Orientador : Roberto de Andrade Martins / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-17T09:00:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Castaneda_LuziaAurelia_D.pdf: 14078463 bytes, checksum: 7b7fd486cc155059230365ab03a9798a (MD5) Previous issue date: 1992 / Doutorado / Genetica e Evolução / Doutor em Ciências Biológicas

A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Arts, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy / This thesis focuses on a selection of biographical treatments of Charles Darwin dating from 1887 to 1991, and through these explores certain shifts in the purposes and assumptions of biography since the Victorian period. An introductory discussion of problematic features in standard histories of biography is followed by an overview of the biographical material that surrounds Darwin. Four works are then analysed in detail. These are: The Life and Letters of Charles Darwin edited by his son Francis Darwin. (1887); Charles Darwin: The fragmentary man by Geoffrey West (1937); Darwin and the Beagle by Alan Moorehead (1969); and Darwin by Adrian Desmond and James Moore (1991). The disparities between these works - disparities in purpose, form, and the image of Darwin that each presents - are so great that one must question whether biography is a continuous, evolving family of texts. Is it not, rather, a conglomeration of approaches to life-writing - approaches which critics have grouped into a single genre much as the ancients grouped whales with fishes, on the basis that "because certain of their structural features are analogous, they must be generically-related"? The findings of this thesis do not supply a comprehensive answer, but affirm that we need to re-evaluate concepts like "the evolution of biography". In an appendix I analyse The Life of Richard Owen by R.S. Owen (1894) and thereby reconsider certain of my conclusions about Victorian biography. (Owen was the most eminent naturalist of the era and is often supposed to have been Darwin's greatest rival, hence my choice of this particular work.) / AC 2018

Orientador: Milton Jose de Almeida / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Educação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-23T07:14:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Camargo_LilianaGuimaraesPompeude_M.pdf: 5715692 bytes, checksum: 96ccd244b7109b2e40a9c4331cecb7e1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 1997 / Resumo: O estudo das idéias e valores acerca do mundo natural nos faz ver que a relação do homem com a natureza assume diversas formas, dependendo dos interesses da sociedade da época. Atualmente, com a contribuição da enorme divulgação e circulação das questões ecológicas, tudo o que se relaciona à natureza é considerado bom e verdadeiro e ruim quando o homem a degrada. Imagens ligadas à natureza atribuem idéias de verdade e confiabilidade a valores sociais. Assim, a produção dos vídeos, devido ao aprimoramento do desenvolvimento tecnológico, toma-se cada vez melhor e mais elaborada no sentido de transmitir imagens/sons cada vez mais carregadas de realismo. Esse realismo aliado à linguagem exageradamente antropomórfica das fitas de vídeo sobre comportamento animal nos dá a idéia/imagem de que os animais são dotados de ações e sentimentos morais. E os animais, pertencendo ao mundo natural. fazem com que essas ações e sentimentos sejam considerados verdadeiros e, portanto, aceitos / Abstract: The study of ideas and values about the natural world makes us perceive that the relationship between man and nature assumes a variety of forms,depending on the interests of society at that time. At the moment / Mestrado / Ciencias Sociais Aplicadas à Educação / Mestre em Educação

