This thesis is an interdisciplinary study that traces colloquial engagements with extinction in Victorian print culture (1859-1901). Extinction’s broad cultural life demonstrates the extent that scientific and cultural topics intricately entangled within Victorian print networks. Non-specialist Britons absorbed and transmitted evolutionary (particularly, Darwinian) knowledges within public discursive spaces instead of exclusively institutional settings. Class stratification did not bar non-specialists from absorbing and perpetuating cultural conversations about collapses, conservationism, and overconsumption. My project thus seeks to amend the critical discourse that assumes that Victorians passively accepted impending catastrophes or paid scant attention to extinction pressures. I recover multiple subjects formerly hidden in the vast Victorian archives: obscure non-specialists of the working and middle classes, obscurer animals cohabiting the Victorian’s everyday spaces, and the popular (and in some cases, underappreciated) literary texts demonstrating how Victorians circulated extinction discourses. Chapters One and Two explore the non-literary side of print culture, recovering widely disseminated but now largely unknown periodical artifacts (the domain of Punch, The Times, or Funny Folks). Chapter One focuses on cultural reactions to collapses of England’s domestic birds. Chapter Two traces the economized conservationism of the Brooke Brothers, popular game and meat traders. In both chapters, I determine how experienced evolutionary knowledges revealed the human-caused tenuousness of a trans-species milieu. Chapters Three and Four concentrate on scientific romances originally serialized in periodicals, including my key literary case studies, H.G. Wells’s The Time Machine (1895) and M.P. Shiel’s The Purple Cloud (1901). Musing on extinction led to a mindset that acknowledged entanglement with nonhuman others as an ethical imperative. However, some case studies demonstrate a profound ambivalence toward the human’s self-extinction, resulting in a complicated engagement with future forms that often re-privileges the human from within a radical ontology. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) / This study examines how Victorians absorbed and communicated ideas about extinction, especially as informed by evolutionary theory. Throughout Victorian newspapers, journals, and literature, extinction was adopted for disparate uses. A culturally, economically, and philosophically muddied topic, extinction provoked reconsiderations of the natural world and humankind’s place within it. I begin by examining advertisements, articles, and illustrations from popular newsprint and periodical sources that communicated fears about the extinction of common animals and concerns about controlling or maintaining bird and game populations in everyday Victorian life. When I turn my attention to my literary case studies, H.G. Wells’s The Time Machine and M.P. Shiel’s The Purple Cloud, I analyze the period’s preoccupation with the human’s future forms, looking at both posthuman evolutionary outcomes and the experience of becoming-nonhuman itself. Significantly, this project recovers underappreciated Victorians and texts, filling important gaps in Victorian periodical studies and animal studies.

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l’Université de Montréal / Alors que l'on assiste, depuis l'aube des années 1990, à un regain de popularité de la pensée de Charles Darwin dans l'étude de l'être humain, on constate que les deux principales écoles qui sont responsables de cette réhabilitation, la psychologie évolutionniste et le "darwinisme neuronal, défendent des thèses nettement incompatibles au sujet de la nature de la psyché humaine. L'esprit se compose-t-il exclusivement de modules ? Se développe-t-il sous l'emprise tyrannique des gènes ? Si tel est le cas, est-il possible de réduire la psychologie à la biologie évolutionniste ? À ces trois questions, la psychologie évolutionniste, qui découle historiquement de la sociobiologie, répond par l'affirmative, alors que le "darwinisme neuronal", développé par les neurologues Jean-Pierre Changeux et Gerald Edelman, répond par la négative. Après avoir exposé, à l'aide de la littérature philosophique des dernières années, les failles épistémologiques et ontologiques de la psychologie évolutionniste, le présent projet procède à une analyse philosophique du "darwinisme neuronal". Ce que ce second examen permet de suggérer, sans le démontrer hors de tout doute, c'est que l’esprit n'est pas massivement modulaire, que son développement est épigénétique, et par conséquent, que la psychologie préserve son autonomie épistémique par rapport à la biologie évolutionniste.

