Orientador: Iara Lis Franco Schiavinatto / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciencias Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-08T04:47:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Carula_Karoline_M.pdf: 906380 bytes, checksum: 2a50ece5eb42d46e0194249f958b9bf2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: Esta dissertação analisa as Conferências Populares da Glória, enfatizando o debate gerado na imprensa com as suas preleções que tiveram o darwinismo como tema, entre os anos de 1873 e 1880. As Conferências da Glória tiveram início em 1873, e tinham como meta divulgar um conhecimento científico entre a camada letrada da cidade do Rio de Janeiro. A temática abordada durante estes encontros estava centrada em assuntos culturais e científicos, destes enfoco o darwinismo, pois foi o que maior celeuma provocou na imprensa, com favoráveis e contrários à nova teoria. Além disso, procuro compreender como as discussões e polêmicas geradas como resultado destas conferências serviram para preparar um determinado público, em 1881, para ler o romance O mulato, de Aluísio Azevedo, e identificar as referências darwinistas existentes nele / Abstract: This dissertation analyses the Popular Conferences of Gloria [Conferências Populares da Glória], emphasizing the debate produced in the press about their speeches that had the Darwinism as subject, between 1873 and 1880. The Conferences had begun in 1873, and had the purpose to publicize a scientific knowledge among the erudite groups of Rio de Janeiro. The approached theme during these meetings was centered on cultural and scientific matters, and among these I emphasize the Darwinism, because it was the subject that caused great controversy on the press between who was adept and who was adverse of this theory. Moreover, I intend to understand how the discussions and controversies produced as results of these conferences served to prepare a specific audience to read, in 1881, the novel called O Mulato, written by Aluisio Azevedo, and to identify his Darwinists references on it / Mestrado / Politica, Memoria e Cidade / Mestre em História

Orientador: Prof. Dr. Charles Morphy D. Santos / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do ABC, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ensino, História, Filosofia das Ciências e Matemática, 2014. / Desde a publicação da obra máxima de Charles Darwin, On the origin of species, em meados do século XIX, a teoria da evolução tem passado por inúmeras reinterpretações e refinamentos. O objetivo principal do presente trabalho foi o de estabelecer os fundamentos conceituais para um Darwinismo Estendido, a partir de elementos da Síntese Estendida da Evolução, e definir os limites para uma extensão / ressignificação da teoria evolutiva. São também discutidas as bases para uma teoria da evolução que relacione o darwinismo tradicional com alguns dos seus importantes desdobramentos dos últimos cinquenta anos, tais como a biologia evolutiva do desenvolvimento, herança epigenética, a plasticidade fenotípica e a auto-organização de sistemas complexos. Partindo de uma análise geral dos requisitos conceituais de um Darwinismo Estendido, foi realizada uma análise histórica do conceito de evolução, discutindo a necessidade de uma nova teoria evolutiva estendida. Além disso, o conceito central do darwinismo ortodoxo, a seleção natural, foi rediscutido à luz dos desenvolvimentos recentes da teoria evolutiva. Em um Darwinismo Estendido, o mecanismo da seleção natural perde o seu potencial criativo, como era considerado na Síntese Moderna dos anos 1930-1940, e passa a atuar apenas a partir da variação determinada tanto pelo acaso (por mutações e recombinações cromossômicas), quanto por fatores como auto-organização e módulos dinâmicos. O controverso conceito de espécie também foi discutido aqui em um contexto que procura levar em conta a natureza contínua do processo evolutivo. Por fim, foram apresentadas algumas possíveis repercussões de um Darwinismo Estendido para o quadro conceitual epistemológico da teoria evolutiva. / Since the publication of Charles Darwin's masterpiece, On the origin of species, in the mid nineteenth century, the theory of evolution has gone through numerous reinterpretations and refinements. The main objective of the present work was to establish the conceptual foundations for an Extended Darwinism, based on elements from the Extended Synthesis of Evolution, and to define the limits toward an extension / reframing of the evolutionary theory. It was also discussed the basis for a theory of evolution which relates the traditional Darwinism with some of their important developments of the last fifty years, such as evolutionary developmental biology, epigenetic inheritance, phenotypic plasticity and self-organization of complex systems. Starting with an overview of the conceptual requirements of