In this work the semiclassical hybrid dynamics is extended in order to be capable of treating open quantum systems considering finite baths. The corresponding phenomena, i.e. decoherence and dissipation, are investigated for various scenarios.

In the present thesis the dynamics of the correlations between an open quantum system and its environment is investigated. This becomes feasible by means of a very useful representation of the total system-environment state. General conditions for separability and entanglement of the latter are derived, and investigated in the framework of an open quantum two-level system, which is coupled to a dissipative and a dephasing environment.

The paper is an analysis of a special class of the master equations such that the Dissipation superoperator is L(ρ) = [M, [M, ρ]], where M is an hermitian andunitary operator and ρ a density matrix. It mainly investigates the dynamics ofρ and its properties such as boundness of the operators of the master equation,the eigenvalues of these operators, the purity of the states, the steady states. In the study of the temporal evolution of ρ it has been done an analysis of Decoherence free subspaces(DFS). A special attention is given to von Neumannentropy. For what it regards this last topic there are also specific referencesto the camel-like behaviour, a phenomenon regarding the entropy that happenswhen certain conditions of the dissipation superaoperator are not satisfied.There are Python simulations of the expectation values of some operators, andof the von Neumann entropy, and Linear Entropy.

<p>The development of ultracold atom physics enables people to study fundamental questions in quantum mechanics within this highly-tunable platform. This dissertation focuses on several topics of the dynamical evolution of quantum systems.</p><p>Chapter 2 and 3 talk about Loschmidt echo, a simple quantity that reveals many hidden properties of a system’s time evolution. Chapter 2 looks for vanishing Loschmidt echo in the complex plane of time and the corresponding dynamical quantum phase transitions (DQPT) in the thermodynamic limit. For a two-site Bose-Hubbard model consisting of weakly interacting particles, DQPTs reside at the time scale inversely proportional to the interaction, where highly entangled pair condensates also show up. Chapter 3 discusses the revival of Loschmidt echo in a discrete time crystal, a Floquet system whose discrete temporal transition symmetry is spontaneously broken. We propose a new design and demonstrate its robustness against the fluctuations in the driving field. It can also be used in precision measurement to go beyond the Heisenberg limit. Experimental schemes are presented.</p><p>Out-of-time-order correlator (OTOC) is a more complicated variant of Loschmidt echo. Experimentally it requires reversing the time evolution. In Chapter 4, by exploiting the SU(1,1) symmetry of a weakly interacting BEC and connecting its quantum dynamics to a hyperbolic space, we obtain a geometric framework that enables experimentalists to manipulate the evolution with great freedom. Backward evolution is then realized effectively to measure OTOC of such SU(1,1) systems.</p><p>Chapter 5 discusses the decoherence of a spin impurity immersed in a spinor BEC. Our calculations show that by looking at the dynamics of the impurity’s reduced density matrix, the phase of the spinor BEC can be detected.</p>

Nous présentons deux expériences de plasmonique quantique, c’est-à-dire des expériencesd’optique quantique ayant pour support des plasmons de surface. Dans la première expérience, nous montrons la dualité onde-corpuscule d’un plasmon de surface unique (1) en utilisant la démarche de l’article de Philippe Grangier, Gérard Roger et Alain Aspect (2) sur les interférences à un photon unique. Dans la deuxième expérience, nous mettons en évidence les propriétés d’intrication entre un photon et un plasmon de surface. Nous produisons des photons intriqués en polarisation et les séparons spatialement. / We present two quantum plasmonics experiments, namely quantum optics on surface plasmons. In the first experiment, we show the wave-particle duality of a single surface plasmon along the same lines as the single-photon interferences experiment of Philippe Grangier, Gérard Roger and Alain Aspect (2). In the second experiment, we bring out between a photon and a surface plasmon. We generate paires of polarization entangled photons and separate the pair photons spatially. A former photon is send to a semi-plasmonic Mach-Zehnder interferometer whose first beam splitter is a polarization beam splitter whose output are converted to plasmons and on a plasmonic beamsplitter.