In Roman society, freed slaves were elevated to a citizen-like status, yet they never had the full rights of their free-born counterparts. Despite the inequality of the system, many freedmen appear to have found great success in the realm of business. This report endeavors to reveal why it was that this group prospered within the Roman economy using a pseudo-Darwinian perspective. Scholarship has, for the most part, tended to avoid Darwinian lines of thought in sociological studies but this report shows the power of this type of thinking. The first chapter clarifies the nature of slavery in the Roman world and the wide variety of experiences that slaves could have. Chapter two considers the different ways that slaves could be manumitted and how a freedman’s status could differ depending on the formality of his release from servitude. The third chapter examines the literary representations of freedmen in the genre of comedy and Petronius’ Satyricon. Chapter four turns to the archaeological evidence and provides a sense of how freedmen represented themselves to the wider community. Lastly, the fifth chapter, using a pseudo-Darwinian model, will show that the image of the successful freedman is not an anomaly of the archaeological record or a trope of Latin literature but an inevitable outcome of the intense selection that slaves underwent. / text

Ce travail est un condensé d'une dizaine d'années de recherches dont le dénominateur commun a été l'histoire des idées en Grande Bretagne au moment où la modernité s'éprouve dans le modèle de la société industrielle et où des tentatives se sont ébauchées pour sortir du relativisme et du matérialisme ambiants. Son objectif principal, outre la synthèse de mes travaux, a été de formaliser certaines recherches et de poursuivre une interrogation originale sur le sens de l'idéalisme britannique. J'ai distingué trois grandes parties dans ce document qui recouvrent peu ou prou une exposition chronologique de mes travaux; mais ces parties ont également été construites avec le souci de mettre en évidence mon intérêt pour l'idéalisme britannique et l'impact de l'élaboration des théories de la connaissance. Le fil conducteur en a été l'évolution de mes idées concernant la discipline de l'histoire des idées.

Name: Jitka Hanušová School: Faculty of Arts, Charles University in Prague, Department: Institute of Linguistics and Finno-Ugric Studies Title: Charles Darwin and darwinism in Finnish Literature Supervisor: Mgr. Jan Dlask, Ph.D. Number of pagess: 68 Nubmber of characters: 118 580 Keywords: Charles Darwin, darwinism, social darwinism, Finnish Literature, race, heredity, social class This diploma deals with evolutionary theories of Charles Darwin and examines its arrival to Finland, its spreading there and mentions the first references in the Finnish periodicals, public and especially in literature during 1860-1920. The topic is viewed through a cultural-historical context which consists of influences of evolutionary theories, social darwinism, racial theories, heredity research, or distinctions between social classes. The special emphasis is placed on reflections of the main aspects of this context in the Finnish literature, mainly in the works of Minna Canth, T. Pakkala, L. Onerva, Toivo Tarvas and Maila Talvio.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T14:16:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Sonia Bonduki.pdf: 1368571 bytes, checksum: 5c8014cd2991770ffe635484dc07c3a1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-11-04 / Erasmus Darwin (1731-1803) was a doctor, botanist, philosopher, inventor and poet. A closer look into his life and work unveils an active 18th-century English man of science, who had a significant role in the foundation of learned societies, such as Birmingham s Lunar Society. Mostly known in the present time as Charles Darwin and Francis Galton s grandfather, he was eventually attributed some anticipations of the former s ideas on evolution. However, Zoonomia was written to introduce the foundations of medical theory and practice to colleagues. According to Darwin, the laws of organic life corresponded to the operation of the faculties of the principle of motions, which he named as spirit of animation. Having resource to some of the ideas most prevalent in his time, he listed such faculties as being four: irritation, sensitivity, sensitivity, volition, and association. Consistently, in his nosology, Darwin applied Carl von Linné´s botanical taxonomy to those faculties to formulate a rational classification of disease, which could also serve as a therapeutic guide / Erasmus Darwin (1731-1803) foi médico, botânico, filósofo, inventor e poeta. Ao se estudar mais profundamente sua vida e sua obra, encontra-se um ativo homem de ciência na Inglaterra do século XVIII, tendo, inclusive, participado da fundação de sociedades de estudiosos, tais como a Lunar Society de Birmingham. Atualmente mais conhecido por ter sido o avô de Charles Darwin e Francis Galton, chegou-se, inclusive, a se atribuir a ele uma antecipação das ideias evolucionistas do primeiro. No entanto, Zoonomia é uma obra destinada a apresentar os fundamentos da teoria e da prática da medicina aos seus colegas. De acordo com Darwin, as leis da vida orgânica se resumem à operação das faculdades do princípio de movimento, que chama de espírito de animação e, com base nas ideias prevalentes na época, reduz à irritação, à sensação, à vontade e à associação. Na sua nosologia, aplica a taxonomia botânica de Carl Von Linné a essas faculdades, de modo a apresentar uma classificação racional das doenças que, ao mesmo tempo, serve como base à terapêutica