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Tecnologia, Departamento de Engenharia Mecânica, 2016. / Submitted by Marianna Gomes (mariannasouza@bce.unb.br) on 2016-12-13T18:55:29Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2016_LuizHenriqueMoraisAguiar.pdf: 16115783 bytes, checksum: ad7604ccf3f5d5bec7110b8b1cf614ef (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Raquel Viana(raquelviana@bce.unb.br) on 2017-02-09T21:17:48Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2016_LuizHenriqueMoraisAguiar.pdf: 16115783 bytes, checksum: ad7604ccf3f5d5bec7110b8b1cf614ef (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-09T21:17:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2016_LuizHenriqueMoraisAguiar.pdf: 16115783 bytes, checksum: ad7604ccf3f5d5bec7110b8b1cf614ef (MD5) / O presente trabalho propõe um modelo evolucionário para simulação da evolução da camuflagem em seres vivos virtuais na presença de seus predadores. Neste modelo contém gerente, ambiente, presas, predadores, recursos para as presas, recursos para os predadores e recursos compartilhados. Foram definidos seus atributos e comportamentos básicos incluindo as relações entre eles. A partir do modelo geral, duas aplicações específicas foram propostas: (a) o caso particular dos lebistes (Poecilia reticulata) estudado por John A. Endler. Os predadores se alimentam dos lebistes que, por sua vez, se alimentam de outros recursos. Os três elementos do modelo (predador, lebiste e os recursos dos lebistes) estão inseridos no ambiente; e (b) um cenário fictício que simula um ambiente com espécies terrestres de presas e predadores, onde as presas representam uma espécie herbívora que possue plantas como recurso alimentar ao mesmo tempo que são recursos alimentares dos predadores. Além disso, há lagos que representam recursos compartilhados por ambas as espécies. Os atributos e comportamentos dos organismos simulados foram modelados a partir de pesquisa por observação. Um software computacional de simulação foi desenvolvido com base no modelo proposto com a finalidade de validá-lo. Os resultados obtidos a partir de simulações utilizando o software mostram que o modelo proposto atinge um nível satisfatório em relação ao trabalho biológico utilizado como referência. A ferramenta de simulação pode principalmente ser utilizada por pesquisadores que precisam trabalhar com diversas variáveis para compreensão de modelos complexos de interação entre presas e predadores, podendo auxiliar na tomada de decisão sobre problemas de conservação de espécies além de possuir um carácter didático, podendo ser utilizado para demonstrar e estudar o processo de evolução dos seres vivos pela seleção natural. / This paper proposes an evolutionary model for simulation of the evolution of camouflage in virtual living beings in presence of predators. In this model contains a manager, an environment, preys, predators, resources for preys, resources for predators and shared resources. Their basics attributes and behaviors were defined beyond the relations among them. From the general model, two specific applications have been proposed: (a) the particular case of guppies (Poecilia reticulata) studied by John A. Endler. The predators feed of guppies and they feed of other resources. The three elements of model (predator, guppy and resource of guppy) are inserted in the environment; and (b) a fictitious scenario that simulates an environment with terrestrial species of preys and predators, which preys represent an herbivorous specie that take plants as food resources and are food resources for predators. Furthermore, there are lakes that represent shared resources for both species. The simulated organism' attributes and behaviors were modeled from researches through observation. A computational software was developed based on proposed model in order to validate it. The results obtained by simulations using the software show that the proposed model reaches a satisfactory level in relation to the biological work used as reference. The simulation tool can mainly be used by researchers who need to work with several variables for understanding of complex interaction models between preys and predators to assist in decision-making on species conservation issues and it has a didactic character and can be used to demonstrate and study the process of evolution of living beings by natural selection as well.