Die Off-Axis-Elektronenholographie ist eine interferometrische Methode zur experimentellen Bestimmung von relativen Phasenschiebungen einer Elektronenwelle. Der Zugang zu diesen Phasenschiebungen ermöglicht z.B. die Bestimmung von intrinsischen elektrischen und magnetischen Feldern eines Objektes im Nanometerbereich. Für eine quantitative Interpretation der Resultate ist die Kenntnis des Rauschens der holographisch rekonstruierten Größen von hoher Bedeutung. In dieser Arbeit wird ein allgemeiner Formalismus abgeleitet, der den Rauschtransfer vom detektierten Hologramm in die rekonstruierten Amplituden- und Phasenbilder beschreibt. Anhand zielgerichteter Experimente wird dieser Formalismus unter Berücksichtigung von gemessenen Rauscheigenschaften des Detektors verifiziert. Im Zuge dessen wird eine experimentelle Methode entwickelt, die es erlaubt, durch Serienaufnahmen und Mittelungsprozeduren das Signal-zu-Rauschverhältnis in den holographischen Resultaten bei gleichbleibender Ortsauflösung erheblich zu verbessern. Daran knüpft sich eine Vielzahl von Anwendungen an, welche in dieser Arbeit in Auszügen aufgeführt werden. Die Grundlage für all diese Experimente besteht in den Welleneigenschaften des Elektrons, welche in der Interferenzfähigkeit (Kohärenz) des Elektrons zum Ausdruck kommen. Elektronen, welche unelastisch an einem Objekt streuen, verlieren diese Eigenschaft und es stellt sich die Frage, ob aus diesem Verlust zusätzliche Informationen über den Streuprozess bzw. über das Objekt selbst gewonnen werden können. Eine Größe, die neben der Intensität auch die Kohärenz der Elektronen beschreibt, ist die reduzierte Dichtematrix. Das motiviert, die Methode der Off-Axis-Elektronenholographie in der Sprache der Dichtematrizen zu formulieren und eine allgemeine Übertragungstheorie für ein holographiefähiges Transmissionselektronenmikroskop abzuleiten. Diese Theorie umfasst alle bisher bekannten Phänomene im Rahmen der Elektronenholographie und bietet darüber hinaus neue instrumentelle Ansätze zur Optimierung des Signal-zu-Rausch-Verhältnisses und zur Überwindung auflösungsbegrenzender Aberrationen. Vor diesem Hintergrund wird weiterhin die Kohärenz von Elektronen mittels energiegefilterter Off-Axis-Elektronenholographie untersucht, welche unelastisch an Siliziumoberflächen streuen und charakteristische Oberflächenplasmonen anregen. Für die Interpretation der Resultate werden zwei Modelle für die Dekohärenz des Elektrons infolge der Wechselwirkung mit einer Objektoberfläche entwickelt und unter Berücksichtigung der Aberrationen des Energiefilters mit dem Experiment verglichen. / Off-axis electron holography provides access to the relative phase shift of an electron wave and allows the experimental determination of intrinsic electric and magnetic fields within an object at nanometre scale. A quantitative interpretation of the results requires the knowledge about the noise in the reconstructed data. In this work, a general formalism is derived describing the transfer of noise from an experimental hologram into reconstructed amplitude and phase images. Concerted experiments verify this formalism under consideration of measured noise properties of the detector. In this frame, a method based on series acquisition and averaging is developed to improve significantly the signal-to-noise ratio of the reconstructed amplitude and phase images at constant spatial resolution. The usefulnes of this method is demonstrated by selected experimental examples from the materials sciences. The capability to show interference, i.e. to be coherent, is a consequence of the electron's wave nature and provides the fundament for all applications of electron holography. By inelastic interaction with the object, the electron loses coherence and the question comes up, whether this loss mechanism contains additional information about the scattering process or even about the object itself. The reduced density matrix is introduced as a suitable quantity describing both intensity and coherence of scattered electrons. That motivates to formulate off-axis electron holography in the language of density matrices and to derive a general transfer theory for this quantity in a holography-dedicated transmission electron microscope. This theory reproduces all known phenomena related to off-axis electron holography and provides new instrumental approaches to improve the signal-to-noise ratio and to overcome resolution limiting aberrations. In this context, the coherence of electrons, which are inelastically scattered by silicon surfaces and have excited characteristic surface plasmons, is investigated by energy-filtered electron holography. For the interpretation of the experimental results, two models are developed for the decoherence of the electron by interaction with an object surface and are compared to the experiment under consideration of the aberrations of the energy-filter.

