade dos trofozoítos caracterizada utilizando trypan blue. Duas amostras dos fungos Hipocrea lixii e Penicillium citrinum mostraram a presença de metabólitos ativos. A inibição do crescimento dos trofozoítos foi observada em 24 horas (MIC=2,5 mg/mL), de acordo com a curva cinética de crescimento. A ausência de hemólise de eritrócitos também foi observada para estas duas amostras. Os resultados obtidos corroboram com os relatos sobre o grande potencial dos fungos marinhos para a descoberta de metabólitos ativos. / Fungi isolated from marine organisms attract the interest of many researchers around the world, since they produce differentiated secondary metabolites due to the environmental conditions to which these organisms are subjected. Several biological activities have been reported for these compounds, mainly as antitumoral, antibacterial and, antiprotozoal. The increasing cases of antimicrobial drug resistance reveal the necessity for the search for new therapeutic agents. In this context, this study aimed to identify the fungi associated with marine organisms collected in the Arvoredo Island (SC/Brazil), in order to isolate bioactive metabolites in extracts of mycelia and broth. The antibiotic and antibiofilm activities against Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 35984 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 and anti-Trichomonas vaginalis ATCC 30236 and clinical isolates activity were investigated. The isolated fungi from marine organisms were cultured for 7, 14 and 21 days. Using molecular techniques, 36 fungi belonging to the Ascomycota and one to Basidiomycota phyla, were identified, distributed among 15 different genera. Screening for metabolites possessing antibiotic activity was performed using the agar diffusion assay, for which was obtained 19 samples with inhibition halo higher than 10 mm in diameter. The inhibition and eradication of biofilm were performed by cristal violet staining method, and 5% of the total samples showed inhibition and 1% eradication of more than 75% of S. epidermidis biofilm. Moreover, 5% of the samples were able to inhibit and eradicate between 51% and 75% of biofilm formed by P. aeruginosa. Among these samples, one strain belonging to the order Sordariales (isolate F22, 14-days of cultive) and one to the genus Penicillium (isolate F37, 7-days of cultive) were selected. The filtrate was extracted with ethyl acetate and subjected to separation by chromatographic techniques, leading to purified compounds mevalonolactone and cis-cyclo(leucyl-tyrosyl) (identified by spectroscopic and spectrometric techniques), both able to inhibit biofilm formation by S. epidermidis ATCC. Mevalonolactone also showed activity against clinical isolates of S. epidermidis revealing, both antibiofilm and antibiotic activities at 0.06 mg.mL-1. The anti-T. vaginalis assay was carried out using the resazurin staining method andviability of trophozoites were characterized using trypan blue. Two samples of the fungi Hypocrea lixii and Penicillium citrinum showed the presence of active metabolites able to inhibit the trophozoites growth in 24 hours (MIC = 2.5 mg.mL-1), according to the kinetic curve of growth. Absence of hemolysis of erythrocytes was also observed for these two filtrate samples. The results corroborate with the reports of the great potential of marine fungi in the discovery of active metabolites.

Fungos isolados de organismos marinhos têm despertado o interesse de pesquisadores no mundo inteiro, por representarem uma fonte diferenciada de metabólitos secundários, devido às condições ambientais as quais esses microrganismos estão sujeitos. Diversas atividades biológicas têm sido relatadas para estas substâncias, principalmente antitumoral, antimicrobiano e antiparasitária. O crescente aumento nos casos de resistência a antibióticos aponta para a necessidade da disponibilidade de novos agentes terapêuticos. Neste contexto, este trabalho objetivou a identificação dos fungos associados a organismos marinhos coletados na Ilha do Arvoredo (SC), visando o isolamento bioguiado de metabólitos de extratos de micélio e meios de cultivo. As atividades antibiótica e antibiofilme frente aos patógenos Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 35984 e Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 e anti-Trichomonas vaginalis ATCC 30236 e isolados clínicos, foram investigadas. Todos os fungos isolados foram cultivados por períodos de 7, 14 e 21 dias. Utilizando técnicas moleculares, foram identificados 37 fungos pertencentes ao Filo Ascomycota e um ao Filo Basidiomycota, distribuídos entre 15 diferentes gêneros. O rastreamento de metabólitos quanto à atividade antibiótica foi realizado utilizando a técnica de difusão em agar, obtendo-se 19 amostras com halos de inibição superiores a 10 mm de diâmetro. As atividades antiformação e erradicação de biofilme previamente formado foram avaliadas pelo método de coloração com cristal violeta, e 5% do total de amostras apresentaram inibição de formação e 1% a erradicação de mais de 75% de biofilme de S. epidermidis. Da mesma forma, 5% das amostras foram capazes de inibir ou erradicar entre 51% e 75% biofilmes de P. aeruginosa. Entre os isolados, foram selecionados um fungo pertencente à ordem Sordariales (isolado F22, 14 dias de cultivo) e outro ao gênero Penicillium (isolado F37, 7 dias de cultivo). Os filtrados dos fungos foram particionados com acetato de etila e submetidos à separação cromatográfica, levando à identificação dos compostos mevalonolactona e cis-cyclo(leucyl-tyrosyl) (identificados por técnicas espectroscópicas e espectrométricas), ambos ativos na inibição da formação de biofilme de S. epidermidis ATCC. Mevalonolactona também apresentou atividade frente a isolados clínicos de S. epidermidis revelando, além da atividade antibiofilme, atividade antibiótica em concentração de 0,06 mg/mL. A atividade frente ao parasita T. vaginalis foi avaliada pela técnica de coloração de resazurina e a viabilidade dos trofozoítos