Two topics involving irradiation damage in alpha-iron have been considered. First, damage cascades representative of those that would be induced by radiation have been simulated using molecular dynamics (MD). The number and type of defects produced are compared for pure iron and iron with a small hydrogen concentration. Second, the inter- action energy between point defects and line dislocations has been calculated for a number of configurations, using both molecular statics methods and calculations based on linear elastic continuum theory and the dipole force tensor. Results from both methods are com- pared. Results from these two topics are relevant for predicting macroscopic behaviors such as creep and plasticity in reactor structural materials.

Low density surface sites are believed to play an important role in processes occurring on oxide surfaces, including catalysis and particle and film nucleation. However, our understanding of the role and chemical nature of such sites play in these processes is limited by the inability to experimentally detect minority surface sites in many oxide systems. The research performed for this dissertation is focused on developing a surface science technique utilizing fluorescent molecules to titrate specific surface sites on planar fused silica surfaces in an ultra-high vacuum (UHV) environment. High sensitivity (low detection limit) is achieved by using derivatives of perylene, a high quantum yield fluorophore. High specificity is attained by employing perylene derivatives with functional groups designed to react chemically with and titrate various sites. In addition to titrating the well-studied hydroxyl sites with perylene-3-methanol (density ~ 10¹⁴ cm⁻²), which is used to establish the technique, the detection of strained siloxane sites (~ 10¹² cm⁻²), ) with perylene-3-methanamine and oxygen vacancy sites (~ 10¹¹ cm⁻²), ) with 3-vinyl perylene is demonstrated. Particle nucleation on oxides is suspected to involve defects that trap adatoms and form critical nuclei. Using this technique, the possible role strained siloxane and oxygen vacancy sites play in trapping adatoms during the nucleation of Ge nanoparticles on silica surfaces is examined. / text

The photovoltaic industry provides a pathway to allow renewable energy to meet world wide consumer energy needs. Past and present research and development on silicon based solar cells have helped make them the dominant player in the photovoltaic industry accounting for over 75% in 2005 as accounted by the US Department of Energy. One of the current technological problems is to identify and eliminate sources of mechanical defects such as thermo-elastic stress and cracks leading to the loss of wafer integrity and ultimately breakage of as-grown and processed Si wafers and cells.The RUV method, developed at the University of South Florida, enables fast and accurate crack detection with simple criteria for wafer rejection from solar cell production lines. The RUV system relies on variation of modal vibration characteristics due to physical variations in the wafers caused by cracks. Ultrasonic vibrations are introduced into the wafer using a vacuum coupled transducer and received by an acoustic probe mounted along the periphery of the wafer. Cracks are detected by monitoring shifts in the resonance peak's frequency, bandwidth, and amplitude. In Cz-Si wafers it has been shown that increased crack length leads to a decrease in peak frequency and an increase in peak bandwidth and decreasing peak amplitude. Minimum crack length sensitivity is related to the uniformity of the RUV parameters from wafer to wafer within a batch as well as system characteristics. Typically the RUV system is capable of detecting sub-millimeter length cracks. The use of auto loading and unloading allows the RUV system to achieve mass production level speeds of approximately two seconds per wafer. The RUV system has been successful in detecting cracks in single crystalline and multi-crystalline silicon wafers. Further development of the RUV system would solidify its place in manufacturing plants for non-destructive crack detection in PV cells.The contributing work of the author toward the further development of the RUV crack detection method will be examined in this thesis.

Kyoto University (京都大学) / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第18982号 / 工博第4024号 / 新制||工||1620 / 31933 / 京都大学大学院工学研究科材料工学専攻 / (主査)教授 田中 功, 教授 酒井 明, 教授 邑瀬 邦明 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当

We have developed continuous random network (CRN) model based Metropolis Monte Carlo simulation tools which are capable of predicting the structural properties of amorphous semiconductor and oxide materials as well as their interface. To bolster the reliability of the CRN model, we have developed force fields based on gradient corrected density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Our in-house CRN-MMC tools have been massively parallelized, which allows us to create fairly large model structures within a reasonable computational time. Using the integrated CRN-MMC tools, we have elucidated the complex growth and structure of self-interstitial and vacancy clusters in silicon and the effect of strain on the structure and stability of the defect clusters. Our work for vacancy clusters suggests that small vacancy defects exclusively favor fourfold-coordination thermodynamically with no significant kinetic limitation rather than void-like structure formation, which has widely been adapted to explain the behavior and properties of vacancy defects. Our results also highlight the identification of stable high-symmetry fourfold-coordinated V₁₂ and V₃₂ clusters that could be expected to exist to a large extent in a vacancy rich region although its direct characterization appears impractical at present. Our work for self-interstitial clusters provides the first theoretical support for earlier experiments which suggest a shape transition from compact to elongated structures around n = 10. When the cluster size is smaller than 10, the stable I₄ and I₈ compact clusters are found to inhibit the formation of elongated defects, whereas the newly discovered fourfold-coordinated I₁₂ state is found to serve as an effective nucleation center for large extended defects. Our CRN-MMC approach also enabled us to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of synthesis and manipulation of Si rich insulators as well as the fundamental understanding of the relationship between the atomic structure and properties. We developed a valence force field based on a modified Keating model for the structure and energetics of amorphous Si rich oxide materials. In particular, our work emphasizes the importance of correctly describing the wide Si-O-Si angle distribution. Our work also suggests that the relative rigidity between Si and SiO₂ matrices is critical in determination of the Si/SiO₂ interface structure. The present potential model coupled with the CRN-MMC method can be used to create structural models (free of coordination defects) for complex a-SiO[subscript x]-based materials, which will further allow thorough studies of the properties of these materials. / text

