This master´s thesis puts mind to choice and suggestion of suited type of DC/DC tension converter for power supply of power LED. It shows comparison of available types of accumulators in The Czech Republic and types of DC/DC converters used in construction of the sample. The choice of available source of energy is subordinated to final weight and size of a battery. There are also some explicit requirements for the smallest possible size and highest effictivity. So the choice is aimed only for converters with a simple coil and minimum numbers of switching elements to realize the converter, for example by SMT technology. One of many possibilities is LTC3453 circuit, which is described in this thesis, assembled and measured. On the basis of this circuit the next two samples are assembled. Here I try to suppress problems from previous circuit and expand it´s possibilities by adding the control of luminance via the microcontroller ATtiny. Then is introduced the basic description of flashlight Petzl MYO XP which is available in stores.

The aim of this diploma thesis is to study the resonant converters operation. This paper is concretely specialized to design and implementation the LLC resonant converter with output power about 350 watts. LLC resonant converter is prospective solution for similar applications. The general advantages are that the power MOSFETs are working on zero voltage switching condition, which reduce the switching loss and improve EMI performance. The detailed design for the LLC resonant tank characteristics presented in this paper, which fully guarantees the ZVS condition. This study is based on replacing the rectifier and load by an equivalent resistance applies the first harmonics approximation and the assumption that the current trough the diodes of the output rectifier has a sinusoidal waveform.

Dans l’industrie aéronautique, tant au niveau des constructeurs que des équipementiers, les actionneurs électriques sont de plus en plus utilisés. De ce fait, l’apparition de convertisseurs de puissance à découpage basés sur les nouveaux composants à grand gap en carbure de silicium (MOSFET, JFET état on ou off) engendre de plus en plus des perturbations électriques conduites (BF et HF) et rayonnées (HF) au sein des systèmes, ils sont de plus sources de pertes. L’objectif de cette thèse est donc de mettre en place une approche de modélisation des différents éléments d’un convertisseur DC-DC qui puisse servir à mettre en œuvre un processus d’optimisation afin que soit pris en compte dès la phase de conception les contraintes liées à la CEM et à la thermique. Dans un premier temps, une étude de la physique des semi-conducteurs et en particulier celle du carbure de silicium (SiC) a été réalisée afin de développer une approche de modélisation des MOSFET et diode de puissance SiC adaptée à ces composants. Les modèles ainsi développés sont des modèles fins qui prennent en compte les effets liés à la thermique. Ces modèles ont donc dans un premier temps servi à la réalisation de simulations afin d’évaluer tant sur le plan thermique qu’électromagnétique, la validité de l’approche de modélisation. Par la suite afin de prendre en compte les contraintes CEM et thermique dès la phase de conception, une approche de dimensionnement par optimisation a été mise en œuvre. A cause de sa rapidité d’exécution, le choix a été porté sur un algorithme d’optimisation déterministe. Ce choix a donc imposé le développement préalable de modèles de dimensionnent et d’optimisation analytiques. L’ensemble de ces modèles a été utilisé dans l’environnement logiciel d’optimisation CADES et des résultats concernant les masses optimales de convertisseur pour différentes fréquences de commutation ont été obtenus. L’analyse des résultats d’optimisation a permis dans la dernière partie de se rendre compte que si l’évolution de la masse du dissipateur en fonction de la fréquence de commutation est semblable à ce que l’on peut prédire (l’augmentation de la fréquence de commutation entraîne l’augmentation des pertes et donc l’augmentation de la masse du dissipateur), celle des passifs et du filtre CEM ne peut être facilement anticipée. Il existe une compétition entre la masse du filtre et celle des passifs, car en effet une fréquence de commutation élevée suppose en première approximation des éléments passifs de lissage moins importants, mais des problèmes CEM beaucoup plus importants. Pour compléter les études menées l’approche préalablement mise en œuvre pour des composants SiC a été transposée à des composants silicium pour des besoins de comparaison. / In the aeronautics industry, both manufacturers and OEMs, electric actuators are increasingly used. As a result, the appearance of switching power converters based on new large-gap silicon carbide components (MOSFET, JFET state on or off) increasingly generates electrical (LF and HF) and radiated perturbations (HF) within the systems, they are also sources of losses.The objective of this thesis is therefore to set up a modeling approach for the various elements of a DC-DC converter that can be used to implement an optimization process so that the design phase is taken into account constraints related to EMC and thermal.First, a study of the physics of semiconductors and in particular that of silicon carbide (SiC) was carried out in order to develop a modeling approach of the MOSFET and SiC power diode adapted to these components. The models thus developed are fine models that take into account the effects related to thermal. These models were therefore used initially to perform simulations in order to evaluate both thermally and electromagnetically the validity of the modeling approach.Subsequently, in order to take into account the EMC and thermal constraints from the design phase, an optimization dimensioning approach was implemented. Because of their speed of execution, the choice was made on a deterministic optimization algorithm. This choice therefore imposed the prior development of models of analytical dimensioning and optimization. All of these models have been used in the CADES optimization software environment and results regarding optimal converter masses for different switching frequencies have been obtained.Analysis of the optimization results in the last part of the study revealed that if the evolution of the dissipator mass as a function of the switching frequency is similar to what can be predicted the switching frequency causes the losses to increase and therefore the dissipator mass increases), that of the passive and the EMC filter can not be easily anticipated. There is a competition between the mass of the filter and that of the passive, since a high switching frequency presupposes, as a first approximation, the passive elements of lesser smoothing, but EMC problems are much greater.To complete the studies carried out, the previously implemented approach for SiC components has been transposed to silicon components for comparison purposes.

