The presence of metaphorical language in Charles Darwin's On the Origin of Species has been the source of much debate, particularly in the interaction between Darwin's theory and the Christian faith. The metaphorical language used to describe "nature," "evolution," "natural theology," and "natural selection" is examined?within Christianity prior to Darwin, in Darwin's writing of the Origin, and in the responses of three Victorian Christian critics of science. "Natural selection" and "evolution" had metaphorical meanings prior to Darwin's use of these terms. "Nature" was a highly metaphysical concept, described by the metaphor of natural theology. "Evolution" was associated with epic understandings of human progress. The metaphor of natural theology was particularly important to the faith of Western Christians by the time of Darwin. In order to better understand the role of natural theology, the theories of metaphor developed by Kenneth Burke in "Four Master Tropes" and by George Lakoff and Mark Johnson in Metaphors We Live By are compared. This comparison results in the development of an expansion of Lakoff and Johnson's metaphor theory, a model termed experienced metaphor. This model is used to explain Victorian Christians' emotional adherence to natural theology. Many of the interpreters of Darwin's work, both secular and Christian, saw natural selection as a rival to natural theology. The works of three prominent Victorians who attempted to defend natural theology against the apparent onslaughts of science are evaluated for additional metaphorical language regarding nature and evolution. Philip Gosse, G. K. Chesterton, and Charles Spurgeon each produced counter-metaphors to defend natural theology?metaphors of awe/wonder and of sin/destruction. The rhetorical effects of these counter-metaphors promote the rejection of Darwin's theory of evolution. The counter-metaphors identified are still in circulation within the debate over Darwin and Christianity today. The presence of metaphor in this debate deserves greater attention, in order to understand how metaphor affects the thinking of both Christian and secular audiences regarding Darwinian evolution.

L'objectif de la mission spatiale Darwin de l'ESA est la détection directe, dans le domaine de l'infrarouge thermique, de planètes extra-solaires de type Terre autour d'étoiles proches et de rechercher des traces de vie dans l'atmosphère éventuelle via la spectroscopie.<br />L'un des points durs technologiques de réalisation de l'instrument est la maîtrise de l'interférométrie à frange noire, et en particulier la recombinaison de quatre ondes et l'introduction sur deux d'entre elles d'un déphasage de pi achromatique.<br />Ce manuscrit présente l'étude d'un système compact de recombinaison, répondant à ces deux exigences : la cascade de CIA.<br />Dans un premier temps, la contexte scientifique de la mission Darwin est décrit et l'état des lieux des avancées réalisées est dressé.<br />Dans un deuxième temps, le principe et l'étude de faisabilité de la cascade sont détaillés, comprenant l'analyse des contraintes que posent son application au mode coronographique de Darwin et l'établissement des spécifications instrumentales associées. L'apport d'un filtrage spatial des fronts d'onde est aussi étudié.<br />Dans un troisième temps, les technologies en développement, susceptibles d'apporter de nouvelles solutions aux obstacles technologiques rencontrés, et le projet GENIE, précurseur au sol de Darwin sont succinctement décrits.<br />Les spécifications instrumentales établies sont réalisables, à la vue des performances technologiques accessibles à ce jour. Au terme de l'étude, il apparaît donc que la cascade de CIA pourrait être une solution alternative au mode de recombinaison de la mission Darwin.

L'interférométrie annulante est une technique d'observation qui devrait permettre aux missions spatiales DARWIN (Agence Spatiale Eurpéeenne) ou TPF-I (NASA), de détecter et de caractériser spectralement l'atmosphère de planètes extra-solaires de type tellurique et de trouver d'éventuelles bio-signatures.<br /><br />Ce travail de thèse est une étude théorique et expérimentale de cette technique. Après une présentation du contexte astrophysique justifiant l'utilisation de tels instruments, ce manuscrit se focalise sur le problème de l'obtention expérimentale des niveaux d'extinction interférométrique requis pour la détection de planètes (10-5) ainsi que leur stabilisation (elle aussi indispensable à la détection de planètes).<br /><br />Un banc banc interférométrique : NULLTIMATE a été conçu pour la caractérisation expérimentale de déphaseurs achromatiques, l'un des composants optiques essentiels d'un interféromètre annulant. Cet interféromètre de laboratoire doit fonctionner dans la bande spectrale du futur instrument : 618 µm. Il a été conçu pour fonctionner à basse température. Il devrait permettre de caractériser quatre types de déphaseurs achromatiques différents, à la fois en mesurant des niveaux d'extinction élevés (de l'ordre de 10-5) et en mesurant le déphasage introduits par ces déphaseurs en fonction de la longueur d'onde. Ce banc pourra enfin être un bon laboratoire pour tester des techniques de stabilisation de l'extinction.

