Thesis (Doctoral)--Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 1982.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Bowling Green State University, 1987.

Esta dissertação, inserida em linha de pesquisa de \"História, Filosofia e Cultura no Ensino de Ciências\" trabalhou com a temática replicação de experimentos históricos. A pesquisa, caracterizada por uma abordagem inclusiva da História da Ciência no ensino de Biologia foi orientada pelos seguintes objetivos: 1) desenvolver o estudo de um episódio histórico, sobre experimentos de dispersão de sementes e seu papel na teoria evolutiva de Charles Darwin, descritos no seu livro A origem das espécies; 2) desenvolver um estudo empírico por meio da elaboração, validação, aplicação e avaliação de uma Sequência Didática; 3) promover a replicação dos experimentos de Darwin como uma ferramenta facilitadora da aprendizagem da teoria de evolução dos seres vivos; e 4) promover uma abordagem reflexiva de aspectos meta-científicos, particularmente do papel da imaginação e criatividade nas etapas de investigação. O estudo do episódio histórico gerou um material que pode servir de subsídio para o professor que sinta motivado a desenvolver trabalho semelhante em sala de aula, bem como para seus próprios estudantes. Foram produzidos materiais instrucionais e utilizaram-se diferentes estratégias didáticas para a Sequência Didática. O estudo empírico foi aplicado em duas turmas de 2º ano do Ensino Médio, de uma escola particular, na cidade de São Paulo, no primeiro semestre de 2012. Entre as contribuições e desafios dessa pesquisa para a área de ensino de Ciências e História da Biologia, destacam-se: evidências de que a abordagem histórica é motivadora e facilitadora da aprendizagem; a diversidade de atividades propostas foi citada como importante para a aprendizagem e motivar os alunos a pensar sobre o problema de Darwin e elaborarem hipóteses, mas ao mesmo tempo conduzi-los para que as discussões se encaminhassem para uma replicação, como Darwin fez. / This dissertation, inside the research line of \"History, Philosophy and Culture on Science Teaching\" is about the replication of historical experiments theme. The research, characterized by an inclusive approach of History of Science on the teaching of Biology was guided by the following objectives: 1) develop the study of a historical episode about seeds dispersion experiments and its role on Charles Darwin`s evolution theory, described in his book The origin of species; 2) develop an empirical study through elaboration, validation, application and evaluation of a Teaching Learning Sequence; 3) promote the replication of Darwin`s experiments as a facilitating tool on the learning of the theory of evolution of living beings e 4) promote a reflexive approach of metascientific aspects, particularly the role of imagination and creativity on the investigation stages. The study of the historical episode generated a material which could make the teacher feel motivated to develop a similar work in the classroom, as well as his own students. Instructive material was produced and different teaching strategies were used for the Teaching Learning Sequence. The empiric study was applied in two classes of High School, in the city of São Paulo, in the first semester of 2012. Between the contributions and challenges of this research for the teaching of Science and History of Biology, it`s foregrounded: evidence that the historical approach is a motivator and facilitator of learning; the importance of the diversity of activities proposed for learning and to motivate students to think about Darwin\'s problem and formulate hypotheses, but at the same time lead them so the discussions be guided for replication, as Darwin did.

Jusqu’à présent, les travaux sur la réception de la théorie darwinienne en France ont surtout porté sur le monde savant. Ils ont conclu à un échec de sa diffusion. En élargissant cette étude à la société dans son ensemble, on découvre qu’il s’agit, en réalité, d’un succès. Le rôle du débat public dans l’introduction du darwinisme en France fait l’objet d’une première partie. Les thèses darwiniennes suscitent d’autant plus la curiosité d’un large public, à Paris et en province, qu’elles paraissent suggérer des réponses à des questions qui sont dans l’air du temps. Une deuxième partie analyse les enjeux soulevés par le darwinisme dans la société, qui expliquent pour une bonne part son audience. Au-delà des réflexions sur l’évolution suscitées par Darwin dans la plupart des pays, le contexte politique et social entraîne des interprétations et des peurs spécifiquement françaises. Une troisième partie étudie les réticences du monde savant. Malgré l’engouement public pour le darwinisme, la science officielle reste à l’écart du débat. Finalement, il a fallu qu’un vaste débat public s’instaure et que le darwinisme devienne l’enjeu d’affrontements politiques pour que Darwin soit reconnu par les institutions académiques parisiennes. / Most works on the reception of Darwin’s theory in France have heretofore chiefly focused on the scientific community. They conclude that the theory failed to spread to the whole country. By widening the scope of this analysis to French society as a whole, we realise that, in fact, Darwin’s theory had successfully circulated in most social circles. In the first part of this study, we will analyse how the public debate contributed to introducing Darwinism in France. Darwinian theories were all the more appealing to the wider public, both in Paris and in the rest of the country, as they seemed to suggest answers to topical concerns. Then, we will study the issues raised by Darwinism in French society, and how these issues can account for Darwinism’s wide audience. In addition to the reflexions on evolution triggered by Darwin’s theory in most countries, the social and political context paved the way for specifically French interpretations and fears. The third part of this work deals with the scientific reluctance to adopt Darwin’s theory. We can therefore conclude that it is precisely the fact that Darwinism triggered a vast public debate, and became a central political issue, that allowed this theory to be acknowledged by Parisian academic institutions.