Στη διδακτορική διατριβή μελετώνται πέντε διαφορετικά προβλήματα που συναντώνται στη δημιουργία ενός συστήματος εκτίμησης ανακλαστικότητας χρώματος αντικειμένων και ποιοτικού ελέγχου έγχρωμων επίπεδων επιφανειών με σχέδια. Το πρώτο πρόβλημα αφορά στην εξαγωγή της απόκρισης φωτεινότητας της κάμερας που θα χρησιμοποιηθεί στο σύστημα. Για την εκτίμησή της προτάθηκαν τέσσερις μέθοδοι (δύο παραμετρικές και δύο μη παραμετρικές) που κάνουν χρήση των δεδομένων πολλαπλών εικόνων τυχαίων σκηνών. Η απόκριση φωτεινότητας εκτιμάται με χρήση πρωτότυπων συστημάτων εξισώσεων υπό περιορισμούς. Το δεύτερο πρόβλημα αφορά την εκτίμηση της φασματικής απόκρισης της κάμερας. Προτείνεται μία νέα μέθοδος που χρησιμοποιεί μοντέλο αθροίσματος κανονικών κατανομών και γενετικό αλγόριθμο. Η μέθοδος αυτή παρουσιάζει ανώτερη απόδοση σε σχέση με άμεσα ανταγωνιστικές μεθόδους στην εκτίμηση των φασματικών αποκρίσεων. Το τρίτο πρόβλημα αφορά επιλογή οπτικών φίλτρων από διαθέσιμο σύνολο για την κατασκευή πολυκαναλικού συστήματος εκτίμησης της φασματικής ανακλαστικότητας αντικειμένων. Προτείνονται νέες προσεγγίσεις με ανώτερη ακρίβεια φασματικής ανακατασκευής ανακλαστικοτήτων σε σχέση με ανταγωνιστικές μεθόδους. Το τέταρτο πρόβλημα αφορά στην επίτευξη χρωματικής ισοστάθμισης. Προτείνεται μία νέα παραδοχή μεγιστοποίησης της αντίθεσης στο κανάλι της φωτεινότητας. Με βάση την παραδοχή αυτή προτείνονται νέες μέθοδοι χρωματικής ισοστάθμισης και συγκρίνονται με υπάρχουσες στη βιβλιογραφία. Τα αποτελέσματα είναι συγκρίσιμα ή και ανώτερα ανταγωνιστικών μεθόδων. Το πέμπτο πρόβλημα αφορά στη δημιουργία συστήματος ανίχνευσης σφαλμάτων σε έγχρωμες επίπεδες επιφάνειες. Προτείνεται ένα πρωτότυπο σύστημα εντοπισμού σφαλμάτων που βασίζεται στην σύγκριση διανυσμάτων χαρακτηριστικών τοπικών ιστογραμμάτων σε πολλαπλά επίπεδα ανάλυσης και χρωματικά κανάλια. Τα διανύσματα χαρακτηριστικών είναι ανεξάρτητα από περιστροφή και μετατόπιση και ανεκτικά σε παραμορφώσεις. Η μέθοδος απαιτεί την ύπαρξη δειγμάτων αναφοράς για εκπαίδευση. Με έναν πρωτότυπο αλγόριθμο εντοπισμού σφαλμάτων, που χρησιμοποιεί τα δεδομένα που αποκτήθηκαν από τα δείγματα αναφοράς, γίνεται εντοπισμός των σφαλμάτων στις εικόνες επισκόπησης. Το σύστημα αξιολογείται όσον αφορά στην απόδοσή του χρησιμοποιώντας μία βάση δεδομένων εικόνων η οποία περιέχει τεχνητά σφάλματα και δημιουργήθηκε για το σκοπό αυτό. / This dissertation analyzes five different problems on the development of an image based reflectance reconstruction system for defect detection on colour patterned planar objects. The first problem involves the estimation of the camera’s photoquantimetric response. Four new methods are proposed (two parametric and two non-parametric) using multiple images of the same static scene. The photoquantimetric response is estimated by the use of a novel formulation of linear systems with restrictions. The second problem refers to the estimation of the camera’s spectral response. Through the use of a sum of Gaussian model combined with genetic algorithms a new formulation is achieved. This new method shows improved performance compared to previous approaches. The third problem involves the selection of a subset of optical filters from an available set for the development of a multispectral reflectance reconstruction system. New approaches are proposed based on statistical features of the system responses providing better reflectance reconstruction accuracy in comparison to previous methods. The fourth problem refers to colour constancy. A novel assumption is proposed based on contrast maximization in the intensity channel. New methods based on this assumption are proposed. These new methods show comparable or even superior performance to existing colour constancy methods. The fifth problem involves the development of a defect detection system for coloured patterned planar surfaces. A novel defect detection system is proposed based on the comparison of statistical local feature vectors at multiple scales of resolution. The features used are rotation and translation invariant and robust to non-linear deformations. The system requires the existence of defect free reference patterns. A novel defect detection algorithm is proposed and tested on a database especially created for the task with satisfying results.