Dissertation--Marburg--Universität, 2003. / Bibliogr. p. 255-273.

Title from first page of PDF document. Includes bibliographical references (p. 43-45).

It is well known that American botanist Asa Gray's 1859 paper on the floristic similarities between Japan and the United States was among the earliest applications of Charles Darwin's evolutionary theory in plant geography. Commonly known as Gray's "disjunction thesis," Gray's diagnosis of that previously inexplicable pattern not only provoked his famous debate with Louis Agassiz but also secured his role as the foremost advocate of Darwin and Darwinism in the United States. Making use of previously unknown archival materials, this dissertation examines the making of Gray's disjunction thesis and its relation to his collecting networks. I first point out that, as far back as the 1840s, Gray had identified remarkable "analogies" between the flora of East Asia and that of North America. By analyzing Gray and his contemporaries' "free and liberal exchange of specimens," I argue that Gray at the time was convinced that "a particular plan" existed in nature, and he considered that the floristic similarities between Japan and eastern North America manifested this plan. In the 1850s, when Gray applied himself to enumerating collections brought back by professional collectors supported by the subscription system and appointed in governmental surveying expeditions, his view of nature was then replaced by one that regarded the flora as merely "a catalogue of species." I argue that it was by undertaking the manual labor of cataloging species and by charging subscription fees for catalogued species that Gray established his status as a metropolitan botanist and as the "mint" that produced species as a currency for transactions in botanical communities. Finally, I examine the Gray-Darwin correspondence in the 1850s and the expedition that brought Gray's collector to Japan. I argue that Gray's thesis cannot be considered Darwinian as historians of science have long understood the term, and that its conception was part of the United States' scientific imperialism in East Asia. In light of recent studies focusing on the history of field sciences, this dissertation urges that a close examination of a biogeographical discovery like Gray's thesis is impossible without considering the institutional, cultural, and material aspects that tie the closets of naturalists to the field destinations of collectors. / History of Science

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The series of papers in this dissertation are aimed at testing evolutionary hypotheses concerning the adaptive advantages of religious values or experiences, a gender difference in purpose in life and the evolutionary relationship between deception and self-deception. Explanations are argued for in terms of their consequences for evolutionary fitness contributing to individual survival within the human species. Darwin's theory of natural selection within the framework of evolutionary psychology provides the theoretical background for the study. In psychology as well as in other social sciences, Darwinian theories of natural and sexual selection have been undergoing a revival with a significant upsurge of an interest in evolutionary psychology as a unifying paradigm for the understanding of human functioning as a living organism, optimising its fitness to survive the exigencies of environmental and social selection pressures. The broad or covering hypothesis addressed is that religious values or experiences, purpose in life, deception and self-deception each involve a kind of consciousness or strategic cognitive process that has evolved through the operation of natural selection due to its importance and worth for the survival of the individual. The study is empirical, conducted by using the technique of secondary analysis on the data yielded by the World Values Survey collected in 43 countries in its second wave of 1990 to 1993 as well as on a South African dataset containing variables of interest to the second and third papers of this dissertation. National aggregate data has been obtained from the United Nations Development Reports for the corresponding years under study. Findings showed a significantly positive relationship between religious values and evolutionary fitness promoting factors derived by factor analysis; a significantly greater purpose in life in females as compared to males; and a significantly positive relationship between deception and self-deception. However, the relationship between deception and evolutionary fitness promoting factors, derived by factor analysis, was inconclusive. / Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of Natal, 1999.

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Charles Darwin has achieved both notoriety and fame for his evolutionary ideas encapsulated principally in The Origin of Species and The Descent of Man. Although credited for much originality in his writings, Darwin's legacy borrowed extensively from many who had propounded similar speculations centuries before him. His naturalistic argument for origin and species reveals both logical and theological problems with his thesis, and further unavoidable ramifications. The contention is that even Darwin himself could not, and did not, live by the ideas he boldly espoused. His ideas, if true, would destroy the very basis upon which his thesis depended. His evolutionary paradigm had to take for granted a world he could give no account for. Yet his antipathy of Biblical Christianity, and its God, inspired him to pursue his personal naturalistic agenda with little regard to the logical consequences. Modern evolutionary science may look back today with pride on its founder, Charles Darwin, yet the problems which were intrinsic to his thesis remain unanswered yet. / Thesis (M.Th. (Dogmatics))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.