Thesis (DPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2012. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In this dissertation I enquire into the status, scope and limits of human knowledge, given the fact that our perceptual and cognitive faculties are the product of evolution by natural selection. I argue that the commonsense representations these faculties provide us with yield a particular, species-specific scope on the world that does not ‘correspond’ in any straightforward way to the external world. We are, however, not bound by these commonsense representations. This particular, species-specific view of the world can be transgressed. Nevertheless, our transgressing representations remain confined to the conceptual space defined by the combinatorial possibilities of the various representational tools we possess. Furthermore, the way in which we fit representations to the external world is by means of our biologically determined epistemic orientation. Based on the fact that we are endowed with a particular set of perceptual and cognitive resources and are guided by a particular epistemic orientation, I conclude that we have a particular cognitive relation to the world. Therefore, an accurate representation for us is a particular fit (our epistemic orientation) with particular means (our perceptual and cognitive resources). / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie tesis handel oor die aard, omvang en limiete van kennis, gegewe dat ons perseptuele en kognitiewe vermoëns die resultaat van evolusie deur middel van natuurlike seleksie is. Eerstens, word daar geargumenteer dat die algemene voorstellings wat hierdie vermoëns aan ons bied ‘n partikuliere, spesie-spesifieke siening van die wêreld aan ons gee, wat nie op ‘n eenvoudige manier korrespondeer aan die werklikheid nie. Ons is egter nie gebonde aan hierdie voorstellings nie. Hierdie partikuliere, spesie-spesifieke siening van die wêreld kan oorskry word. Ons is egter wel beperk tot die konseptuele ruimte wat gedefinieër word deur die kombinatoriese moontlikhede van die voorstellingsmiddele tot ons beskikking. Verder word die manier waarop ons hierdie voorstellings aan die wêreld laat pas deur ons biologies gedetermineerde epistemiese oriëntasie bepaal. Dus, gegewe dat ons ‘n spesifieke stel perseptuele en kognitiewe vermoëns het en deur ‘n spesifieke kognitiewe epistemiese oriëntasie gelei word, staan ons in ‘n spesifieke kognitiewe verhouding tot die wêreld. ‘n Akkurate voorstelling (m.a.w. kennis vir ons) is om spesifieke vermoëns (perseptuele en kognitiewe vermoëns) op ‘n spesifieke manier (epsitemiese oriëntasie) aan die wêreld te laat pas.

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The series of papers in this dissertation are aimed at testing evolutionary hypotheses concerning the adaptive advantages of religious values or experiences, a gender difference in purpose in life and the evolutionary relationship between deception and self-deception. Explanations are argued for in terms of their consequences for evolutionary fitness contributing to individual survival within the human species. Darwin's theory of natural selection within the framework of evolutionary psychology provides the theoretical background for the study. In psychology as well as in other social sciences, Darwinian theories of natural and sexual selection have been undergoing a revival with a significant upsurge of an interest in evolutionary psychology as a unifying paradigm for the understanding of human functioning as a living organism, optimising its fitness to survive the exigencies of environmental and social selection pressures. The broad or covering hypothesis addressed is that religious values or experiences, purpose in life, deception and self-deception each involve a kind of consciousness or strategic cognitive process that has evolved through the operation of natural selection due to its importance and worth for the survival of the individual. The study is empirical, conducted by using the technique of secondary analysis on the data yielded by the World Values Survey collected in 43 countries in its second wave of 1990 to 1993 as well as on a South African dataset containing variables of interest to the second and third papers of this dissertation. National aggregate data has been obtained from the United Nations Development Reports for the corresponding years under study. Findings showed a significantly positive relationship between religious values and evolutionary fitness promoting factors derived by factor analysis; a significantly greater purpose in life in females as compared to males; and a significantly positive relationship between deception and self-deception. However, the relationship between deception and evolutionary fitness promoting factors, derived by factor analysis, was inconclusive. / Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of Natal, 1999.