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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
151

Avaliação da toxicidade de líquidos percolados gerados no aterro controlado de Pau Queimado (município de Piracicaba, SP) para organismos aquáticos / not available

Viviane Faria de Miranda 21 March 2005 (has links)
O crescimento populacional, o desenvolvimento industrial e a expansão agrícola resultaram no aumento da geração de resíduos sólidos e na necessidade de se efetuar seu descarte de forma adequada e não prejudicial ao meio ambiente, principalmente aos recursos hídricos. O uso de aterros controlados é um dos métodos de disposição final de resíduos no solo, e possui falhas nas estruturas de apoio ambiental como sistemas de drenagem, impermeabilização, controle de entrada de resíduos, produção de líquidos percolados. Os líquidos percolados apresentam elevado potencial poluidor, e compreende, geralmente, o chorume, a água de infiltração e o material lixiviado, portanto, é importante avaliar sua toxicidade em relação aos ecossistemas aquáticos. Os testes de toxicidade foram realizados com Ceriodaphnia silvestrii, Chironomus xanthus e Daphnia similis e permitiram confirmar a toxicidade aguda destas amostras para os três organismos-teste realizados. Os testes de toxicidade crônica apresentaram diferença significativa, tanto na reprodução quanto na sobrevivência em relação ao controle, com Ceriodaphnia silvestrii. Nos testes com Daphnia similis, foi registrada uma diferença na reprodução apenas na presença de determinados líquidos percolados. Em alguns casos a diferença de precipitação não interferiu na toxicidade, porém nos testes efetuados com Chironomus xanthus foi verificada que a falta de precipitação pode ter aumentado a toxicidade dos líquidos percolados. / Industrial, agrarian and population growth is responsible for the increased amount of solid waste what demands suitable procedures for waste disposal so as to preserve the environment, particularly and water resources. Landfill is one of the methods for final disposal of solid waste, but it is not adequate because it lacks drainage systems, waste input and out put controls, percolation control, etc. Liquid waste from those landfills has a very high polution potential, and includes the leachate, the infiltration water, and the overflow waste. That is why it is important to assess the degree of toxicity of those solid wastes in relation to the aquatic ecosystems. Toxicological tests were carried out with Ceriodaphnia silvestrii, Chironomus xanthus and Daphnia similis allowed to confirm high toxic level in those samples for the three tested organisms. Chronic toxicological tests presented statistic significant difference regarding reproduction and survival in relation to the control samples for Ceriodaphnia silvestrii. Daphnia similis, however presented significant difference in the reproduction in relation to some substances only. In some cases, precipitation did not interfere in the toxicological assessment, but the tests with Chironomus xanthus showed that the lack of precipitation might have affected the toxicology.
152

Avaliação eco/genotoxicológica dos corantes têxteis Reactive Blue 4 e Reactive Blue 15 / Evaluation eco/genotoxicological of the textile dyes Reactive Blue 4 and Reactive Blue