Cette thèse se consacre à l'étude de certaines passerelles existantes entre les probabilités dîtes classiques et la théorie des systèmes quantiques ouverts. Le but de la première partie de ce manuscrit est d'étudier l'émergence de bruits classiques dans l'équation de Langevin quantique. Cette équation sert à modéliser l'action d'un bain quantique sur un petit système dans l'approximation markovienne. L'analogue en temps discret de cette équation est décrit par le schéma des interactions quantiques répétées étudier par Stéphane Attal et Yan Pautrat. Dans des travaux antérieurs, Attal et ses collaborateurs montrent que les bruits classiques naturels apparaissant dans ce cadre sont les variables aléatoires obtuses, dont ils étudient la structure. Mais sont-ils les seuls bruits classiques pouvant émerger, et quand est-il dans le cas général ? De même, en temps continu, il était plus ou moins admis que les seuls bruits classiques apparaissant dans l'équation de Langevin quantique sont les processus de Poisson et le mouvement brownien. Ma contribution dans ce manuscrit consiste à définir une algèbre de von Neumann pertinente sur l'environnement, dite algèbre du bruit, qui encode la structure du bruit. Elle est commutative si et seulement si le bruit est classique ; dans ce cas on confirme les hypothèses précédentes sur sa nature. Dans le cas général, elle permet de montrer une décomposition de l'environnement entre une partie classique maximale et une partie purement quantique. Dans la deuxième partie, nous nous consacrons à l'étude de processus stochastiques classiques apparaissant au sein du système. La dynamique du système est quantique, mais il existe une observable dont l'évolution est classique. Cela se fait naturellement lorsque le semi-groupe de Markov quantique laisse invariante une sous-algèbre de von Neumann commutative et maximale. Nous développons une méthode pour générer de tels semi-groupes, en nous appuyons sur une définition de Stéphane Attal de certaines dilatations d'opérateurs de Markov classiques. Nous montrons ainsi que les processus de Lévy sur Rn admettent des extensions quantiques. Nous étudions ensuite une classe de processus classiques liés aux marches quantiques ouvertes. De tels processus apparaissent lorsque cette fois l'algèbre invariante est le produit tensoriel de deux algèbres, l'une non-commutative et l'autre commutative. Par conséquent, bien que comportant l'aspect trajectoriel propre au processus classiques, de telles marches aléatoires sont hautement quantiques. Nous présentons dans ce cadre une approche variationnelle du problème de Dirichlet. Finalement, la dernière partie est dédiée à l'étude d'un processus physique appelé décohérence induite par l'environnement. Cette notion est fondamentale, puisqu'elle apporte une explication dynamique à l'absence, dans notre vie de tous les jours, de phénomènes quantiques. Nous montrons qu'une telle décohérence a toujours lieu pour des systèmes ouverts décrits par des algèbres de von Neumann finies. Nous initions ensuite une étude innovante sur la vitesse de décohérence, basée sur des inégalités fonctionnelles non-commutatives, qui permet de mettre en avant le rôle de l'intrication quantique dans la décohérence / This thesis focus on the study of several bridges that exist between classical probabilities and open quantum systems theory. In the first part of the thesis, we consider open quantum systems with classical environment. Thus the environment acts as a classical noise so that the evolution of the system results in a mixing of unitary dynamics. My work consisted in defining a relevant von Neumann algebra on the environment which, in this situation, is commutative. In the general case, we show that this algebra leads to a decomposition of the environment between a classical and a quantum part. In the second part, we forget for a time the environment in order to focus on the emergence of classical stochastic processes inside the system. This situation appears when the quantum Markov semigroup leaves an invariant commutative maximal von Neumann algebra. First, we develop a recipe in order to generate such semigroup, which emphasizes the role of a certain kind of classical dilation. We apply the recipe to prove the existence of a quantum extension for L\'evy processes. Then in the same part of the thesis we study a special kind of classical dynamics that can emerge on a bipartite quantum system, call \emph. Such walks are stochastic but displayed strong quantum behavior. We define a Dirichlet problem associated to these walks and solve it using a variational approch and non-commutative Dirichlet forms. Finally, the last part is dedicated to the study of Environment Induced Decoherence for quantum Markov semigroup on finite von Neumann algebra. We prove that such decoherence always occurs when the semigroup has a faithful invariant state. Then we focus on the fundamental problem of estimating the time of the process. To this end we define adapted non-commutative functional inequalities. The central interest of these definitions is to take into account entanglement effects, which are expected to lower the speed of decoherence