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:12:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 3194.pdf: 1092027 bytes, checksum: b9e4747baa254d43d40a9db814e269e4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-04-14 / Anxiety has been a well-studied subject for centuries. Nevertheless, as a circumscribed pathology, anxiety only appears in medical reports at the end of the 19th century, with the works of Sigmund Freud. From clinical observations, Freud detached Angstneurose ( anxiety neurosis ) from neurasthenia, also separating chronic anxiety from anxiety attacks. Although psychoanalytic classifications of anxiety were well-accepted until the mid 1900 s, in the following decades different factors contributed to re-orientate Psychiatry, particularly towards Biology. One important factor was the development of Psychopharmacology. With the so-called psychopharmacological revolution , which began in the 1960 s, the modern descriptive and operational - classifications of mental disorders appeared. The DSM-III (Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, in its third version), published in 1980, inaugurates a new relationship between Psychiatry and Psychopathology, although its conception of mental disorder is not a very clear one. The birth of panic disorder as a nosological category is particularly related to this change in perspective, since it takes place from the pharmacological observation of the therapeutic effects of a new drug, imipramine. In this sense, the purpose of the present study is to investigate the concepts of anxiety adopted in Psychiatry, particularly from the second half of the 19th century until the development of the DSM-IV. At first, the present study will focus on the development of Angstneurose as a clinical entity, by Freud. For that, a brief examination of the clinical terms adopted to designate anxiety states before Freud s time will be performed. Also, the transformations of the Freudian ideas concerning anxiety will be discussed, from a conceptual and diagnostic stand point. In a second moment, the historical evolution of what the diagnostic manuals for mental disorders call anxiety disorders will be investigated, emphasizing the reorganization that these new classification systems bring to the understanding of the concept of anxiety. An attempt to establish a parallel between these new nosological entities and the Freudian categories will be performed. At last, possible points of intersection between Psychiatry and Psychoanalysis, which might contribute to a better understanding of mental phenomena, will be discussed, on the basis of Freud s incursions into Biology. / A ansiedade tem sido objeto de interesse do pensamento ocidental há séculos. Entretanto, enquanto quadros patológicos, os chamados estados ansiosos apenas adquiriram proeminência na Psiquiatria, a partir dos trabalhos de Sigmund Freud, no final do século XIX. Ao estudar a ansiedade clínica, Freud separou a Angstneurose ( neurose de ansiedade ou neurose de angústia ) da neurastenia, e a ansiedade crônica, dos ataques de ansiedade. Embora as classificações clínicas propostas pela Psicanálise tenham sido relativamente bem aceitas no meio psiquiátrico até a primeira metade do século XX, nas décadas que se seguiram, alguns fatores contribuíram para reorientar o curso da Psiquiatria, em especial em direção à Biologia; dentre estes se destacam os avanços na área da psicofarmacologia. Com a chamada revolução psicofarmacológica, que tem seu início a partir da década de 60, constata-se o surgimento das abordagens nosográficas operacionais , em Psiquiatria, que permanecem até os nossos dias. Surgem, a partir daí, sistemas classificatórios padronizados como o DSM-III ( Diagnostic Statiscal Manual of Mental Disorders , em sua terceira versão), que irão inaugurar uma nova era de relações entre a Psiquiatria e a Psicopatologia, muito embora os modelos explicativos imanentes a estes sistemas nem sempre se encontrem explícitos. O nascimento do transtorno do pânico enquanto categoria nosográfica está intimamente ligado a esta mudança de perspectiva, tendo em vista que se dá a partir da observação dos efeitos terapêuticos de uma droga, a imipramina, sobre alguns dos sintomas do quadro clínico. Nesse sentido, o objetivo geral do presente trabalho será examinar criticamente alguns dos conceitos de ansiedade vigentes na Psiquiatria, em particular a partir da segunda metade do século XIX até a criação do DSM-IV, dando ênfase aos possíveis modelos teóricos encontrados, subjacentes às diferentes concepções. Em uma primeira etapa, o trabalho focalizará essencialmente o momento histórico fundamental da construção do diagnóstico de Angstneurose por Sigmund Freud. Para tanto, será traçado um breve histórico dos termos clínicos utilizados até a época de Freud e que de alguma maneira influenciaram o surgimento desta nova entidade nosológica. Serão discutidas também questões relativas às transformações sofridas pelo conceito freudiano de ansiedade, tanto segundo um critério diagnóstico quanto conceitual, a partir de uma análise dos principais textos de Freud sobre o tema. Em um segundo momento do trabalho, será dada atenção especial ao estudo da evolução histórica daquilo que os manuais de diagnóstico psiquiátrico têm chamado de transtornos de ansiedade , enfatizando a reorganização que estes novos sistemas classificatórios impuseram à compreensão dos fenômenos ansiosos. Um paralelo será também traçado entre as proposições iniciais de Freud e as novas entidades nosológicas, encontradas nos manuais de diagnóstico em Psiquiatria. Finalmente, serão discutidos possíveis pontos de interseção tendo por base a relação de Freud com a Biologia - entre as duas disciplinas hoje entendidas por alguns como tão diversas, Psicanálise e Psiquiatria, pontos que possam contribuir para uma compreensão mais ampla dos fenômenos mentais.

