The four activities exploring, gathering, building and fighting are common across many genres of video games. Although these activities can come in many different forms such as fighting alone or in groups, against humans, beasts or fictional monsters, gathering sticks and stones to build a shelter or gathering cards to build the perfect deck, most games include at least one of these activities and some genres such as survival games include most of them. A test video game is used to allow participants to experience each activity and report discrete emotions felt during the activity. The purpose of this experiment is to find a link between each activity and a particular discrete emotion. Against our prediction, results indicate that rather than each activity being connected to a single discrete emotion, each activity leans towards either multiple positive emotions or multiple negative emotions. / De fyra aktiviteterna utforska, samla, bygga samt strida förekommer i många genrer av spel. Även om dessa aktiviteter kan visa sig i många olika former, såsom t.ex. att strida ensam eller i grupper, emot människor, djur eller fiktionella monster, samla på sig pinnar och sten för att bygga ett skydd, eller samla på sig kort för att bygga den perfekta kortleken, innehåller de flesta spel åtminstone en av dessa aktiviteter. Vissa genrer såsom överlevnadsspel innehåller de flesta av dem. Ett test spel används för att tillåta deltagare att uppleva varje aktivitet och sedan rapportera diskreta känslor de känt under aktiviteten. Syftet med detta experiment är att hitta en länk mellan varje aktivitet och en viss diskret känsla. Förvånansvärt nog indikerar inte resultaten att inte att varje aktivitet är kopplad till en viss diskret känsla, men snarare att varje aktivitet lutar mot antingen ett flertal positiva känslor eller ett flertal negativa känslor.

Introduction: In Western countries, about one pregnant woman in five experiences a considerable fear of childbirth (FOC). Consequently FOC is an important topic for midwives, being pregnant women’s main care givers. Also, although many aspects of FOC have been studied, almost no studies have into detail applied a theoretical frame of reference for studying pregnant women’s expectations for their upcoming labour and delivery. Therefore, the theory of self-efficacy, here regarding pregnant women’s belief in own capability to cope with labour and delivery, has been applied with the aim to better understand the phenomenon of FOC. Aim: The overall aims of the thesis were to describe midwives´ perceptions and views on FOC and to expand the current knowledge about expectations for the forthcoming birth in nulliparous women in the context of FOC. Method: Study I had a descriptive design. In total 21 midwives, distributed over four focus-groups, participated. Data were analysed by the phenomenographic approach. Studies II and III had cross sectional designs. Study II comprised 726 midwives, randomly selected from a national sample that completed a questionnaire that addressed the findings from Study I. Study III included 423 pregnant nulliparous women. FOC was measured using the Wijma Delivery Expectancy/Experience Questionnaire (W-DEQ), self-efficacy by the Childbirth Self-Efficacy Inventory (CBSEI). Study IV had a descriptive interpretative design. Seventeen women with severe FOC were conveniently selected from the sample of Study III and individually interviewed. Content analyses, both deductive and inductive, were performed. Method: Study I had a descriptive design. In total 21 midwives, distributed over four focus-groups, participated. Data were analysed by the phenomenographic approach. Studies II and III had cross sectional designs. Study II comprised 726 midwives, randomly selected from a national sample that completed a questionnaire that addressed the findings from Study I. Study III included 423 pregnant nulliparous women. FOC was measured using the Wijma Delivery Expectancy/Experience Questionnaire (W-DEQ), self-efficacy by the Childbirth Self-Efficacy Inventory (CBSEI). Study IV had a descriptive interpretative design. Seventeen women with severe FOC were conveniently selected from the sample of Study III and individually interviewed. Content analyses, both deductive and inductive, were performed. Conclusions: Swedish midwives regard severe FOC as a serious problem that influences pregnant women’s view on the forthcoming labour and delivery. Midwives at antenatal care clinics, compared to colleagues working at labour wards, experience a greater need for training in care of pregnant women with severe FOC. Self-efficacy is a useful construct and the self-efficacy theory an applicable way of thinking in analysing fear of childbirth. The self-efficacy concept might be appropriate in midwives’ care for women with severe FOC.