Gabriela Meireles 29 July 2013 (has links)
Os corantes são amplamente utilizados nas indústrias têxteis, farmacêuticas, alimentícias, cosméticas, fotográficas, entre outras. Contudo, essas substâncias podem ser tóxicas, mutagênicas e resistentes a muitos processos de degradação utilizados em estações de tratamento. Estima-se que cerca de 15% dos corantes utilizados no mundo sejam perdidos durante o processo de tingimento e lançados no ambiente, atingindo principalmente os corpos d\'água. No entanto, apesar da grande quantidade de corantes comerciais disponíveis e da alta quantidade lançada no ecossistema aquático, os estudos sobre a toxicidade dessas substâncias são escassos e pouco se conhece sobre seus efeitos mutagênicos e principalmente ecotoxicológicos. Dentro deste contexto, o objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a ecotoxicidade, bem como a capacidade dos corantes têxteis Reactive Blue 4 (RB 4) e Reactive Blue 15 (RB 15) de lesar o material genético, empregando ensaios de toxicidade aguda com Daphnia similis e Vibrio fischeri, toxicidade crônica com Ceriodaphnia dubia, genotoxicidade (Teste do Cometa) com fibroblastos de derme humana e mutagenicidade com Salmonella typhimurium. Adicionalmente, avaliou-se a concentração de cobre em Ceriodaphnia dubia expostas ao corante Reactive Blue 15, que possui esse metal na sua estrutura química. O corante RB 4 foi moderadamente tóxico e o corante RB 15 foi relativamente não tóxico para Daphnia similis. Ambos corantes reduziram a luminescência de Vibrio fischeri em elevadas concentrações, sendo o corante RB 4 mais tóxico para a bactéria quando comparado ao corante RB 15. O corante RB 4 induziu efeito hormesis nos ensaios com C. dubia, ou seja, houve um estímulo na reprodução nas menores concentrações, seguido por um decréscimo em concentrações mais elevadas, ao passo que, o corante RB 15 reduziu a fecundidade de C. dubia. Não houve acúmulo de cobre nos organismos expostos ao corante RB 15. Nenhum dos corantes foram genotóxicos para fibroblastos de derme humana e apenas o corante RB 4 induziu mutagenicidade, por substituição de pares de base. Os resultados obtidos mostram que os corantes podem causar efeitos adversos nos organismos mesmo em baixas concentrações e que o lançamento contínuo dessas substâncias nos corpos d\'água é preocupante. / Dyes are widely used in different types of industries, such as textile, pharmaceutical, food, cosmetics, photographic, among others. However, these substances can be toxic, mutagenic and resistant to many degradation processes used in wastewater treatment. It is estimated that about 15% of the dyes used in the world is lost during the dyeing process and released into the environment, affecting mainly water bodies. However, despite the large amount of commercial dyes available and high quantity released in the aquatic ecosystem, studies on the toxicity of these substances are scarce and little is known about their mutagenic and ecotoxicological effects. Considering that, the aim of this study was to evaluate the ecotoxicity, and the ability of the Reactive Blue 4 (RB 4) and Reactive Blue 15 (RB 15) textile dyes to damage the genetic material, using acute toxicity tests with Daphnia similis and Vibrio fischeri, Ceriodaphnia dubia chronic toxicity, genotoxicity (Comet assay) in human dermal fibroblasts and mutagenicity with Salmonella typhimurium. Additionally, we assessed the concentration of copper in Ceriodaphnia dubia exposed to the Reactive Blue 15 dye, which has this metal in its chemical structure. The RB 4 dye was moderately toxic and RB 15 dye was relatively non-toxic to Daphnia similis. Both dyes reduced the Vibrio fischeri luminescence in high concentrations, and the RB 4 was more toxic to bacteria when compared to dye RB 15. The RB 4 dye induced hormesis effect in the C. dubia tests. We observed that the reproduction was stimulated at lower concentrations followed by a decrease at higher concentrations. While the RB 15 dye reduced fecundity of Ceriodaphnia dubia. There was no accumulation of copper in organisms exposed to the RB 15 dye. None of the dyes were genotoxic to human dermal fibroblasts, and only the RB 4 dye induced mutagenicity, by base-pair substitution. The results show that the dyes can cause adverse effects on organisms even at low concentrations and that the continuous release of these substances in water bodies is worrying.
153

Estudo e caracterização geológica e geotécnica de rejeitos de mineração: Adrianópolis (PR) / Geological and geotechnical study and characterization in tailing: Adrianópolis (PR)