NXP Semiconductors (formerly Philips Semiconductors) has created a new embedded asynchronous FIFO module. It is a small and fast full-custom design with Design-for-Test (DfT) functionality. The fault detection qualities of a proposed manufacturing test for this FIFO have been analyzed by a defect-based method based on analog simulation. Resistive bridges and opens of different sizes in the bit-cell matrix and in the asynchronous control have been investigated. The fault coverage for bridge defects in the bit-cell matrix of the initial FIFO test has been improved by inclusion of an additional data background and low-voltage testing. 100% fault coverage is reached for low resistance bridges. The fault coverage for opens has been improved by a new test procedure including waiting periods. 98.4% of the hard bridge defects in the asynchronous control slices can be detected with some modifications of the initial test.

No description available.

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether the effects of hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) therapy could alter the critical size defect (CSD) diameter and to evaluate the effect of HBO on the repair of CSD in the presence and absence of a non-vascularized autogenous bone graft (ABG). Study Design: Twenty rabbits were divided in two groups of ten animals each. CSD were created in the parietal bones bilaterally. Defects were critical-sized, 15 mm on one side and supracritical-sized, 18 mm on the contralateral side. Group 1 received a 90-min HBO treatment sessions at 2.4 absolute atmospheric pressure (ATA) for 90 minutes per day for 20 days. Group 2 served as a normobaric roomair control (NBO). Additional ten animals were divided into 2 groups of 5 animals each. Bilateral CSD were created. ABG were allocated to one side of each calvarium. Group 1 received HBO treatments. Group 2 served as NBO. After sacrifice, data were collected including qualitative assessment, radiographic analysis, Micro CT bone analysis and histomorphometric analysis. ANOVA and paired sample t test were used for statistical analysis. Results: Both radiographic analysis and histomorphometric analysis demonstrated more new bone in the HBO CSD (p<.001). Micro CT analysis indicated a higher bone mineral content (BMC) in ABG CSD (p<.05). Histologically, complete bridging of the defect was observed in ABG defects. Histomorphometric analysis showed that HBO treatment increased new bone and marrow and reduced fibrous tissue in the defects (p<.01 for all). Conclusion: Bone regeneration was significantly greater in the HBO animals regardless of the defect size. HBO may have changed the accepted diameter of CSD to more than 18 mm. HBO enhances bony healing in non-grafted CSD.

Visose pramonės šakose, ypatingai energetikoje, plačiai taikomos plonasienės metalinės konstrukcijos. Tokių konstrukcijų pavyzdžiu yra antžeminiai vertikalūs ci-lindriniai rezervuarai. Kadangi šių statinių konstrukcijų gamybos ir montavimo darbus sudėtinga atlikti be lokalių ar bendrų nukrypimų nuo idealios cilindrinės formos, tikslus jų įvertinimas labai svarbus tokiems potencialiai pavojingiems statiniams. Šio darbo tyrimų pagrindinis tikslas yra: talpyklos sienelės su įduba įtemptojo deformuotojo būvio identifikavimas baigtinių elementų metodu ir eksperimentiniu metodu. / In all branches of industry, especially in power-engineering, thin wall steel structures are extensively used. Land vertical cylindrical tanks are examples of such structures. The manufacture and assembling of these structures are usually accompanied by deviations from an ideal cylindrical form. Therefore, the exact evaluation of real local imperfections and common deviations from the analytical model of the tank is very important for such potentially dangerous structures. The main objective of the presented investigations is to identify stress/strain state of the wall tank with local imperfections from the ideal cylindrical surface, taking into account the membrane theory of the shells by using the natural experiment and finite element’s method.