an Extended Darwinism, a historical analysis of the concept of evolution was performed, discussing the need for a new extended evolutionary theory. Moreover, the central concept of the orthodox Darwinism, natural selection, was revisited in light of recent developments in evolutionary theory. In an Extended Darwinism, the mechanism of natural selection loses its creative potential, as was considered Modern Synthesis during the 1930-1940s, and begins to act only from variation determined by chance (mutations and chromosomal recombinations), as well as by factors such as self-organization and dynamic modules. The controversial species concept was also discussed here in a context that seeks to take into account the continuous nature of the evolutionary process. Finally, some of the possible repercussions of an Extended Darwinism to the epistemological conceptual framework of the evolutionary theory were presented.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:30:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 5550.pdf: 829503 bytes, checksum: 5da600d47e06b675663a17677f9bfdc6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-08-30 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / The theory of natural selection as one of the causal processes of Darwin s theory of evolution has impacted on fields of knowledge far beyond natural sciences. This extension the employment of the logic of selection in psychology and philosophy, as can be found in Popper and Skinner is usually defined as ultra-Darwinism. Darwin s ideas and their impact following the publication of The Origin of Species were approached through Ernst Mayr interpretation. The objectives of this study were: (1) to show Darwin s influence on the works of Popper and Skinner; and (2) to present a brief comparison between Popper and Skinner s points of view concerning with the fate of societies. The method employed was an aporetic one. The main results were: (1) The logic of selection makes it possible to find common epistemological features in the works of Popper and Skinner; (2) both authors hold that scientific knowledge is a means for the investigation of culture and cultural planning; (3) both authors agree that essentialistic theoretical beliefs are an obstacle for technological advances and cause of delay in the development of civilization; (4) they are contemporary with events of worldwide impact brought about by mankind throughout the twentieth century that had a great impact on their works. / A teoria da seleção natural como um dos processos causais da teoria da evolução de Darwin atingiu áreas de conhecimento bem além das ciências naturais. Essa expansão o emprego da lógica selecionista na psicologia e na filosofia, que encontramos em autores como Popper e Skinner é o que usualmente se define como ultradarwinismo. As idéias de Darwin, assim como seus efeitos após a publicação de A Origem das Espécies, foram abordadas a partir da interpretação fornecida por Ernst Mayr. O presente trabalho teve como objetivos: (1) Demonstrar a influência do autor inglês nos textos de Popper e Skinner, e (2) Apresentar breves comparações do que produziu Popper com a visão de Skinner como autores preocupados com o destino das sociedades. O método utilizado foi o aporético. Os principais resultados encontrados foram: (1) a lógica selecionista permite evidenciar elementos epistemológicos comuns nos trabalhos de Popper e de Skinner; (2) ambos os autores apontam o conhecimento científico como via de investigação e planejamento cultural; (3) ambos entendem que posições teóricas essencialistas funcionam como obstáculo para o avanço tecnológico e como causa de atraso no desenvolvimento das civilizações; (4) eles são contemporâneos de eventos de impacto mundial promovidos pelo homem no séc. XX, os quais influenciaram as teorias produzidas por ambos.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:24:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-09-02Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:52:11Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 mottola_n_me_rcla.pdf: 359757 bytes, checksum: 647c20048f335ae16df7f299898b7f99 (MD5) / Analisou-se aqui o modo como o conceito de evolução, elaborado por Lamarck e Darwin, é apresentado nos livros didáticos de Biologia, selecionados pelo Programa Nacional do Livro Didático para o Ensino Médio (PNLEM), distribuídos em 2007 para todas as escolas da rede pública do Brasil. Para essa análise, foram consideradas as cinco teorias de Charles Robert Darwin (1809-1882), presente em sua obra A Origem das Espécies, a saber: a evolução propriamente dita, a ancestralidade comum, o gradualismo, a multiplicação das espécies e a seleção natural. E, também, as quatro leis da transformação dos animais, de Jean Baptiste Antoine de Monet de Lamarck (1744-1829). Utilizamos os procedimentos de coleta e análise de dados com base em