Isabela Monici Raimondi 16 July 2014 (has links)
Os rejeitos de mineração provenientes do beneficiamento do minério, quando dispostos de maneira inadequada, podem causar a contaminação do solo e das águas superficiais e subterrâneas. Dependendo do tipo de minério tratado, tais rejeitos podem conter elevadas concentrações de metais potencialmente tóxicos e passar a atuar como fontes persistentes de liberação de tais metais através dos ecossistemas. Assim sendo, a caracterização desses rejeitos é extremamente importante. Neste contexto, foram realizadas caracterizações geológicas e geotécnicas nos rejeitos de mineração provenientes da região do Vale do Ribeira (município de Adrianópolis-PR), visando avaliar o grau de mobilidade e toxicidade dos metais contidos na porção superficial deste depósito. Para tanto, foram realizadas caracterizações mineralógicas (DRX e MEV/EDS), granulométricas, determinação dos parâmetros físico-químicos (pH, Eh e CE), além de ensaios que verificaram a mobilidade, especiação química e toxicidade das amostras: ensaios de solubilização, lixiviação, ensaio de variação de pH, extração sequencial e ecotoxicidade aquática envolvendo o organismo teste Daphnia similis. Além dos rejeitos foram realizadas análises mineralógicas e determinação dos parâmetros físico-químicos em amostras de estéril. A partir destas caracterizações, foi possível verificar que a composição mineralógica predominantemente no rejeito e no estéril é o carbonato, reflexo da litologia local. Tal composição refletiu também nos elevados valores de pH, que variaram de 7,6 a 8,0. Esses rejeitos apresentaram granulometria fina (predominância de areia muito fina, fina e silte), além de altas concentrações de metais, principalmente Pb (concentração média de 5.236,67 mg.kg-1 ) e Zn (7.726,53 mg.kg-1 ). Dos metais analisados, o Pb excedeu o valor preconizado na norma ABNT NBR 10.004:2004, tanto nos extratos lixiviados como nos solubilizados, para todas as amostras analisadas, o que permitiu classificar tais resíduos como Classe I - Perigoso. No ensaio de variação de pH, de forma geral, o Zn apresentou maior liberação na condição inicial mais ácida (pH 3), com média de liberação de 11,54 mg.L-1 após sessenta minutos de ensaio; embora nas outras condições também tenha ocorrido liberação considerável. A partir da extração sequencial, foi possível verificar que todos os metais (com exceção do Cu) estavam associados à fase de óxidos/hidróxidos, porém as fases consideradas de maior mobilidade (trocável e carbonática) estavam presentes em concentrações significativas para todos os metais analisados. As cinco amostras analisadas mostraram-se heterogêneas sendo que a RP5 e a RP7, apresentaram maior mobilidade dos metais Pb e Zn, além de terem apresentado maior toxicidade nos ensaios de ecotoxicidade. Para o ensaio de ecotoxicidade aquática, tais amostras apresentaram imobilidade dos neonatos até mesmo nas diluições menos concentradas (diluições contendo somente 6,2 e 3,1% de extrato solubilizado). Assim, concluiu-se que o rejeito pode ser considerado perigoso do ponto de vista ambiental, já que as altas concentrações de metais potencialmente tóxicos presentes estão passíveis de liberação e migração no ecossistema, podendo interagir com a biota aquática e terrestre. / Tailings from the ore processing when improperly disposed, can cause contamination of soil, surface water and groundwater. Depending on the treated ore, the mining waste may contain high concentrations of toxic metals and start acting as persistent metals sources to surrounding ecosystems. Therefore, the characterization of this material is extremely important. In this context, geological and geotechnical characterization were performed on tailings from Ribeira Valley (Adrianópolis-PR), in order to evaluate the mobility and toxicity of metals present in the superficial portion of the deposit. For the current paper the following tests were performed: mineralogical characterization (XRD and SEM/EDS), particle size distribution, determination of physical and chemical properties (pH, Eh and EC), solubilization and leaching tests, pH variation, sequential extraction and aquatic ecotoxicity were carried out. Besides the tailings analyzes, mineralogical characterization and pH measurements were also performed in samples from Perau (waste rock). The results showed mineralogical compositions predominantly carbonate in both tailing and Perau samples, as a reflection of the local lithology. This composition also reflected in the higher pH values, which ranged from 7.6 to 8.0. The tailing had fine particle size (predominance of silt, very fine and fine sand), and high concentrations of metals, especially Pb (average concentration of 5236.67 mg.kg-1) and Zn (7726.53 mg.kg-1). The metal Pb was above of the recommended value in ABNT NBR 10.004:2004 in leaching tests, solubilization tests and for all samples. This fact allowed the classification of the waste as Class I-Dangerous. In testing of pH variation, the Zn showed higher release in initial acidic condition (pH 3), releasing average 11.54 mg.L-1 after sixty minutes of test; although in others pH conditions have also been considerable release. In sequential extraction, the results found that all metals (except Cu) were associated with phase oxides/hydroxides, but the phases considered more mobile (exchangeable and carbonate) were also present in significant concentrations for all metals. The five samples were considered heterogeneous and two of them (RP5 and RP7) had greater mobility of Pb and Zn, besides a higher toxicity in ecotoxicity tests. In aquatic ecotoxicity test, the samples showed immobility of neonates organisms even in less concentrated dilutions (dilutions containing only 6.2 and 3.1% solubilized extract). In conclusion, the waste may be considered problematic for environment, because the high concentrations of toxic metals present in tailing can be released from it and migrate to the ecosystems, causing exposure to terrestrial and aquatic organisms.
154

Detrimental impacts of toxic Microcystis aeruginosa from Vietnam on life history traits of Daphnia magna / Ảnh hưởng tiêu cực của loài Microcystis aeruginosa có độc ở Việt Nam lên các đặc điểm vòng đời của Daphnia magna