Dans le domaine de la biologie contemporaine, une attention grandissante est portée aux associations biologiques positives, telles que la symbiose, ce qui vient nuancer la perception traditionnellement « compétitive » de l’évolution. Parallèlement à l’engouement actuel que manifestent les chercheurs pour la coopération biologique, ce mémoire vise à pousser plus avant les recherches historiques concernant l’intégration de tels phénomènes dans l’œuvre de Charles Darwin. Plus spécifiquement, nous souhaitons examiner comment Darwin est parvenu à articuler l’aspect compétitif de l’évolution par sélection naturelle avec l’existence de phénomènes coopératifs. En ce sens, la première partie de ce mémoire aura pour objet le concept darwinien de compétition, et son lien théorique avec la sélection naturelle. La seconde partie concernera l’intégration de la coopération biologique à la théorie de l’évolution par sélection naturelle. Par ces deux moments, nous espérons montrer que Darwin parvient à concilier l’existence d’interactions compétitives et coopératives sans contredire les principes théoriques à la base de l’évolution. / In the field of contemporary biology, growing attention is being paid to positive biological associations, such as symbiosis, which seem to qualify the traditional view of evolution as a “competitive” process. In tandem with researchers’ current enthusiasm for biological cooperation, this thesis aims to extend historical research concerning the integration of such phenomena in the works of Charles Darwin. More precisely, we wish to examine how Darwin was able to articulate the competitive component of evolution by natural selection with the existence of cooperative phenomena. Thus, the first part of this thesis will deal with the concept of Darwinian competition and its theoretical link with natural selection. The second part will concern the integration of biological cooperation into the theory. By these two steps, we wish to show that Darwin manages to reconcile competitive interactions with the existence of cooperative associations, yet without contradicting the theoretical principles underlying the theory of evolution by natural selection.

Erasmus Darwin (1731-1802) apresentou suas ideias evolutivas principalmente no fim do século XVIII. No entanto, elas não foram consideradas na época. Seu neto, Charles Darwin (1809-1882), na 6ª edição do Origin of species as avaliou de modo negativo, comparando-as às concepções equivocadas de Lamarck. O objetivo desta dissertação é inicialmente, descrever as concepções de hereditariedade e evolução de Erasmus, considerando o contexto de sua época. Além disso, procura esclarecer se o tratamento recebido se deveu a uma proposta fraca ou se ela mereceria uma maior consideração. Esta dissertação contém uma Introdução e quatro capítulos. O Capítulo 1 discute a vida, trabalhos e contexto em que Erasmus apresentou suas ideias. O Capítulo 2 lida com as concepções de herança e evolução presentes em Zoonomia. O Capítulo 3 discute sobre as concepções de Erasmus sobre a transformação das espécies nas plantas. O Capítulo 4 compara as concepções evolutivas de Erasmus com as de Lamarck. O Capítulo 5 procura responder às perguntas colocadas no início desta pesquisa e apresenta algumas considerações finais sobre o assunto discutido. Esta pesquisa leva à conclusão de que a transmutação das espécies não era o principal interesse de Erasmus. Ele não ofereceu uma fundamentação empírica para suas ideias. Este fato, juntamente com a situação sócio-político-religiosa da época, muito provavelmente contribuiu para a recepção sofrida. Além disso, embora existam algumas semelhanças entre as propostas de Erasmus e Lamarck, existem também grandes diferenças tais como a abrangência da pesquisa, o espaço dedicado à discussão das ideias, a fundamentação oferecida, dentre outras. Erasmus não propôs uma teoria coerente lidando com desde a origem da vida até o aparecimento do homem como Lamarck. Ele somente apresentou algumas ideias a esse respeito em obras dedicadas a outros assuntos. / Erasmus Darwin (1731-1802) mainly presented his evolutionary views at the end of the 18th century. However, they were not considered carefully at that time. His grandson, Charles Darwin (1809-1882), in the 6th edition of Origin of species evaluated them in a negative way, comparing them to Lamarcks erroneous conceptions. The aim of this dissertation is firstly to describe Erasmus Darwins conceptions on heredity and evolution considering the context of his time. Besides that, it tries to elucidate the reception received by them was due to a weak proposal or whether they deserved greater consideration. This dissertation comprises an Introduction and five chapters. Chapter 1 discusses Erasmus Darwins life, work and the context in which he presented his ideas. Chapter 2 deals with the conceptions of inheritance and evolution which are present in Zoonomia. Chapter 3 discusses Erasmus view on the transmutation of species in plants. Chapter 4 compares Erasmuss evolutionary conceptions to Lamarcks ones. Chapter 5 tries to answer the questions proposed in the beginning of this research and presents some final remarks concerning the subject. This research leads to the conclusion that the transmutation of species was not the main Erasmus concern. He did not present any empirical foundation of his views related to the subject. This fact, together with the socio-political-religious situation, must have contributed to its reception. Besides that, although there were some similarities between Erasmuss and Lamarcks proposal there were also great differences such as the scope of the research, the space dedicated to its discussion, the foundation provided, among others. Erasmus did not provide a coherent theory of the transmutation of species dealing with since the origin of life to the rise of man, departing from a study of natural history such as Lamarck. In this respect, he only presented a few ideas in works dedicated to other subjects.