L'amélioration de la compacité et du rendement des convertisseurs à découpage est une problématique centrale en électronique de puissance; elle l'est encore plus à bord des satellites où chaque gramme et chaque watt comptent. Chacun des nombreux émetteurs et récepteurs radiofréquence qui équipent les satellites de télécommunication a besoin d'être alimenté par diverses tensions, converties de façon isolée à partir du bus principal de distribution de puissance. En raison des lourdes contraintes thermiques, de fiabilité et de résistance aux radiations qui pèsent sur les composants électroniques dans les applications spatiales, les degrés de liberté pour améliorer les alimentations sont restreints, en tout cas avec les technologies actuelles de semiconducteurs qualifiés (couteuses et très en retrait des performances de l'état de l'art). La commercialisation assez récente de transistors de puissance en nitrure de gallium (GaN) à canal normalement bloqué, présentant des caractéristiques électriques supérieures à celles des meilleurs MOSFET de puissance en silicium, est prometteuse sur ce point. En effet leur robustesse intrinsèque aux radiations semble permettre leur emploi dans des convertisseurs spatiaux. Le but de ce travail est l'évaluation des apports possibles de cette technologie dans la réalisation d'alimentations DC/DC isolées pour des équipements typiques des charges utiles des satellites de télécommunication. Le fonctionnement à des fréquences de découpage plus élevées avec ces composants plus performants doit, au premier abord, réduire l'encombrement des convertisseurs à rendement égal (voire meilleur) tout en continuant à respecter le cahier des charges spécifique à chaque application. La pertinence de cette hypothèse et l'architecture de mise en œuvre la plus adéquate ont été explorées pour l'alimentation faible puissance d'un récepteur RF, avec réalisation et comparaison de plusieurs maquettes de démonstration. Afin d'aborder des convertisseurs de plus fortes puissances, une étude théorique et expérimentale des pertes par commutation dans les jambes de pont de transistors GaN a été menée. Un programme de calcul de performances a été développé en Python et mis en œuvre pour identifier l'optimum global du dimensionnement d'un convertisseur Dual Active Bridge destiné à l'alimentation d'un amplificateur RF de puissance (250 W DC). Une maquette prototype a été réalisée et a démontré l'intérêt de la topologie et des composants GaN dans cette application, tout en mettant en évidence la prédominance des pertes haute fréquence des composants magnétiques parmi les pertes totales du convertisseur. Ce dernier point s'avère finalement être la principale limitation de l'approche, précieuse pour l'ingénierie, de dimensionnement optimal par le calcul : les modèles actuellement existants d'estimation des pertes dans les éléments magnétiques se révèlent insatisfaisants pour prédire les performances de ce type de convertisseur. / Improving the compactness and efficiency of switching converters is a central issue in power electronics; even more so in satellites where every gram and every watt counts. Each of the many radio-frequency emitters and receivers onboard telecommunications satellites need to be powered by various voltages, converted in an isolated way from the main power distribution bus. Due to the strong thermal, reliability and radiation hardness constraints applying to electronic components in space applications, available degrees of freedom for improvement of power supplies are limited - at least with current qualified semiconductor technologies (which are both expensive and far behind state-of-the-art performance). The recent commercialization of gallium nitride (GaN) normally-off power transistors, having superior electrical characteristics compared to the best silicon power MOSFET, is promising on that regard. Indeed, their intrinsic radiation hardness seems to allow their use in space-grade converters. The aim of this work is the evaluation of how this technology can help improve the design of isolated DC/DC power supplies for typical hardware units of telecommunications satellite payloads. Operation at higher switching frequencies with these better performing components should, in principle, reduce converters' footprint while keeping the same (or better) efficiency level and still obeying each application's specific requirements. The accuracy of this hypothesis as well as the most adequate implementation architecture have been explored for the low power supply of a RF receiver, including realization and comparison of several demonstration boards. In order to approach higher power converters, a theoretical and experiment study of switching losses in GaN transistor bridge legs has been performed. A performance computation software has been developed in Python and used to identify the global optimum of the design of a Dual Active Bridge converter for a power RF amplifier (250 W DC). A prototype board has been built and demonstrated the interest of both the topology and GaN devices in this application, while clearly showing that high-frequency losses in magnetic components dominate total converter loss. This last issue happens to be the main limitation of the approach - precious to the engineer - of optimum design by computation: currently existing models for power loss estimation in magnetic elements are not satisfactory to predict performances of this type of converter.