Vo, Thi My Chi, Pham, Thanh Luu, Dao, Thanh Son 24 August 2017 (has links) (PDF)
In this study, we tested the long-term and negative effects of microcystin-producing cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa from Vietnam on Daphnia magna under the laboratory conditions. The test organisms were fed with mixtures of green alga Scenedesmus armatus. and toxic M. aeruginosa at different ratios (10% Microcystis + 90% Scenedesmus, 50% Microcystis + 50% Scenedesmus, 100% Microcystis, and 100% Scenedesmus) for over a period of 21 days. The life history traits of the organisms such as, survival, maturation, fecundity were daily recorded. Besides, the intrinsic population rate of D. magna in each treatment was also calculated based on the survivorship, the reproductive age and the clutch size of the animals. The results showed that survival, maturation and reproduction of the D. magna fed with 10, 50 and 100% M. aeruginosa was impaired. Additionally, the intrinsic population rate of the exposed D. magna was lower than that of the control. This study evidenced the adverse effects of toxic M. aeruginosa on both the individual and intrinsic population levels of D. magna. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the chronically detrimental impacts of toxic M. aeruginosa isolated from Vietnam on D. magna and contributed the scientific information on the severe influences of toxic cyanobacteria world wide. / Trong bài viết này, chúng tôi nghiên cứu ảnh hưởng xấu mãn tính của loài vi khuẩn lam Microcystis aeruginosa có khả năng sản sinh độc tố microcysin từ Việt Nam lên Daphnia magna trong điều kiện phòng thí nghiệm. Sinh vật thí nghiệm được cho ăn với hỗn hợp tảo lục Scenedesmus armatus và M. aeruginosa có độc ở các tỷ lệ khác nhau (10% Microcystis + 90% Scenedesmus, 50% Microcystis + 50% Scenedesmus, 100% Microcystis, và 100% Scenedesmus) trong thời gian 21 ngày. Các đặc điểm vòng đời của sinh vật bao gồm sức sống, sự thành thục, sức sinh sản được theo dõi hàng ngày. Bên cạnh đó, tỷ lệ phát triển quần thể của D. magna trong từng lô thí nghiệm cũng được tính toán dựa vào sức sống, tuổi sinh sản và kích cỡ sinh sản của sinh vật. Kết quả cho thấy, sức sống, tuổi thành thục và sự sinh sản của D. magna cho ăn với 10, 50 và 100% M. aeruginosa bị ảnh hưởng xấu. Bên cạnh đó, tỷ lệ phát triển quần thể của D. magna trong lô phơi nhiễm thấp hơn so với đối chứng. Nghiên cứu này chứng minh ảnh hưởng xấu của M. aeruginosa có độc lên cả hai mức độ cá thể và quần thể của D. magna. Theo hiểu biết của chúng tôi, đây là báo cáo đầu tiên về ảnh hưởng xấu mãn tính của M. aeruginosa có độc phân lập từ Việt Nam lên D. magna and đóng góp thêm thông tin khoa học cho những ảnh hưởng nghiêm trọng của vi khuẩn lam có độc trên khắp thế giới.
155

Étude mécaniste des effets transgénérationnels des radiations ionisantes alpha et gamma chez Daphnia magna / Mechanistic study of transgenerational effects of alpha and gamma ionizing radiations in Daphnia magna

Parisot, Florian 15 December 2015 (has links)
Les activités anthropiques liées à l'industrie nucléaire contribuent à des rejets continus de radionucléides dans les écosystèmes terrestres et aquatiques. Les travaux réalisés au cours de ce doctorat visent à apporter de nouvelles connaissances relatives aux effets des radiations ionisantes au cours d’une exposition multigénérationnelle de l’invertébré aquatique, Daphnia magna. Une irradiation gamma externe à des débits de doses pertinents du point de vue environnemental a été réalisée sur D. magna pendant trois générations successives. Les résultats mettent en évidence une accumulation et une transmission d’altérations de l’ADN au fil des générations, en parallèle d’une augmentation de la sensibilité des daphnies. Les données d’irradiation gamma et celles d’une étude antérieure de contamination alpha ont été analysées à l’aide du modèle mathématique DEBtox. Le modèle montre que les deux types de rayonnements agissent différemment sur les daphnies au cours des générations. Ce projet de recherche indique clairement qu’à l’avenir il est important d’étudier et de comprendre les effets transgénérationnels des radiations ionisantes à faibles doses. / Anthropogenic activities related to the nuclear industry contribute to continuous discharges of radionuclides into terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. The aim of this PhD was to bring new knowledge on the effects of ionizing radiation during a multigenerational expose of the aquatic invertebrate, Daphnia magna. An external gamma radiation at environmentally relevant dose rates was performed on D. magna over three successive generations. Results show an accumulation and a transmission of DNA alterations over generations, in parallel of an increase in sensitivity of organisms. Gamma radiation data and those of a previous study of alpha contamination were analyzed using the mathematical model DEBtox. The model shows that the two types of radiation act differently on daphnia over generations. This research clearly indicates the importance of further studying and understanding transgenerational effects induced by low doses radiation in the future.
156