<p>När Darwin lade fram sin teori 1859 mötte den mycket motstånd. Han hade vänt upp och ned på den tidigare uppfattningen om att människan hade skapats, liksom hela universum. Det naturliga urvalet, som var den främsta förklaringen till människans och djurens ursprung, försökte bortförklaras. På samma sätt har Darwinanhängare förkastat tanken om att Gud skulle ha skapat allt. Det naturliga urvalet lämnar helt enkelt ingen plats åt en skapande kraft – den behövs inte eftersom naturen klarar det själv om den bara får några försök på sig och tillräckligt lång tid.</p><p>Finns det då någon möjlighet för dessa två att samexistera? I detta arbete har de båda jämförts och olika forskares resultat har tagits i beaktande för att slutligen komma fram till ett svar. Eftersom det finns en viss förkunskap hos oss alla har den hermeneutiska metoden använts. Genom att läsa annan litteratur har stegvis ny kunskap kommit fram och byggts på, för att slutligen få en insikt i ämnet och därifrån kunna dra slutsatsen.</p><p>De bådas samexistens är fullt möjlig. Vetenskapen kan inte förklara allt och fram till den dag då de kan bevisa att Gud, eller den skapande kraften inte finns så finns det plats för båda. Det ena behöver inte utesluta det andra. Vill en darwinist tro på Gud så är det fullt möjligt. Likaså gäller om en kristen vill acceptera de naturvetenskapliga förklaringarna till människans härstamning. Vetenskapen förklarar det vi har i vår empiriska upplevelsevärld och kristendomen förklarar det bortom - det transcendenta.</p> / Uppsatsförfattaren har senare bytt efternamn till Nordström.

Richard Rorty found Friedrich Nietzsche’s critique of epistemology (perspectivism) to be a helpful tool in getting us to stop thinking of knowledge as something we find, and instead as something that we create. He also found perspectivism to be a helpful tool in that of the private sphere, of private self-creation. The Nietzsche that provides perspectivism is “The Good Nietzsche”. Rorty, however, conceived of Nietzsche’s ideas as being absolutely useless when it comes to politics, along with his ideas regarding morality, the Will to Power, and the Übermensch. These are the ideas of “The Bad Nietzsche”. Rorty’s actual usage of Nietzsche’s ideas, however, defies such easy, self-defined categorization, because these ideas extend outside of their spheres into the realm of politics in Rorty’s own writings. Most traditional analyses of the relationship between Nietzsche and Rorty as it regards politics tend to focus on Nietzsche. By focusing on Rorty’s appropriation of Nietzsche, through looking at his extensive writings and interviews, a more subtle, and complex relationship between Nietzsche’s various ideas and Rorty’s politics is seen to exist.

