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Orientador: Nilva Kazue Sakomura / Banca: Robert Mervyn Gous / Banca: Izabelle Auxiliadora Molina de Almeida Teixeira / Resumo: A mantença pode ser definida como o estado em que o animal se encontra em equilíbrio de nitrogênio, no qual a ingestão de N é igual à soma das perdas, permanecendo constante o conteúdo de N do corpo. E esta pode ser definida com base em estudos de metabolismo com aves adultas improdutivas, pelo fato das exigências totais de aminoácidos dessas aves estarem associadas apenas às perdas inevitáveis (mantença), não incluindo necessidades específicas de aminoácidos para o crescimento e/ou produção. Porém, há alguns problemas na determinação da exigência de mantença: primeiro é como comparar a mantença entre genótipos de diferentes tamanhos à maturidade, o segundo é como comparar a mantença entre animais de um mesmo genótipo em diferentes estágios de crescimento, e o terceiro é como lidar com a variação no conteúdo de gordura corporal, uma vez que não existe demanda de aminoácidos para a manutenção das reservas lipídicas. Assim, as diferenças de valores entre níveis de exigências para mantença de aminoácidos encontrados na literatura, tem sido a diretriz para o desenvolvimento de novos estudos, visando à obtenção de metodologias padronizadas e estimativas de valores condizentes com as necessidades das aves. Este estudo teve como objetivo estimar as exigências de metionina+cistina e treonina digestíveis para a mantença de aves adultas utilizando e comparando galos de diferentes pesos e composições corporais / Abstract: The maintenance can be defined as the state where the animal is in nitrogen balance, in which the intake of N is equal to the sum of the losses, stabilizing the N content in the body. And this can be defined based on studies of metabolism in adult birds unproductive, because the total amino acid requirements of these birds are associated only to the inevitable losses (maintenance), not including the specific amino acids for growth and/or production. However, there are some problems in determining the requirement for maintenance: first is to compare the maintenance among genotypes of different sizes at maturity, the second is like comparing the maintenance of animals of the same genotype at different stages of growth, and the third is how to deal with the variation in body fat content, since there is no demand for amino acids for the maintenance of lipid reserves. Thus, differences in values between levels of requirements for maintenance of amino acids found in the literature has been the guideline for the development of new studies aiming to produce standardized methodologies and estimates of amounts consistent with the needs of birds. This study aimed to estimate the methionine+cystine and threonine digestible for the maintenance of adult birds using and comparing roosters of different weights and body composition / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:28:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-02-17Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:57:42Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 bonato_ma_me_jabo.pdf: 1088423 bytes, checksum: 706ba8eb71da0975d385cc318b0b96c2 (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / A mantença pode ser definida como o estado em que o animal se encontra em equilíbrio de nitrogênio, no qual a ingestão de N é igual à soma das perdas, permanecendo constante o conteúdo de N do corpo. E esta pode ser definida com base em estudos de metabolismo com aves adultas improdutivas, pelo fato das exigências totais de aminoácidos dessas aves estarem associadas apenas às perdas inevitáveis (mantença), não incluindo necessidades específicas de aminoácidos para o crescimento e/ou produção. Porém, há alguns problemas na determinação da exigência de mantença: primeiro é como comparar a mantença entre genótipos de diferentes tamanhos à maturidade, o segundo é como comparar a mantença entre animais de um mesmo genótipo em diferentes estágios de crescimento, e o terceiro é como lidar com a variação no conteúdo de gordura corporal, uma vez que não existe demanda de aminoácidos para a manutenção das reservas lipídicas. Assim, as diferenças de valores entre níveis de exigências para mantença de aminoácidos encontrados na literatura, tem sido a diretriz para o desenvolvimento de novos estudos, visando à obtenção de metodologias padronizadas e estimativas de valores condizentes com as necessidades das aves. Este estudo teve como objetivo estimar as exigências de metionina+cistina e treonina digestíveis para a mantença de aves adultas utilizando e comparando galos de diferentes pesos e composições corporais / The maintenance can be defined as the state where the animal is in nitrogen balance, in which the intake of N is equal to the sum of the losses, stabilizing the N content in the body. And this can be defined based on studies of metabolism in adult birds unproductive, because the total amino acid requirements of these birds are associated only to the inevitable losses (maintenance), not including the specific amino acids for growth and/or production. However, there are some problems in determining the requirement for maintenance: first is to compare the maintenance among genotypes of different sizes at maturity, the second is like comparing the maintenance of animals of the same genotype at different stages of growth, and the third is how to deal with the variation in body fat content, since there is no demand for amino acids for the maintenance of lipid reserves. Thus, differences in values between levels of requirements for maintenance of amino acids found in the literature has been the guideline for the development of new studies aiming to produce standardized methodologies and estimates of amounts consistent with the needs of birds. This study aimed to estimate the methionine+cystine and threonine digestible for the maintenance of adult birds using and comparing roosters of different weights and body composition

No description available.