Avaliação ecotoxicológica e Identificação da Toxicidade no ribeirão Pires, Limeira - SP / Ecotoxicological assessment and Identification of Toxicity in stream Pires, Limeira - SP

Spadotim, Régis Fernando, 1979- 27 August 2018 (has links)
Orientadores: Cassiana Maria Reganhan-Coneglian, Gisela de Aragão Umbuzeiro / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Tecnologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-27T02:20:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Spadotim_RegisFernando_M.pdf: 4096362 bytes, checksum: 0bd54b47a22f2ac240c18ef0d54ff13a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: O ribeirão Pires é o principal afluente do ribeirão Pinhal, manancial utilizado na captação de águas para distribuição à população de Limeira, SP. Estudos anteriores realizados na micro bacia do ribeirão Pinhal apontaram toxidade aguda apenas nas águas do ribeirão Pires, para o organismo-teste Ceriodaphnia dubia. Desta forma torna-se importante conhecer as fontes de contaminação, bem como seus contaminantes para assegurar água de qualidade para o município. No presente trabalho realizou-se a avaliação ecotoxicológica mediante testes de toxidade aguda e crônica de amostras de água superficial coletadas no ribeirão Pires, e identificação da toxidade utilizando o estudo de Avaliação e Identificação da Toxidade (AIT). O princípio desse método baseia-se no fracionamento das amostras por meio de uma série de processos físicos e químicos, objetivando eliminar ou separar grupos de compostos para verificação de seu potencial tóxico. Para realização do AIT utilizou-se os organismos-testes Ceriodaphnia dubia e Daphnia similis, mediante testes de toxidade aguda, após a manipulação das amostras verificou-se a redução significativa da toxicidade com tratamento em coluna C18 em pH 9 e quelação com EDTA. Estes tratamentos de AIT (Fase I) apontaram respectivamente, compostos orgânicos não polares, além de metais catiônicos como responsáveis pela toxidade aguda. Manipulações da Fase II utilizando espectrofotometria ICP-MS permitiram identificar o zinco em concentrações entre 270-1330 µg L-1. A caracterização e confirmação de compostos orgânicos nem sempre é necessária, visto que em alguns casos somente a classe dos compostos tóxicos pode fornecer informações suficientes para determinar o tratamento apropriado ou opções de controle da fonte da toxicidade. De acordo com os resultados obtidos nas análises, pode-se concluir que o zinco foi o principal agente responsável pela toxicidade das amostras coletadas no ribeirão Pires, para os organismos testados e a provável ocorrência de outros contaminantes / Abstract: The stream Pires is the main tributary of the stream Pinhal, source used in water catchment for distribution to the population of Limeira, SP. Previous studies in micro basin stream Pinhal pointed acute toxicity only in stream Pires of water to the organism Ceriodaphnia dubia. Thus it is important to know the sources of contamination and its contaminants to ensure quality water for the city. In the present work to review ecotoxicological by acute and chronic toxicity tests of surface water samples collected in the stream Pires and identification of toxicity study using the Toxicity Identification and Evaluation (TIE). The principle of this method is based on the fractionation of the samples through a series of physical and chemical processes in order to eliminate or separate groups of compounds to check their toxic potential. To perform the TIE was used the organism Ceriodaphnia dubia and Daphnia similis by acute toxicity tests after handling the samples there was a significant reduction in toxicity with treatment C18 column at pH 9 and chelation with EDTA. These treatments TIE (Phase I) indicated respectively nonpolar organic compounds, and cationic metal responsible for acute toxicity. Manipulations of Phase II using spectrometry ICP-MS permitted the identification zinc at concentrations of 270-1330 µg L-1. The characterization and confirmation of organic compounds is not always necessary because in some cases only the class of toxic compounds can provide sufficient information to determine the appropriate treatment or control options of the toxicity source. According to the analysis results, it can be concluded that zinc is the primary agent responsible for the toxicity of the samples collected in stream Pires for the tested organisms and the likely occurrence of other contaminants / Mestrado / Tecnologia e Inovação / Mestre em Tecnologia
157

Detrimental impacts of toxic Microcystis aeruginosa from Vietnam on life history traits of Daphnia magna: Research article