L’utilisation des plusieurs sources d’énergies de caractéristiques différentes, à bord du véhicule électrique VE) nécessite l’adoption de convertisseurs statiques. Ces derniers peuvent avoir la fonction de conditionneur ’énergie des différentes sources et/ou commander les machines électriques du véhicule.Généralement les VE disposent d’un bus continu « de quelques centaines de volts » dont la stabilité est assurée par un groupe de convertisseurs élévateurs de tension (du fait que les sources ont généralement un niveau de tension faible ; quelques dizaines de volts). Lors des démarrages/arrêts très fréquents du VE en mode urbain, les sources pourraient alimenter directement le moteur de traction sans avoir recours aux convertisseurs élévateurs de tension. Afin d’exploiter cette fonctionnalité, nous proposons d’explorer une deuxième architecture de convertisseur basée sur l’adoption d’un niveau de tension variable du bus continu. Dans cette approche, la tension minimale de ce dernier est fixée en fonction des niveaux de tensions disponibles du côté des sources et de la vitesse requise (niveau des f.é.m du moteur de traction). Ainsi, le rapport variable d’élévation de la tension est minimal à faible vitesse du véhicule en mode urbain et il est maximal à grande vitesse, en modes route et autoroute. Ceci apportera une amélioration du rendement énergétique de l’ensemble sources-moteurs notamment en mode urbain. Par ailleurs, l’utilisation grand public de ces véhicules exige des contraintes maximales de disponibilité (continuité de service) des fonctions principales notamment l’alimentation embarquée. A travers le travail de cette thèse nous proposons une nouvelle topologie du convertisseur de puissance entre les sources (une Pile à combustibles associée à un pack de super-condensateurs) et les charges (moteur de traction et réseau de bord alimentant les auxiliaires du véhicule). Ce convertisseur adopte une tension variable du bus continu et une redondance de l’alimentation du moteur de traction. Après la présentation du convertisseur proposé et son positionnement par rapport à la littérature, une analyse du fonctionnement et la modélisation de sa partie DC-DC est détaillée notamment à travers des résultats de simulation de ses différents modes. A ce titre un programme de simulation fine (à l’échelle des impulsions de commande) du système entier a été développé. Dans un deuxième temps, la commande automatique et rapprochée des interrupteurs de puissance a été développée en se basant respectivement sur la méthode de contrôle par petits signaux et la commande hystérésis de courant, triangulaire-rapport cyclique et triangulaire-sinus. Les résultats de simulation des fonctionnalités principales attendues mettent en évidence la faisabilité de l’architecture du convertisseur de puissance proposée. Enfin, une maquette expérimentale à échelle réduite a été développée dans le but de valider l’étude théorique. Les premiers tests expérimentaux de la partie DC-DC du convertisseur donnent des résultats satisfaisant et valident ainsi le processus de conception. Le travail futur sera la réalisation d’une maquette à échelle 1 dans laquelle la conception du refroidisseur sera intégrée en amont de la réalisation du plan de masse dudit convertisseur. Nous pensons que cela permettra une meilleure optimisation de l’espace à bord du véhicule et améliorera le rendement énergétique de la chaine de traction. / The use of many energy sources of different kind in a electrical vehicle (EV) needs the adoption of static converters. These can have the function of either conditioning energy or driving the electrical machines of the vehicle. EV’s generally have a DC bus of some hundred volts, whose stability is ensured by a set of boost converters, since the voltage level of the several sources is as low as about some tens of volts. During frequent start/stop phases of EV’s in urban mode, energy sources can feed the motors directly without using the converters. On the basis of this consideration this thesis proposes a novel converter topology adopting a variable DC voltage level. In this approach the lowest level of the DC bus is determined as a function of the voltages available from the sources and of the required speed (back fem of the traction motor). In this way the variable step-up voltage ratio is minimal at low speeds of the EV in urban mode and maximal at higher speeds in motorway modes. This would result in an energy efficiency improvement of the sources-motors system, especially in urban mode. On the other hand the use of this EV demands some constraints as for the service continuity of the main functions of the EV, particularly the energy supply.This thesis proposes a novel power converter topology between the sources (a Fuel Cell System associated with a pack of Super-capacitors) and the loads ( traction motor and auxiliary supply system). This converter adopts a variable DC bus voltage and a redundant supply of the traction motor. After presenting the proposed converter in the framework of the state of the art, the analysis and modelling of its DC/DC part is presented, especially with simulation results of the different modes of operation. With this regard a complete simulation program has been developed down to the scale of switching pulses. Afterwards the control of the power devices has been developed by using the small signal control and the hysteresis control, triangular duty cycle and triangular sine. The simulation results of the main modes show the feasibility of the proposed power converter architecture. Finally an experimental rig has been set up, at reduced scale, for assessing the theoretical analysis. The experimental results of the DC/DC part yield satisfactory results thus proving the effectiveness of the design. Future work will focus on setting up e real scale converter, where the cooling system design will be added before realizing the mass board of the converter. This should lead up to the optimization of the volume occupied in the EV and to the improvement of the energy efficiency of the traction chain.