Syfte: Syftet med studien var att utvärdera NIBUT (Non-Invasive Break-Up Time) och TBUT (Tear Break-Up Time) hos heltidsstuderande vid Linnéuniversitetet samt bidra till en ökad förståelse av ögonhälsan hos denna grupp. Metod: Tårfilmens stabilitet kontrollerades med NIBUT och TBUT, tiden mättes direkt efter en blinkning till första uppsprickningen av tårfilmens yta eller ny blinkning. NIBUT utfördes icke invasivt i Sirius och TBUT mättes i biomikroskop med fluorescein. Deltagarna fick inledningsvis svara på en enkät som gjorde det möjligt att analysera insamlad data utifrån ålder, kön, termin, skärmtid och poäng på DEQ-5 (5-Item Dry Eye Questionnaire). Svaren från DEQ-5 möjliggjorde att resultaten från NIBUT och TBUT mätningarna kunde jämföras mot upplevda symtom på torra ögon. Resultat: Studien inkluderade 36 studenter i åldersspannet 18–39 år (medianålder 23 år, IQR 5,25 år). NIBUT och TBUT visade en positiv signifikant korrelation (p <0,001). En kortare TBUT korrelerade negativt med en högre totalpoäng på DEQ-5 (p = 0,004) samt antalet terminer som studerats (p = 0,025). NIBUT visade inte några liknande samband. Referensvärdet för torra ögon diagnostisering med hjälp av NIBUT och TBUT är en tid <10 sekunder. Över hälften av deltagarna i studien, NIBUT 58% och TBUT 53%, hade en nedsatt break-up time <10 sekunder. Vilket kan vara en indikation för torra ögon problematik. Slutsats: Denna studie visar att det finns ett signifikant samband mellan NIBUT och TBUT mätningarna. Kortare TBUT har visat en signifikant korrelation med högre totalpoäng på DEQ-5, likaså har signifikanta samband mellan TBUT och fler lästa terminer konstaterats. Trots korrelationen mellan NIBUT och TBUT påverkades resultaten av skillnader mellan de två mätmetoderna. / Purpose: The purpose of the studies was to evaluate NIBUT (Non-Invasive Break-Up Time) and TBUT (Tear Break-Up Time) in full-time students at Linnaeus University and to contribute to an increased understanding of the eye health of this group. Method: The stability of the tear film was checked with NIBUT and TBUT, the time was measured directly after a blink to the first break-up of the tear film surface or a new blink. NIBUT was performed non-invasively in Sirius and TBUT was measured in a biomicroscope with fluorescein. The participants initially had to answer a questionnaire that made it possible to analyze collected data based on age, sex, number of semesters studied, screen time and score on the DEQ-5 (5-Item Dry Eye Questionnaire). The responses from the DEQ-5 allowed the results from the NIBUT and TBUT measurements to be compared against perceived symptoms of dry eye. Results: The study included 36 students in the age range 18–39 years (median age 23 years, IQR 5.25 years). NIBUT and TBUT showed a positive significant correlation (p <0.001). A shorter TBUT correlated negatively with a higher DEQ-5 total score (p = 0.004) as well as the number of semesters studied (p = 0.025). NIBUT did not show any similar correlations. The reference value for dry eye diagnosis using NIBUT and TBUT is a time <10 seconds. Over half of the participants in the study, NIBUT 58% and TBUT 53%, had a reduced break-up time <10 seconds. Which can be an indication of dry eye problems. Conclusion: This study shows that there is a significant connection between the NIBUT and TBUT measurements. Shorter TBUT has shown a significant correlation with higher total scores on the DEQ-5, likewise significant connections between TBUT and more semesters read have been established. Despite the correlation between NIBUT and TBUT, the results were influenced by differences between the two measurement methods.