Vo, Thi My Chi, Pham, Thanh Luu, Dao, Thanh Son 24 August 2017 (has links)
In this study, we tested the long-term and negative effects of microcystin-producing cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa from Vietnam on Daphnia magna under the laboratory conditions. The test organisms were fed with mixtures of green alga Scenedesmus armatus. and toxic M. aeruginosa at different ratios (10% Microcystis + 90% Scenedesmus, 50% Microcystis + 50% Scenedesmus, 100% Microcystis, and 100% Scenedesmus) for over a period of 21 days. The life history traits of the organisms such as, survival, maturation, fecundity were daily recorded. Besides, the intrinsic population rate of D. magna in each treatment was also calculated based on the survivorship, the reproductive age and the clutch size of the animals. The results showed that survival, maturation and reproduction of the D. magna fed with 10, 50 and 100% M. aeruginosa was impaired. Additionally, the intrinsic population rate of the exposed D. magna was lower than that of the control. This study evidenced the adverse effects of toxic M. aeruginosa on both the individual and intrinsic population levels of D. magna. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the chronically detrimental impacts of toxic M. aeruginosa isolated from Vietnam on D. magna and contributed the scientific information on the severe influences of toxic cyanobacteria world wide. / Trong bài viết này, chúng tôi nghiên cứu ảnh hưởng xấu mãn tính của loài vi khuẩn lam Microcystis aeruginosa có khả năng sản sinh độc tố microcysin từ Việt Nam lên Daphnia magna trong điều kiện phòng thí nghiệm. Sinh vật thí nghiệm được cho ăn với hỗn hợp tảo lục Scenedesmus armatus và M. aeruginosa có độc ở các tỷ lệ khác nhau (10% Microcystis + 90% Scenedesmus, 50% Microcystis + 50% Scenedesmus, 100% Microcystis, và 100% Scenedesmus) trong thời gian 21 ngày. Các đặc điểm vòng đời của sinh vật bao gồm sức sống, sự thành thục, sức sinh sản được theo dõi hàng ngày. Bên cạnh đó, tỷ lệ phát triển quần thể của D. magna trong từng lô thí nghiệm cũng được tính toán dựa vào sức sống, tuổi sinh sản và kích cỡ sinh sản của sinh vật. Kết quả cho thấy, sức sống, tuổi thành thục và sự sinh sản của D. magna cho ăn với 10, 50 và 100% M. aeruginosa bị ảnh hưởng xấu. Bên cạnh đó, tỷ lệ phát triển quần thể của D. magna trong lô phơi nhiễm thấp hơn so với đối chứng. Nghiên cứu này chứng minh ảnh hưởng xấu của M. aeruginosa có độc lên cả hai mức độ cá thể và quần thể của D. magna. Theo hiểu biết của chúng tôi, đây là báo cáo đầu tiên về ảnh hưởng xấu mãn tính của M. aeruginosa có độc phân lập từ Việt Nam lên D. magna and đóng góp thêm thông tin khoa học cho những ảnh hưởng nghiêm trọng của vi khuẩn lam có độc trên khắp thế giới.
158

Quantification des ecdystéroïdes et acides rétinoïques chez la puce d’eau (D.magna) par chromatographie liquide couplée à la spectrométrie de masse en tandem