I uppsatsen jämförs William Paleys Natural Theology : or, evidence of the Existence and Attributes of the Deity, collected from the appearances of nature från 1802 med Michale J. Behes Darwin's black box : The biochemical challenge to evolution från 1996. Jämförelsen kontextualiseras med en skiss över evolutionsteorimotståndets historia under den mellanliggande perioden, som tillsammans med själva den vetenskapliga utvecklingen, antas förklara de skillnader i tilltal och val av argument som föreligger mellan de två verken. I fråga om grundläggande budskap, idéstruktur, syfte och religiositet befinns de två verken ligga varandra betydligt  närmare än vad som initialt kan tyckas vara fallet.

Erasmus Darwin (1731-1802) apresentou suas ideias evolutivas principalmente no fim do século XVIII. No entanto, elas não foram consideradas na época. Seu neto, Charles Darwin (1809-1882), na 6ª edição do Origin of species as avaliou de modo negativo, comparando-as às concepções equivocadas de Lamarck. O objetivo desta dissertação é inicialmente, descrever as concepções de hereditariedade e evolução de Erasmus, considerando o contexto de sua época. Além disso, procura esclarecer se o tratamento recebido se deveu a uma proposta fraca ou se ela mereceria uma maior consideração. Esta dissertação contém uma Introdução e quatro capítulos. O Capítulo 1 discute a vida, trabalhos e contexto em que Erasmus apresentou suas ideias. O Capítulo 2 lida com as concepções de herança e evolução presentes em Zoonomia. O Capítulo 3 discute sobre as concepções de Erasmus sobre a transformação das espécies nas plantas. O Capítulo 4 compara as concepções evolutivas de Erasmus com as de Lamarck. O Capítulo 5 procura responder às perguntas colocadas no início desta pesquisa e apresenta algumas considerações finais sobre o assunto discutido. Esta pesquisa leva à conclusão de que a transmutação das espécies não era o principal interesse de Erasmus. Ele não ofereceu uma fundamentação empírica para suas ideias. Este fato, juntamente com a situação sócio-político-religiosa da época, muito provavelmente contribuiu para a recepção sofrida. Além disso, embora existam algumas semelhanças entre as propostas de Erasmus e Lamarck, existem também grandes diferenças tais como a abrangência da pesquisa, o espaço dedicado à discussão das ideias, a fundamentação oferecida, dentre outras. Erasmus não propôs uma teoria coerente lidando com desde a origem da vida até o aparecimento do homem como Lamarck. Ele somente apresentou algumas ideias a esse respeito em obras dedicadas a outros assuntos. / Erasmus Darwin (1731-1802) mainly presented his evolutionary views at the end of the 18th century. However, they were not considered carefully at that time. His grandson, Charles Darwin (1809-1882), in the 6th edition of Origin of species evaluated them in a negative way, comparing them to Lamarcks erroneous conceptions. The aim of this dissertation is firstly to describe Erasmus Darwins conceptions on heredity and evolution considering the context of his time. Besides that, it tries to elucidate the reception received by them was due to a weak proposal or whether they deserved greater consideration. This dissertation comprises an Introduction and five chapters. Chapter 1 discusses Erasmus Darwins life, work and the context in which he presented his ideas. Chapter 2 deals with the conceptions of inheritance and evolution which are present in Zoonomia. Chapter 3 discusses Erasmus view on the transmutation of species in plants. Chapter 4 compares Erasmuss evolutionary conceptions to Lamarcks ones. Chapter 5 tries to answer the questions proposed in the beginning of this research and presents some final remarks concerning the subject. This research leads to the conclusion that the transmutation of species was not the main Erasmus concern. He did not present any empirical foundation of his views related to the subject. This fact, together with the socio-political-religious situation, must have contributed to its reception. Besides that, although there were some similarities between Erasmuss and Lamarcks proposal there were also great differences such as the scope of the research, the space dedicated to its discussion, the foundation provided, among others. Erasmus did not provide a coherent theory of the transmutation of species dealing with since the origin of life to the rise of man, departing from a study of natural history such as Lamarck. In this respect, he only presented a few ideas in works dedicated to other subjects.