The cyclotides are a family of naturally occurring peptides characterized by cyclic cystine knot (CCK) structural motif, which comprises a cyclic head-to-tail backbone featuring six conserved cysteine residues that form three disulfide bonds. This unique structural motif makes cyclotides exceptionally resistant to chemical, thermal and enzymatic degradation. They also exhibit a wide range of biological activities including insecticidal, cytotoxic, anti-HIV and antimicrobial effects. The cyclotides found in plants exhibit considerable sequence and structural diversity, which can be linked to their evolutionary history and that of their host plants. To clarify the evolutionary link between sequence diversity and the distribution of individual cyclotides across the genus Viola, selected known cyclotides were classified using signature sequences within their precursor proteins. By mapping the classified sequences onto the phylogenetic system of Viola, we traced the flow of cyclotide genes over evolutionary history and were able to estimate the prevalence of cyclotides in this genus. In addition, the structural diversity of the cyclotides was related to specific features of the sequences of their precursor proteins, their evolutionary selection and expression levels. A number of studies have suggested that the biological activities of the cyclotides are due to their ability to interact with and disrupt biological membranes. To better explain this behavior, quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) models were developed to link the cyclotides’ biological activities to the membrane-interactive physicochemical properties of their molecular surfaces. Both scalar quantities (such as molecular surface areas) and moments (such as the distributions of specific properties over the molecular surface) were systematically taken into account in the development of these models. This approach allows the physicochemical properties of cyclotides to be geometrically interpreted, facilitating the development of guidelines for drug design using cyclotide scaffolds. Finally, an optimized microwave-assisted Fmoc-SPSS procedure for the total synthesis of cyclotides was developed. Microwave irradiation is used to accelerate and improve all the key steps in cyclotide synthesis, including the assembly of the peptide backbone by Fmoc-SPPS, the cleavage of the protected peptide, and the introduction of a thioester at the C-terminal carboxylic acid to obtain the head-to-tail cyclized cyclotide backbone by native chemical ligation.

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Ultra-stable cystine knotted microproteins, in which two disulfides and their connecting backbones form a circle that is penetrated by the third disulfide bonds, have attracted high interest due to their resistance to degradation in vitro and potential for the development of peptide drugs. This thesis gives new insights into engineering of that framework of microproteins, including approaches to their chemical synthesis, backbone engineering, structural and biological evaluations. Synthetic and oxidative folding approaches for bracelet cyclotides, a family of cyclic cystine knotted microproteins, was developed using a model peptide, cycloviolacin O2. Following assembly of the peptide chain, protected peptide was generated by mild cleavage that was subsequently thioesterified and cyclized in solution. The cyclic peptide was oxidatively folded under optimized conditions containing co-solvent and non-ionic detergent affording native cycloviolacin O2 as a major product. To gain further insights into the heterogeneity, efficiency and kinetics of cyclotides’ oxidative folding, the intermediates that accumulate in oxidative refolding pathways of all cyclotide subfamilies: Möbius, bracelet and the hybrid cyclotides were quantitatively determined under four different folding conditions. The results were used for defining major folding pathways, which indicated that Möbius cyclotides might accumulate heterogeneous folding intermediates with one-, two- and three-disulfides, whereas bracelet tend to accumulate a homogenous intermediate with three-disulfides, depending on the buffer systems used. Furthermore, to probe the internal factors contributing to inefficiency of oxidative folding, as well as undesired bioactivities of bracelet cyclotides (e.g., cytotoxic activity), polymer-hybridized cyclotides were designed by replacing non-conserved residues with small isosteric polymers. The designed hybrid analogs in which hybridization involved replacement of loop 3 with isosteric polymers showed improved synthetic and oxidative folding properties. The cytoxicity of a model hybrid designed with replacement of loop 3 and 5 exhibited no cytotoxic activity at concentration of 128-fold relative to that of native peptide. Furthermore, 1D and 2D 1H NMR analysis of this hybrid showed that it had well structured fold.