No description available.

Digital Switched mode power supplies are nowadays popular enough to be the obvious choice in many applications. Among all set-up and control techniques, the current mode DC-DC converter is often considered when performance and stability are of interest. This has also motivated all the “on chip” and ASIC implementations seen on the market, where current mode control technique is used. However, the development of FPGAs has created an important alternative to ASICs and DSPs. The flexibility and integration possibility is two important advantages among others. In this thesis report, an FPGA-based current mode buck/boost DC-DC converter is built in a stepwise manner, starting from the mathematical model. The goal is a simulation model which creates a basis for discussion about the advantages and disadvantages of current mode DC-DC converters, implemented in FPGAs.

Tunability and adaptability for radio frequency (RF) front-ends are highly desirable because they not only enhance functionality and performance but also reduce the circuit size and cost. This thesis presents a number of novel design strategies in DC-DC converters, impedance networks and adaptive algorithms for tunable and adaptable RF based mobile telecommunication systems. Specifically, the studies are divided into three major directions: (a) high voltage switch controller based DC-DC converters for RF switch actuation; (b) impedance network designs for impedance transformation of RF switches; and (c) adaptive algorithms for determining the required impedance states at the RF switches. In the first stage, two-phase step-up switched-capacitor (SC) DC-DC converters are explored. The SC converter has a simple control method and a reduced physical volume. The research investigations started with the linear and the non-linear voltage gain topologies. The non-linear voltage gain topology provides a higher voltage gain in a smaller number of stages compared to the linear voltage gain topology. Amongst the non-linear voltage gain topologies, a Fibonacci SC converter has been identified as having lower losses and a higher conversion ratio compared to other topologies. However, the implementation of a high voltage (HV) gain Fibonacci SC converter is complex due to the requirement of widely different gate voltages for the transistors in the Fibonacci converter. Gate driving strategies have been proposed that only require a few auxiliary transistors in order to provide the required boosted voltages for switching the transistors on and off. This technique reduces the design complexity and increases the reliability of the HV Fibonacci SC converter. For the linear voltage gain topology, a high performance complementary-metaloxide- semiconductor (CMOS) based SC DC-DC converter has been proposed in this work. The HV SC DC-DC converter has been designed in low voltage (LV) transistors technology in order to achieve higher voltage gain. Adaptive biasing circuits have been proposed to eliminate the leakage current, hence avoiding latch-up which normally occurs with low voltage transistors when they are used in a high voltage design. Thus, the SC DC-DC converter achieves more than 25% higher boosted voltage compared to converters that use HV transistors. The proposed design provides a 40% power reduction through the charge recycling circuit that reduces the effect of non-ideality in integrated HV capacitors. Moreover, the SC DC-DC converter achieves a 45% smaller area than the conventional converter through optimising the design parameters. In the second stage, the impedance network designs for transforming the impedance of RF switches to the maximum achievable impedance tuning region are investigated. The maximum achievable tuning region is bounded by the fundamental properties of the selected impedance network topology and by the tunable values of the RF switches that are variable over a limited range. A novel design technique has been proposed in order to achieve the maximum impedance tuning region, through identifying the optimum electrical distance between the RF switches at the impedance network. By varying the electrical distance between the RF switches, high impedance tuning regions are achieved across multi frequency standards. This technique reduces the cost and the insertion loss of an impedance network as the required number of RF switches is reduced. The prototype demonstrates high impedance coverages at LTE (700MHz), GSM (900MHz) and GPS (1575MHz). Integration of a tunable impedance network with an antenna for frequency-agility at the RF front-end has also been discussed in this work. The integrated system enlarges the bandwidth of a patch antenna by four times the original bandwidth and also improves the antenna return loss. The prototype achieves frequency-agility from 700MHz to 3GHz. This work demonstrates that a single transceiver with multi frequency standards can be realised by using a tunable impedance network. In the final stage, improvement to an adaptive algorithm for determining the impedance states at the RF switches has been proposed. The work has resulted in one more novel design techniques which reduce the search time in the algorithm, thus minimising the risk of data loss during the impedance tuning process. The approach reduces the search time by more than an order of magnitude by exploiting the relationships among the mass spring’s coefficient values derived from the impedance network parameters, thereby significantly reducing the convergence time of the algorithm. The algorithm with the proposed technique converges in less than half of the computational time compared to the conventional approach, hence significantly improving the search time of the algorithm. The design strategies proposed in this work contribute towards the realisation of tunable and adaptable RF based mobile telecommunication systems.