This thesis is devoted to the theory and phenomenology of neutrino physics. While the standard model of particle physics has been extremely successful, it fails to account for massive neutrinos, which are necessary to describe the observations of neutrino oscillations made by several different experiments. Thus, neutrino physics is a possible window for exploring the physics beyond the standard model, making it both interesting and important for our fundamental understanding of Nature. Throughout this thesis, we will discuss different aspects of neutrino physics, ranging from taking all three types of neutrinos into account in neutrino oscillation experiments to exploring the possibilities of neutrino mass models to produce a viable source of the baryon asymmetry of the Universe. The emphasis of the thesis is on neutrino oscillations which, given their implication of neutrino masses, is a phenomenon where other results that are not describable in the standard model could be found, such as new interactions between neutrinos and fermions. / QC 20100630

This Thesis focuses on different aspects of quantum computation theory: adiabatic quantum algorithms, decoherence during the adiabatic evolution and quantum simulators. After an overview on the area of quantum computation and setting up the formal ground for the rest of the Thesis we derive a general error estimate for adiabatic quantum computing. We demonstrate that the first-order correction, which has frequently been used as a condition for adiabatic quantum computation, does not yield a good estimate for the computational error. Therefore, a more general criterion is proposed, which includes higher-order corrections and shows that the computational error can be made exponentially small – which facilitates significantly shorter evolution times than the first-order estimate in certain situations. Based on this criterion and rather general arguments and assumptions, it can be demonstrated that a run-time of order of the inverse minimum energy gap is sufficient and necessary. Furthermore, exploiting the similarity between adiabatic quantum algorithms and quantum phase transitions, we study the impact of decoherence on the sweep through a second-order quantum phase transition for the prototypical example of the Ising chain in a transverse field and compare it to the adiabatic version of Grover’s search algorithm. It turns out that (in contrast to first-order transitions) the impact of decoherence caused by a weak coupling to a rather general environment increases with system size (i.e., number of spins/qubits), which might limit the scalability of the system. Finally, we propose the use of electron systems to construct laboratory systems based on present-day technology which reproduce and thereby simulate the quantum dynamics of the Ising model and the O(3) nonlinear sigma model.

Στην παρούσα διδακτορική διατριβή μελετούμε αλληλεπιδρώντα ανοικτά κβαντικά συστήματα δύο καταστάσεων και μελετούμε τη συμπεριφορά των κβαντικών τους χαρακτηριστικών παρουσία κλασικού θορύβου. Πιο συγκεκριμένα, μελετούμε το χρόνο αποσύμπλεξης δύο qubits του σιδηρομαγνήτη XY του Heisenberg συναρτήσει της ισχύος κλασικού Gaussian λευκού θορύβου, με δεδομένες όλες τις υπόλοιπες παραμέτρους των συστημάτων. Το βασικό μας αποτέλεσμα είναι ότι όλα τα ενδιαφέροντα φαινόμενα που επάγονται απ’ το θόρυβο, δηλαδή ο στοχαστικός συντονισμός, ο στοχαστικός αντι-συντονισμός και το φαινόμενο της θωράκισης (noise shield), εξαρτώνται άμεσα από την αρχική προετοιμασία του συστήματος των δύο qubits είτε αυτό είναι μόνο του είτε είναι υποσύστημα μιας μεγαλύτερης δομής (αλυσίδας qubits). Επίσης παρατηρούμε ότι η θερμοκρασία του περιβάλλοντος μπορεί να αποτελέσει παράγοντα ελέγχου των ανωτέρω φαινομένων. Παρέχουμε ισχυρές ενδείξεις για την ανάγκη χαρτογράφησης του πίνακα πυκνότητας ενός κβαντικού ανοικτού συστήματος με βάση τα φαινόμενα του θορύβου που μπορεί να επιδείξει / In the current Ph.D. thesis we study interacting open quantum two state systems and study the behavior of their quantum features in the presence of classical noise. More specifically, we study the disentanglement time of two Heisenberg's XY ferromagnetic qubits against the strength of classical Gaussian white noise, with all of the other parameters of the system fixed. Our main result is that all of the interesting noise induced effects, i.e. stochastic resonance, stochastic anti-resonance and the noise shield effect, are directly related to the initial preparation of the system of two qubits whether this is alone, or a subsystem of a larger structure (chain qubits). We also notice that the environmental temperature may be used as a control factor of the above effects. We provide strong evidence for the necessity of mapping the density matrix of a quantum open system according to the noise effects it can present.