abordagens de natureza qualitativa. Como principais resultados encontramos uma visão reducionista da teoria transformista de Lamarck, limitada a duas leis não centrais em sua obra nem de sua autoria, bem como a presença, em algumas obras, de um antagonismo entre o lamarckismo e fundamentação científica. Com relação à obra darwiniana, constatou-se que na maioria dos livros didáticos está ausente uma referência às idéias relativas à ancestralidade comum, ao gradualismo e à multiplicação das espécies. Também foi possível observar que, em alguns manuais didáticos, há uma visão a - histórica da ciência, a falta de uma contextualização sociocultural e uma carência em relação à história e à filosofia da biologia. Nesse sentido, há um prejuízo na compreensão das idéias contidas nas obras de Lamarck e Darwin, acarretando uma limitação no entendimento do conceito de evolução / We analyzed here how the concept of evolution, developed by Lamarck and Darwin, is presented in textbooks of Biology, selected by the National Textbook Program for high school (PNLEM), selected in 2007 for all public schools in the Brazil. For this analysis, we considered the five theories of Charles Robert Darwin (1809-1882), present in his work The Origin of Species, namely: the actual evolution, the common descent, the gradualism, the multiplication of species and the natural selection. Also, the four laws of transformation of animals, Jean Baptiste Antoine de Monet de Lamarck (1744-1829). We use the data collection and analysis of data based on qualitative approaches. The main results, we find a reductionist view of Lamarck's theory transvestite, limited to two laws do not even central in his work of his own, as well as the presence, in some works, an antagonism between Lamarckism and scientific reasoning. With reference to the work Darwinian, it was found that in most textbooks is missing a reference to the ideas on common ancestry, the gradualism, and the multiplication of species. Was also observed that in some textbooks, there is a vision – of historical science, the lack of a socio-cultural context and a lack in relation to history and philosophy of biology. In this sense, there is a loss to understand the ideas embodied in works of Lamarck and Darwin, leading to a limitation in understanding of the concept of evolution

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:30:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2013-01-28Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:25:46Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 marchiori_rm_me_rcla.pdf: 441197 bytes, checksum: dfc9ce6e00b97ad657ecd6859c6787a4 (MD5) / Tudo é número, diria o famoso matemático grego Pitágoras. Os números estão a nossa volta, como o oxigênio que respiramos. Primeiro vieram os naturais, depois os inteiros, os racionais e os incríveis irracionais, que deixaram os pitagóricos tão perplexos a ponto de escondê-los. Números primos, perfeitos e outros vieram. E quando tudo parecia ser real apareceram os imaginários. Que imaginação tem esses matemáticos! Vamos nos aprofundar em um grupo intrigante de números chamados transcendentes e aos números estudados por um matemático francês chamado Liouville / All is number, say the famous Greek mathematician Pythagoras. The numbers are all around us, like the oxygen we breathe. First came the natural, then the integers, the rational and the irrational incredible that left perplexed the Pythagoreans so as to hide them. Prime numbers, perfect and others came. And when everything seemed to be real the imaginary appeared. What have these mathematical imagination! Let's delve in a group of intriguing numbers called transcendental numbers and studied by a French mathematician named Liouville

Richard Rorty found Friedrich Nietzsche’s critique of epistemology (perspectivism) to be a helpful tool in getting us to stop thinking of knowledge as something we find, and instead as something that we create. He also found perspectivism to be a helpful tool in that of the private sphere, of private self-creation. The Nietzsche that provides perspectivism is “The Good Nietzsche”. Rorty, however, conceived of Nietzsche’s ideas as being absolutely useless when it comes to politics, along with his ideas regarding morality, the Will to Power, and the Übermensch. These are the ideas of “The Bad Nietzsche”. Rorty’s actual usage of Nietzsche’s ideas, however, defies such easy, self-defined categorization, because these ideas extend outside of their spheres into the realm of politics in Rorty’s own writings. Most traditional analyses of the relationship between Nietzsche and Rorty as it regards politics tend to focus on Nietzsche. By focusing on Rorty’s appropriation of Nietzsche, through looking at his extensive writings and interviews, a more subtle, and complex relationship between Nietzsche’s various ideas and Rorty’s politics is seen to exist.