När Darwin lade fram sin teori 1859 mötte den mycket motstånd. Han hade vänt upp och ned på den tidigare uppfattningen om att människan hade skapats, liksom hela universum. Det naturliga urvalet, som var den främsta förklaringen till människans och djurens ursprung, försökte bortförklaras. På samma sätt har Darwinanhängare förkastat tanken om att Gud skulle ha skapat allt. Det naturliga urvalet lämnar helt enkelt ingen plats åt en skapande kraft – den behövs inte eftersom naturen klarar det själv om den bara får några försök på sig och tillräckligt lång tid. Finns det då någon möjlighet för dessa två att samexistera? I detta arbete har de båda jämförts och olika forskares resultat har tagits i beaktande för att slutligen komma fram till ett svar. Eftersom det finns en viss förkunskap hos oss alla har den hermeneutiska metoden använts. Genom att läsa annan litteratur har stegvis ny kunskap kommit fram och byggts på, för att slutligen få en insikt i ämnet och därifrån kunna dra slutsatsen. De bådas samexistens är fullt möjlig. Vetenskapen kan inte förklara allt och fram till den dag då de kan bevisa att Gud, eller den skapande kraften inte finns så finns det plats för båda. Det ena behöver inte utesluta det andra. Vill en darwinist tro på Gud så är det fullt möjligt. Likaså gäller om en kristen vill acceptera de naturvetenskapliga förklaringarna till människans härstamning. Vetenskapen förklarar det vi har i vår empiriska upplevelsevärld och kristendomen förklarar det bortom - det transcendenta. / Uppsatsförfattaren har senare bytt efternamn till Nordström.

The southern Patagonian Andes record the Late Cretaceous closure and inversion of the Late Jurassic – Early Cretaceous Rocas Verdes marginal basin, subsequent development of the Patagonian retroarc fold-thrust belt and the Neogene to present tectonic superposition of a left-lateral strike-slip plate margin defined by the Magallanes- Fagnano fault zone. In this dissertation, I present new geologic maps, cross sections and detailed macro- and microscopic structural analyses that describe the geometry and kinematic evolution of the fold-thrust belt and superposed strike-slip deformation over ~200 km along-strike between 53° and 55° S latitude. Results are discussed in the context of the regional tectonic development of the southernmost Andes and are relevant to the understanding of important tectonic processes including the development of a retroarc fold-thrust belt, the formation of a basal décollement below and toward the hinterland of a fold-thrust belt and the spatial distribution of deformation along a strike-slip plate margin. New maps and balanced cross-sections of the Patagonian fold-thrust belt show that it developed during two main phases of Late Cretaceous to Paleogene shortening that were partly controlled by the antecedent geology and mechanical stratigraphy of the Rocas Verdes basin. During the Late Cretaceous, a thin-skinned thrust belt developed above a décollement that formed first in relatively weak shale deposits of the Rocas Verdes basin and later deepened to <1 km below the basement-cover contact. Ramps that cut mechanically rigid volcanic rocks of the marginal basin link the two décollements. Basement-involved reverse faults that cut the early décollements and probably reactivate Jurassic normal faults reflect Paleogene shortening. Shortening estimates increase northwest to southeast from 26 to 37% over 100 km along-strike and are consistent with regional models of the fold-thrust belt. Structural data, kinematic analyses, and microstructural observations from the lower décollement show that it is defined by transposition of several generations of northeast-vergent noncylindrical folds, shear bands, and a quartz stretching lineation that are kinematically compatible with first-generation structures of the fold-thrust belt. Quartz microstructural data from the décollement are consistent with deformation temperatures that decrease from ~500-650° C to ~400-550° C over ~75 km in the transport direction, indicating that the décollement dipped shallowly (~6°) toward the hinterland. The décollement decoupled the underthrust continental margin from the fold- thrust belt and exemplifies the kinematic relationship between shortening that occurs coevally in a retroarc fold thrust-belt and its polydeformed metamorphic ‘basement’. Fault kinematic data and crosscutting relationships show kinematic and temporal relationships between populations of thrust, strike-slip and normal faults that occur in the study area. Thrust faults form an internally compatible population that shows subhorizontal northeast-trending shortening of the fold-thrust belt and is kinematically distinct from populations of normal and strike-slip faults. Both strike-slip and normal faults crosscut the fold-thrust belt, are localized near segments of the Magallanes- Fagnano fault zone, have mutually compatible kinematic axes and are interpreted to be coeval. Strike-slip faults form Riedel and P-shear geometries that are compatible with left-lateral slip on the Magallanes-Fagnano fault-zone. Strike-slip and normal faults occur in a releasing step-over between two overlapping left-lateral, left-stepping segments of the Magallanes fault zone and record a tectonic event defined by sinistral transtension that probably reflects changing plate dynamics associated with the opening of the Drake Passage during the Early Miocene. / text