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Focusing on Darwinism, David Hull argues that the protean character of conceptual systems is explained by their nature as historical entities which evolve. If they evolve as biological species do, Hull argues, then they cannot have an "essence" — a set of tenets that all and only instances of the conceptual system has throughout all time. There are no tenets a scientific research program must retain to count as an instance of a particular program. I advance two considerations against this view. First, research programs require a critical cohesiveness among their tenets to inspire and guide research. Second, it is the function of such programs to guide the search for answers to families of questions in a particular domain in a particular spirit. These factors dictate that conceptual systems must retain certain key tenets. This re-emergence of a sort of essentialism does not bar the evolution of conceptual systems, provided we recognize that there are patterns of evolution other than the one Hull considers (anagenesis). It also implies that conceptual systems simply evolve differently than species do. I defend this position by illustrating two episodes of conceptual evolution: the dispute between William Bateson and the British biometricians over discontinuous evolution, and the formation of Neo-Lamarckism in 19th century America. / Master of Arts

Girls in rural areas face a number of challenges in their pursuit of basic education, empowerment and gender equality. This thesis explores the extent to which gender equality and empowerment of women have been achieved in education in ward 33 of Mt Darwin. At the centre is what Zimbabwean government and civil society organisations such as Campaign for female education (Camfed) have done to implement strategies addressing challenges affecting implementation and achievement of MDG 3. A multi-method research strategy, including focus group discussions, questionnaires administration and interviews, was used in the data collection process. The findings of the study show reciprocal linkage between education, empowerment and gender equality. Ward 33 requires integration in approach from assisting agencies and the general populace if Millennium Development Goal 3 is to be achieved. Results showed the multiple barriers girls face in the process of accessing education within the homes, along the way to school and within the school system itself. Camfed and government’s interventions have been pointed out to contributing to the achievement of MDG 3 in the ward. Women’s quest for equality is evident. Specific actions recommended after this research include the need for MOESAC to strategically post qualified teachers in rural areas, sensitization and empowerment programmes targeting men, civil society organisations and government ministries working with women to intensify advocacy, capacity building and leadership trainings for women. Overall recommendation is that there is need to implement MDG 3 beyond 2015 if rural women are to be integrated into the MDG 3 empowerment and gender equality agenda. / Development Studies / M. Admin. (Development Studies)

Girls in rural areas face a number of challenges in their pursuit of basic education, empowerment and gender equality. This thesis explores the extent to which gender equality and empowerment of women have been achieved in education in ward 33 of Mt Darwin. At the centre is what Zimbabwean government and civil society organisations such as Campaign for female education (Camfed) have done to implement strategies addressing challenges affecting implementation and achievement of MDG 3. A multi-method research strategy, including focus group discussions, questionnaires administration and interviews, was used in the data collection process. The findings of the study show reciprocal linkage between education, empowerment and gender equality. Ward 33 requires integration in approach from assisting agencies and the general populace if Millennium Development Goal 3 is to be achieved. Results showed the multiple barriers girls face in the process of accessing education within the homes, along the way to school and within the school system itself. Camfed and government’s interventions have been pointed out to contributing to the achievement of MDG 3 in the ward. Women’s quest for equality is evident. Specific actions recommended after this research include the need for MOESAC to strategically post qualified teachers in rural areas, sensitization and empowerment programmes targeting men, civil society organisations and government ministries working with women to intensify advocacy, capacity building and leadership trainings for women. Overall recommendation is that there is need to implement MDG 3 beyond 2015 if rural women are to be integrated into the MDG 3 empowerment and gender equality agenda. / Development Studies / M. Admin. (Development Studies)

Esta dissertação, inserida em linha de pesquisa de \"História, Filosofia e Cultura no Ensino de Ciências\" trabalhou com a temática replicação de experimentos históricos. A pesquisa, caracterizada por uma abordagem inclusiva da História da Ciência no ensino de Biologia foi orientada pelos seguintes objetivos: 1) desenvolver o estudo de um episódio histórico, sobre experimentos de dispersão de sementes e seu papel na teoria evolutiva de Charles Darwin, descritos no seu livro A origem das espécies; 2) desenvolver um estudo empírico por meio da elaboração, validação, aplicação e avaliação de uma Sequência Didática; 3) promover a replicação dos experimentos de Darwin como uma ferramenta facilitadora da aprendizagem da teoria de evolução dos seres vivos; e 4) promover uma abordagem reflexiva de aspectos meta-científicos, particularmente do papel da imaginação e criatividade nas etapas de investigação. O estudo do episódio histórico gerou um material que pode servir de subsídio para o professor que sinta motivado a desenvolver trabalho semelhante em sala de aula, bem como para seus próprios estudantes. Foram produzidos materiais instrucionais e utilizaram-se diferentes estratégias didáticas para a Sequência Didática. O estudo empírico foi aplicado em duas turmas de 2º ano do Ensino Médio, de uma escola particular, na cidade de São Paulo, no primeiro semestre de 2012. Entre as contribuições e desafios dessa pesquisa para a área de ensino de Ciências e História da Biologia, destacam-se: evidências de que a abordagem histórica é motivadora e facilitadora da aprendizagem; a diversidade de atividades propostas foi citada como importante para a aprendizagem e motivar os alunos a pensar sobre o problema de Darwin e elaborarem hipóteses, mas ao mesmo tempo conduzi-los para que as discussões se encaminhassem para uma replicação, como Darwin fez. / This dissertation, inside the research line of \"History, Philosophy and Culture on Science Teaching\" is about the replication of historical experiments theme. The research, characterized by an inclusive approach of History of Science on the teaching of Biology was guided by the following objectives: 1) develop the study of a historical episode about seeds dispersion experiments and its role on Charles Darwin`s evolution theory, described in his book The origin of species; 2) develop an empirical study through elaboration, validation, application and evaluation of a Teaching Learning Sequence; 3) promote the replication of Darwin`s experiments as a facilitating tool on the learning of the theory of evolution of living beings e 4) promote a reflexive approach of metascientific aspects, particularly the role of imagination and creativity on the investigation stages. The study of the historical episode generated a material which could make the teacher feel motivated to develop a similar work in the classroom, as well as his own students. Instructive material was produced and different teaching strategies were used for the Teaching Learning Sequence. The empiric study was applied in two classes of High School, in the city of São Paulo, in the first semester of 2012. Between the contributions and challenges of this research for the teaching of Science and History of Biology, it`s foregrounded: evidence that the historical approach is a motivator and facilitator of learning; the importance of the diversity of activities proposed for learning and to motivate students to think about Darwin\'s problem and formulate hypotheses, but at the same time lead them so the discussions be guided for replication, as Darwin did.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Melbourne, Dept. , 20. / Typescript (photocopy). Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (M. Sc.)--University of Canterbury, 2007. / Typescript (photocopy). Includes bibliographical references (p. 70-75). Also available via the World Wide Web.