This dissertation reveals that the American reception of evolution often hinged on the theory's implications for gender and that Darwinian ideas significantly shaped feminist thought in the U.S. While the impact of evolution on American culture has been widely studied, few scholars have done so using gender as a category of analysis. Similarly, evolutionary theory is largely absent from histories of American feminist thought. Yet, Darwin's ideas, specifically those in The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex (1871), had profound ramifications for gender and sex. Nineteenth century scientists and laypeople alike eagerly applied Darwin's theories to the "woman question," generally to the detriment of women. At the same time, key female activists embraced evolution as an appealing alternative to biblical gender strictures (namely the story of Adam and Eve) and enthusiastically incorporated it into their speeches and writings. My work describes how women including Antoinette Brown Blackwell, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, and Charlotte Perkins Gilman utilized Darwinian principles to challenge traditional justifications for female subordination and bolster their arguments for women's rights. Furthermore, my research demonstrates that gender roles, particularly those pertaining to courtship, marriage, and reproduction, were reformulated in accordance with Darwin's theory of sexual selection, altering popular ideas about motherhood and paving the way for eugenics and birth control. My interdisciplinary project draws on scientific and mainstream publications, the feminist press, prescriptive literature, fiction, popular culture, and archival materials, and it explores both intellectual developments and their impact on people's daily lives. I argue that evolution shifted the terms of debate from women's souls to women's bodies, encouraged feminists to claim "equivalence" rather than "equality," inspired opponents and proponents of women's rights to ground their arguments in science (most frequently biology and zoology), destigmatized sex as a topic of scientific inquiry, and galvanized support for greater female autonomy in reproductive decisions. Looking at gender, religion, and evolutionary theory in concert not only helps us more fully comprehend the construction of gender and the development of American feminism, especially its troubled relationships with religion and science, it also enriches our understanding of the American reception of Darwin. / text

Richard Rorty found Friedrich Nietzsche’s critique of epistemology (perspectivism) to be a helpful tool in getting us to stop thinking of knowledge as something we find, and instead as something that we create. He also found perspectivism to be a helpful tool in that of the private sphere, of private self-creation. The Nietzsche that provides perspectivism is “The Good Nietzsche”. Rorty, however, conceived of Nietzsche’s ideas as being absolutely useless when it comes to politics, along with his ideas regarding morality, the Will to Power, and the Übermensch. These are the ideas of “The Bad Nietzsche”. Rorty’s actual usage of Nietzsche’s ideas, however, defies such easy, self-defined categorization, because these ideas extend outside of their spheres into the realm of politics in Rorty’s own writings. Most traditional analyses of the relationship between Nietzsche and Rorty as it regards politics tend to focus on Nietzsche. By focusing on Rorty’s appropriation of Nietzsche, through looking at his extensive writings and interviews, a more subtle, and complex relationship between Nietzsche’s various ideas and Rorty’s politics is seen to exist.

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The thesis is that contrary to the received popular wisdom, the combination of David Hume's sceptical enquiry and Charles Darwin's provision of an alternative theoretical framework to the then current paradigm of natural theology did not succeed in defeating the design argument. I argue that William Paley's work best represented the status quo in the philosophy of biology circa 1800 and that with the logical mechanisms provided us by William Dembski in his seminal work on probability, there is a strong argument for thr work of Michael Behe to stand in a similar position today to that of Paley two centuries ago. The argument runs as follows: In Sections 1 and 2 of Chapter 1 I introduce the issues. In Section 3 I argue that William Paley's exposition of the design argument was archetypical of the natural theology school and that given Hume's already published criticism of the argument, Paley for one did not feel the design argument to be done for. I further argue in Section 4 that Hume in fact did no such thing and that neither did he see himself as having done so, but that the design argument was weak rather than fallacious. In Section 5 I outline the demise of natural theology as the dominant school of thought in the philosophy of biology, ascribing this to the rise of Darwinism and subsequently neo-Darwinism. I argue that design arguments were again not defeated but went into abeyance with the rise of a new paradigm associated with Darwinism, namely methodological naturalism. In Chapter 2 I advance the project by a discussion of William Dembski's formulation of design inferences, demonstrating their value in both everyday and technical usage. This is stated in Section 1. In Sections 2 and 3 I discuss Dembski's treatment of probability, whilst in Section 4 I examine Dembski's tying of different levels of probability to different mechanisms of explanation used in explicating the world. Section 5 is my analysis of the logic of the formal statement of the design argument according to Dembski. In Section 6 I encapsulate objections to Dembski. I conclude the chapter (with Section 7) by claiming that Dembski forwards a coherent model of design inferences that can be used in demonstrating that there is little difference between the way that Paley came to his conclusions two centuries ago and how modem philosophers of biology (such as I take Michael Behe to be, albeit that by profession he is a scientist) come to theirs when offering design explanations. Inference to the best explanation is demonstrated as lying at the crux of design arguments. In Chapter 3 I draw together the work of Michael Behe and Paley, showing through the mechanism of Dembski's work that they are closely related in many respects and that neither position is to be lightly dismissed. Section 1 introduces this. In Section 2 I introduce Behe's concept of irreducible complexity in the light of (functional) explanation. Section 3 is a detailed analysis of irreducible complexity. Section 4 raises and covers objections to Behe with the general theme being that (neo-) Darwinians beg the question against him. In Section 4 I apply the Dembskian mechanic directly to Behe's work. I argue that Behe does not quite meet the Dembskian criteria he needs to in order for his argument to stand as anything other than defeasible. However, in Section 5 I conclude by arguing that this is exactly what we are to expect from Behe's and similar theories, even within competing paradigms, in the philosophy of biology, given that inference to the best explanation is the logical lever therein at work. / KMBT_363 / Adobe Acrobat 9.54 Paper Capture Plug-in