Visamos, com esta dissertação, a mergulhar no universo particular de adolescentes do Ensino Médio e de jovens universitários, vislumbrando o diálogo e a aproximação sistemática deles com a Igreja e desta com o público adolescente e juvenil, que está desencantado com o sagrado institucional e, portanto, vivencia uma crise religiosa. Propomos, sobretudo, maior conhecimento dos fatores desencadeadores dessa crise ante o sagrado e indicamos pistas para nova espiritualidade juvenil sob a mística de Paula Frassinetti. Os tratados sobre a adolescência e a juventude, em geral, relatam e caracterizam essa passagem para a maturidade como algo muito rico e importante na configuração da identidade psicorreligiosa adolescente e juvenil, mormente quando se trata da crise juvenil ante o sagrado institucional. Os resultados parciais, obtidos ao longo do trabalho com os adolescentes (Colégio São José e CECOSNE), jovens universitários (FAFIRE) e por meio de pesquisa de campo, são tentativas de aproximação a tal público, a fim de despertar neles experiências psicorreligiosas e espirituais condizentes com essa fase da vida. A pesquisa de campo mostrou, por um lado, uma juventude confusa em alguns pontos relacionados à espiritualidade e à pertença religiosa; por outro lado, vivência espiritual única, bem ao modo dos jovens, experiência marcada por desejos, afetos, alegria, solidariedade, negação a tudo que se relacione a dogma, regras e ritos sem sentidos em suas vidas em constante transformação. A passagem da espiritualidade adolescente e juvenil heterônoma para mais autônoma está bem caracterizada na pesquisa de campo. Está bem acentuada a crise mais adolescente que juvenil ante o sagrado institucional, no entanto, não há a perda do essencial da espiritualidade juvenil, mais centrada no Outro (Deus) que na instituição religiosa. Enfim, com este trabalho, pretendemos contribuir metodologicamente, com técnicas e recursos utilizáveis para reencantar no sagrado ao universo juvenil, proporcionando-lhe o protagonismo de nova espiritualidade segundo Santa Paula Frassinetti / This dissertation attempts to be a deep look at the particular universe of the adolescents from secondary schools and young university students, catching a glimpse in a dialogue and systematic approach with themselves and the church, and the church with the adolescents and juvenile people disenchanted with the institutional sacred and, therefore, living a religious crisis. Our proposal is, above all, to provide a broad knowledge of the factors which unleashing factors of this crisis in the presence of the sacred and the identification of clues to one new juvenile spirituality, in the mystic of Paula Frassinetti. The studies about adolescence and the youth in general, report and characterize this crossing to the maturity as something very important in the formation of the adolescent and juvenile psycho-religious identities mainly when we treat of the juvenile crisis in the presence of the institutional sacred. The partial results, acquired along the work with adolescents (São José School, CECOSNE) and the university students (FAFIRE) and through the field investigation, are attempts of an approach with this public, making them aware of psycho-religious and spiritual experiences present in this phase of life. The research showed, on one hand, a confusing youth in some points related to the spirituality and religious presence. On the other hand, we could observe a unique spiritual experience in the way the young people think; this experience lived by wishes, affection, happiness, sympathy, and the avoidance of everything which was dogma, rules and acts without no sense in their lives in constant change. The crossing of an adolescent spirituality and juvenile heterogeneous to one more autonomous is well-characterized in the field search, but we can notice that the adolescent crisis is more vivid than the juvenile in the presence of the institutional sacred without having, nevertheless, the essential loss of juvenile spirituality which is more centered in front of the Other (God) than the religious institution. At last, with this study, we intend to contribute methodologically with techniques and resources which could be used to re-enchant the sacred to the juvenile universe, providing the protagonist of a new spirituality according Saint Paula Frassinetti