Venne, Philippe January 2015 (has links)
L’introduction de composé d’origine anthropogénique (produits pharmaceutiques, et de soin personnel, retardateur de flammes, plastifiants, etc.) par les stations de traitement des eaux usées municipales ainsi que le devenir de ses composés dans l’environnement est une problématique d’intérêt mondial. L’élimination de ses contaminants d’intérêt émergent des eaux usées s’effectue au niveau des stations de traitement des eaux usées qui, pour la plupart, ne sont pas conçues pour réaliser cette tâche. En effet, celles-ci présentent des niveaux très variables d’efficacité de dégradation/transformation de la plupart des contaminants émergents ce qui laisse dans l’effluent de ces stations des concentrations habituellement inférieures à quelques microgrammes par litres d’au moins plusieurs centaines de contaminants. Quelques études ont démontrés que l’exposition chronique à ces concentrations environnementales de différents CIE donne lieu à des effets toxiques chez le méné à tête de boule (effondrement de la population) et le gammare (diminution de l’activité). Cependant, les méthodes classiques utilisées pour l’évaluation de la toxicité ne sont pas suffisamment sensibles pour déceler des effets sublétaux aux concentrations environnementales observées dans les milieux recevant ces rejets de station d’épuration. Bien entendu, il est impossible de concevoir un procédé unique capable d’éliminer la totalité des contaminants d’intérêt émergent (présents ou futurs) des eaux usées. Il est donc nécessaire de créer des approches capables de prioriser et de cibler les composés qui doivent être éliminés. Ce projet de recherche met de l’avant l’hypothèse qu’une étude métabolomique ciblé serait capable de répondre à cette problématique. L’approche utilisée vise à ajouter un ou plusieurs points de terminaison (fluctuation des métabolites) au test de toxicité aiguë des effluents déjà effectué sur la puce d’eau (Daphnia magna) en quantifiant des molécules essentielles à la survie de cette espèce (ecdystéroïdes et acides rétinoïques). Les daphnies sont des modèles idéaux pour ce type d’étude puisqu’il s’agit d’organismes essentiels du zooplancton dans le monde entier. L’espèce D. magna est retrouvée dans l’hémisphère nord dans les lacs, rivières et étangs temporaires, elle se reproduit rapidement, est facile à cultiver et se reproduit par parthénogénèse. La quantification des ecdystéroïdes et acides rétinoïques aux concentrations observées chez la puce d’eau (picogramme par individus) est typiquement atteinte par dosage radio-immunologique (radioimmunoassay). Cependant, ce type de méthode ne permet pas d’identifier spécifiquement l’analyte ciblé, mais plutôt la somme de toutes molécules produisant une réaction immunologique similaire à celui-ci appelée "équivalent immunologique" et les résultats obtenus dépendent de l’anticorps, de la préparation effectuée et du lot de l’anticorps utilisé. Ce manque de sélectivité et variabilité des données obtenues pose problème pour la comparaison inter-laboratoires de résultats et a donc forcé le développement d’une nouvelle méthode analytique. Le présent document décrit le développement et la validation d’une méthode de quantification par chromatographie liquide couplée à un spectromètre de masse permettant d’atteindre des limites de quantification allant de 210 à 380 pg mL-1 pour trois ecdystéroïdes (20-hydroxyecdysone, ecdysone et ponasterone A) et de 5 ng mL-1 pour la somme des isomères de l’acide rétinoïque. La quantification de ces analytes aux faibles concentrations observées chez la puce d’eau a nécessité l’optimisation des paramètres instrumentaux, de la préparation d’échantillon et l’optimisation des conditions chromatographiques. Au final, la 20-hydroxyecdysone a pu être quantifiée à 19 ± 8 pg ind-1 pour les adultes (475 ± 200 pg mL-1, n=3) et à 3.6 ± 1.0 pg ind-1 pour les juvéniles (360 ± 10 pg mL-1, n=3), mais seulement détectée chez les néonates à 0.19 pg ind-1 (19 pg mL-1, n=3). L’ecdysone a également pu être détectée à 1.8 pg ind-1 chez les spécimens de taille adulte (180 pg mL-1, n=3). Le projet suivant vise à augmenter les connaissances sur l’effet de contaminants d’intérêt émergents sur l’environnement et sur le métabolisme de la puce d’eau D.magna ainsi que fournir une méthode potentiellement capable d’évaluer le risque d’exposition à des concentrations environnementales et permettre de prioriser les composés à être évaluer.
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Food Quality Effects on Zooplankton Growth and Energy Transfer in Pelagic Freshwater Food Webs / Effekter av födokvalitet på djurplanktons tillväxt och på energiöverföringen i födovävar i sjöar

Persson, Jonas January 2007 (has links)
Poor food quality can have large negative effects on zooplankton growth and this can also affect food web interactions. The main aims of this thesis were to study the importance of different food quality aspects in Daphnia, to identify potentially important differences among zooplankton taxa, and to put food quality research into a natural context by identifying the importance of food quality and quantity in lakes of different nutrient content. In the first experiment, the RNA:DNA ratio was positively related to the somatic growth rate of Daphnia, supporting a connection between P content, RNA content, and growth rate. The second experiment showed that EPA was important for Daphnia somatic growth, and 0.9 µg EPA mg C-1 was identified as the threshold below which negative effects on Daphnia growth occurred. A field survey identified patterns in the PUFA content of zooplankton that could be explained by taxonomy and trophic position. Cladocera enriched EPA and ARA relative to seston, and Copepoda primarily enriched DHA. In a whole-lake experiment, gentle fertilization of an oligotrophicated reservoir increased the seston P content and the biomass of high quality phytoplankton (Cryptophyceae, high EPA content). This was followed by increases in zooplankton and fish biomasses. An empirical model based on data from a literature survey predicted that food quantity is most important for zooplankton growth in oligotrophic lakes, and that food quality factors are more important in eutrophic lakes. Thus, zooplankton growth, and energy transfer efficiency in the food web, is predicted to be highest in mesotrophic lakes. The results predict that the strength and nature of food quantity and quality limitation of Daphnia growth varies with lake trophic state, and that some combination of food quantity and/or quality limitation should be expected in nearly all lakes.
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Efectos del fulereno C60 y cobre mediados por luz UV-VIS en Daphnia magna en condiciones de laboratorio