Diese Arbeit liefert einen Beitrag zur mathematischen Untersuchung der Darwin-Howie-Whelan (DHW) Gleichungen. Sie werden üblicherweise zur Beschreibung und Simulation der Diffraktion schneller Elektronen in der Transmissionselektronenmikroskopie (TEM) verwendet. Sie bilden ein System aus Gleichungen für unendlich viele Enveloppenfunktionen, das aus der Schrödinger-Gleichung abgeleitet werden kann. Allerdings wird für Simulation von TEM Bildern nur ein endlicher Satz von Enveloppenfunktionen verwendet, was zu einem System von gewöhnlichen Differentialgleichungen in Richtung der Dicke der Probe führt. Bis jetzt gibt es keine systematische Analyse zur Genauigkeit dieser Näherungen in Abhängigkeit von der Auswahl der verwendeten endlichen Sätze von Enveloppenfunktionen. Diese Frage wird hier untersucht, indem die mathematische Struktur des Systems analysiert wird und Fehlerabschätzungen zur Bewertung der Genauigkeit spezieller Näherungen hergeleitet werden, wie der Zweistrahl-Approximation oder der sogennanten systematischen Reihe. Anschließend wird ein mathematisches Modell und eine Toolchain für die numerische Simulation von TEM-Bildern von Halbleiter-Quantenpunkten entwickelt. Es wird eine Simulationsstudie an Indium-Gallium-Arsenid-Quantenpunkten mit unterschiedlicher Geometrie durchgeführt und die resultierenden TEM Bilder werden mit experimentellen Bildern verglichen. Schließlich werden die in TEM Bildern beobachteten Symmetrien im Hinblick auf die DHW Gleichungen untersucht. Dazu werden mathematische Resultate formuliert und bewiesen, die zeigen dass die Intensitäten der Lösungen der DHW Gleichungen unter bestimmten Transformationen invariant sind. Durch die Kombination dieser Invarianten mit spezifischen Eigenschaften des Deformationsfeldes können dann die in TEM Bildern beobachteten Symmetrien erklärt werden. Die Ergebnisse werden anhand ausgewählter Beispiele aus dem Bereich der Halbleiter-Nanostrukturen wie Quantensichten und Quantenpunkte demonstriert. / In this thesis a mathematical study on the Darwin--Howie--Whelan (DHW) equations is provided. The equations are commonly used to describe and simulate the scattering of fast electrons in transmission electron microscopy (TEM). They are a system for infinitely many envelope functions, derived from the Schrödinger equation. However, for the simulation of images only a finite set of envelope functions is used, leading to a finite system of ordinary differential equations in the thickness direction of the specimen. Until now, there has been no systematic discussion about the accuracy of approximations depending on the choice of the finite sets used. This question is approached here by studying the mathematical structure of the system and providing error estimates to evaluate the accuracy of special approximations, like the two-beam and the systematic-row approximation. Then a mathematical model and a toolchain for the numerical simulation of TEM images of semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) is developed. A simulation study is performed on indium gallium arsenide QDs with different shapes and the resulting TEM images are compared to experimental ones. Finally, symmetries observed in TEM images are investigated with respect to the DHW equations. Then, mathematical proofs are given showing that the intensities of the solutions of the DHW equations are invariant under specific transformations. A combination of these invariances with specific properties of the strain profile can then explain symmetries observed in TEM images. The results are demonstrated by using selected examples in the field of semiconductor nanostructures, such as quantum wells and quantum dots.

This report describes the outcomes of a recent workshop, building on a series of workshops from the last three years with the goal if integrating genomics and biodiversity research, with a more specific goal here to express terms in Darwin Core and Audubon Core, where class constructs have been historically underspecified, into a Biological Collections Ontology (BCO) framework. For the purposes of this workshop, the BCO provided the context for fully defining classes as well as object and data properties, including domain and range information, for both the Darwin Core and Audubon Core. In addition, the workshop participants reviewed technical specifications and approaches for annotating instance data with BCO terms. Finally, we laid out proposed activities for the next 3 to 18 months to continue this work.