A novel, variable-gain switched-capacitor DC-DC converter is designed, constructed and tested. The proposed converter minimizes many of the problems which have traditionally hindered switched-capacitor DC-DC converters. The converter has high efficiency, strong regulation and low output voltage ripple across a wide variation in the line and load. The converter utilizes an optimized switching configuration that contains the maximum number of ideal conversion ratios for the given number of capacitors driven by a two-phase clock. The switched-capacitor converter is controlled by a gain-hopping feedforward control scheme in conjunction with duty-cycle, pulse-width modulation feedback control. The proposed control technique enhances the efficiency and regulation capability of switched-capacitor DC-DC converters, which are typically limited when there is a large variation in the line. Because the converter is optimized, programmable and capable of providing buck and/or boost operation (stepping-up and/or stepping-down the input voltage), the new switched-capacitor DC-DC converter is well-suited for a variety of applications and operating conditions. In addition, a novel algorithm based on graph theory and network analysis is developed which enumerates all possible ideal conversion ratios for a given switched-capacitor DC-DC converter structure. In particular, this algorithm can be used as a design tool to greatly improve the operation of multi-gain switched-capacitor converters, where the aim is to maximize the number of ideal conversion ratios while minimizing the number of switches and capacitors. Furthermore, the structure of all attainable positive, ideal conversion ratios of a two-phase switched-capacitor DC-DC converter, utilizing up to five capacitors, is enumerated. As a result, the design process for switched-capacitor converters is greatly simplified and a suitable converter structure can be more easily selected for a given application. / Thesis (Master, Electrical & Computer Engineering) -- Queen's University, 2013-04-03 23:27:24.183

With the increasing interest in offshore wind power, the related technologies, including HVDC networks, are gaining similar levels of attention. For large scale wind farms far from shore, high voltage DC transmission can provide several advantages over traditional high voltage AC transmission. This thesis focuses on DC/DC converters, a core part of the HVDC network, especially for use in the high voltage, high power and offshore wind environment. The thesis examines a wide range of possible DC/DC converter topologies for the application. Different topologies are compared and evaluated in detail for use in a high power situation. Based on these results, three DC/DC converter topologies are selected for more detailed modelling. The simulation processes and results are presented in the thesis, which reveals the limitations and behaviour of the topologies when they are used at the MW level. In addition, the high power semiconductor switching devices are discussed and evaluated for each topology. To assess the suitability of the DC/DC converter topologies in the offshore wind application, the selected converter topologies are also analysed and modelled combined with a PMSG wind turbine. Finally, a down-scaled DC/DC converter prototype is built to verify the analysis and simulation results.