Vásquez Aquino, Diana Emperatriz January 2014 (has links)
En los últimos años ha surgido una nueva tecnología en el rango nanométrico denominado hoy en día Nanotecnología. Desde su descubrimiento, la producción y uso de nanomateriales se ha visto incrementado rápidamente. Uno de ellos es el Fulereno (C60), el cual es utilizado en diferentes campos de la ciencia y la tecnología como la medicina, cosmética, electricidad, entre otros. Esta nueva industria genera desechos de producción que tienen como destino final los ambientes acuáticos, del mismo modo los residuos del uso de productos que contienen nanomateriales como los son algunos detergentes, bloqueadores solares, desodorantes. Como es sabido los ambientes acuáticos son dinámicos y conformados por múltiples componentes. Sin embargo, no se han realizado suficientes evaluaciones de los posibles efectos de la exposición de dicho compuesto en el ambiente y por ende, en los organismos, más aún, la interacción del mismo con otros contaminantes de origen natural o artificial. El presente estudio fue realizado con el fin de evaluar la influencia de un nanocompuesto denominado Fulereno (C60) sobre un organismo acuático denominado Daphnia magna, mediado por dos factores adicionales: un metal (Cobre) y la luz ultravioleta en condiciones de laboratorio. Para ello, se obtuvieron “dafnias” que posteriormente fueron reproducidas considerando 16h luz/ 8h oscuridad y una alimentación en base a Nutrafiin basic (3g) suplementado con levadura (0.05g). Luego del cultivo, se sometió a los organismos juveniles de Daphnia magna, a diferentes tratamientos durante 48 hrs., luego de los cuales se evaluó lo siguiente: 1) DL50 y la EC50 en diferentes concentraciones de Fulereno (C60) y Cobre; 2) El grado de estrés oxidativo generado por una gradiente de concentraciones de Fulereno (C60) y Cobre; 3) Evaluar su comportamiento considerando la frecuencia de saltos por minuto ante la exposición a diferentes concentraciones y bajo la influencia de luz UV (pre y post); y, 4) Evaluar la producción de melaninas como respuesta a la exposición de Fulereno C60 y Cobre a diferentes concentraciones y bajo la influencia de luz UV (pre y post). Esto permitió estimar el riesgo ambiental del fulereno aunado a contaminantes clásicos como un metal (Cobre) y la luz UV, a fin de proponer posibles mecanismos de acción. Los resultados muestran que no hay diferencias estadísticamente significativas en cuanto a capacidad antioxidante entre un pre y post tratamiento con luz UV-Vis, sin embargo sí existen diferencias a nivel comportamental (frecuencia de saltos) y entre la cantidad de melaninas generadas entre ambos tratamientos considerando la mezcla de Fulereno C60 y Cobre, y la pre y post exposición a radiación UV. / In recent years there has emerged a new technology in the nanometer range today called Nanotechnology. Since its discovery, production and use of nanomaterials has been increased rapidly. One is the Fullerene (C60), which is used in different fields of science and technology such as medicine, cosmetics, electricity, among others. This new industry generates waste production are destined for aquatic environments, just as the use of waste products containing nanomaterials as are some detergents, sunscreens, deodorants. As is well known aquatic environments are dynamic and shaped by multiple components. However, there have been sufficient assessments of the potential effects of exposure to this compound in the environment and therefore, in organisms, even more, its interaction with other pollutants of natural or artificial origin. This study was conducted in order to evaluate the influence of a nanocomposite called Fullerene (C60) on a water body called Daphnia magna, mediated by two other factors: a metal (copper) and the ultraviolet light in the laboratory. To do this, “daphnia” which were subsequently reproduced considering 16h light / 8h dark and feeding based on basic Nutrafiin (3g) supplemented with yeast (0.05g) was obtained. After the culture was subjected to youth organizations Daphnia magna, to different treatments for 48 h, after which the following were evaluated: 1) LD50 and EC50 in different concentrations of Fullerene (C60) and Copper; 2) The degree of oxidative stress generated by a concentration gradient of fullerene (C60) and Copper; 3) Assess their behavior considering the frequency of jumps per minute when exposed to different concentrations and under the influence of UV light (pre and post); and 4) Evaluate the production of melanin in response to exposure of fullerene C60 and copper at different concentrations and under the influence of UV light (pre and post). This allowed us to estimate the environmental risk of fullerene contaminants coupled with classics like a metal (copper) and UV light in order to propose possible mechanisms of action. The results show no statistically significant differences in antioxidant capacity between before and after treatment with UV -Vis light, however there are differences at the behavioral level (frequency hopping) and between the amount of melanin generated between both treatments considering fullerene C60 mixture and Copper, and pre and post exposure to UV radiation. Keywords: Fullerene (C60), Copper, antioxidant capacity, frequency jumps, Melanin.

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