caracterizada utilizando trypan blue. Duas amostras dos fungos Hipocrea lixii e Penicillium citrinum mostraram a presença de metabólitos ativos. A inibição do crescimento dos trofozoítos foi observada em 24 horas (MIC=2,5 mg/mL), de acordo com a curva cinética de crescimento. A ausência de hemólise de eritrócitos também foi observada para estas duas amostras. Os resultados obtidos corroboram com os relatos sobre o grande potencial dos fungos marinhos para a descoberta de metabólitos ativos. / Fungi isolated from marine organisms attract the interest of many researchers around the world, since they produce differentiated secondary metabolites due to the environmental conditions to which these organisms are subjected. Several biological activities have been reported for these compounds, mainly as antitumoral, antibacterial and, antiprotozoal. The increasing cases of antimicrobial drug resistance reveal the necessity for the search for new therapeutic agents. In this context, this study aimed to identify the fungi associated with marine organisms collected in the Arvoredo Island (SC/Brazil), in order to isolate bioactive metabolites in extracts of mycelia and broth. The antibiotic and antibiofilm activities against Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 35984 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 and anti-Trichomonas vaginalis ATCC 30236 and clinical isolates activity were investigated. The isolated fungi from marine organisms were cultured for 7, 14 and 21 days. Using molecular techniques, 36 fungi belonging to the Ascomycota and one to Basidiomycota phyla, were identified, distributed among 15 different genera. Screening for metabolites possessing antibiotic activity was performed using the agar diffusion assay, for which was obtained 19 samples with inhibition halo higher than 10 mm in diameter. The inhibition and eradication of biofilm were performed by cristal violet staining method, and 5% of the total samples showed inhibition and 1% eradication of more than 75% of S. epidermidis biofilm. Moreover, 5% of the samples were able to inhibit and eradicate between 51% and 75% of biofilm formed by P. aeruginosa. Among these samples, one strain belonging to the order Sordariales (isolate F22, 14-days of cultive) and one to the genus Penicillium (isolate F37, 7-days of cultive) were selected. The filtrate was extracted with ethyl acetate and subjected to separation by chromatographic techniques, leading to purified compounds mevalonolactone and cis-cyclo(leucyl-tyrosyl) (identified by spectroscopic and spectrometric techniques), both able to inhibit biofilm formation by S. epidermidis ATCC. Mevalonolactone also showed activity against clinical isolates of S. epidermidis revealing, both antibiofilm and antibiotic activities at 0.06 mg.mL-1. The anti-T. vaginalis assay was carried out using the resazurin staining method andviability of trophozoites were characterized using trypan blue. Two samples of the fungi Hypocrea lixii and Penicillium citrinum showed the presence of active metabolites able to inhibit the trophozoites growth in 24 hours (MIC = 2.5 mg.mL-1), according to the kinetic curve of growth. Absence of hemolysis of erythrocytes was also observed for these two filtrate samples. The results corroborate with the reports of the great potential of marine fungi in the discovery of active metabolites.

Le polyéthylène (PE) est omniprésent dans notre vie de tous les jours et ce principalement car il présente des propriétés thermiques et mécaniques qu’on ne retrouve pas d’autres polymères. Cependant, sa très faible réactivité chimique fait qu’il est difficile de l’incorporer dans des architectures macromoléculaires plus complexes qui pourraient profiter de ses propriétés uniques. La modification de polymères fonctionnels en extrémité de chaîne par des réactions de couplage efficaces est un outil très utilisé pour la conception d’architectures macromoléculaires. Parmi les différentes réactions envisageables, la réaction de cyclo-addition 1,3 dipolaire de Huisgen entre un azoture et un alcyne est très utilisée dans le domaine de la science des polymères pour lier des polymères entre eux. Une autre méthode performante est le couplage par une réaction d’addition de type hétéro Diels-Alder (HDA) entre un diène et un dithioformate. L’objectif de ce travail de thèse est dans un premier temps d’identifier un système de polymérisation catalytique de l’éthylène qui permette de synthétiser du polyéthylène de masse molaire variable et comportant à une extrémité une fonction réactive. Puis cette extrémité réactive est mise à profit dans des réactions de couplage efficaces comme celles mentionnées plus haut pour la synthèse d’architectures macromoléculaires incorporant des segments de PE / Polyethylene (PE) is a polymer of great importance in our everyday life due to its unique thermal and mechanical properties. However, it suffers from lack of reactivity that prevents to introduce it into more complexed architectures the final properties of which would benefit from these unique features. The modification of end-functionalized polymers through orthogonal and efficient coupling reactions is a powerful and widely used tool for the design of various macromolecular architectures. In today’s polymer science the copper catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) is the most frequently used « click » reaction. Another efficient coupling method is the hetero Diels-Alder (HDA) reaction between a diene end-functionalized polymer and the electron deficient dithioester end-group of a polymer synthesized by reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization. Our first aim was to fin and optimize the best ethylene catalytic polymerization system that would allow to produce PE with different molar masses and end functional groups. In a second step, we tried to introduce polyethylene segments in macromolecular architectures by taking advantage of the best attributes of the aforementioned coupling reactions