Compte tenu de la complexité des circuits intégrés de nos jours et des nœuds technologiques qui ne cessent pas de diminuer, être au rendez-vous avec les demandes de design, test et fabrication des dispositifs de haute qualité est devenu un des plus grands défis. Avoir des circuits intégrés de plus en plus performants devrait être atteint tout en respectant les contraintes de basse consommation, de niveaux de fiabilité demandés, de taux de défauts acceptables ainsi que du bas coût. Avec ce fascinant progrès de l’industrie des semi-conducteurs, les processus de fabrication sont devenus de plus en plus difficile à contrôler, ce qui rend les puces électroniques de nos jours plus disposés aux défauts physiques. Le test était et restera l’unique solution pour lutter contre l’occurrence des défauts de fabrication ; même il est devenu un facteur prédominant dans le coût totale de fabrication des circuits intégrés. Même si des solutions de test, qui existent déjà, étaient capables de satisfaire ce fameux compromis coût-qualité ces dernières années, il arrive d’observer encore des mécanismes de défauts malheureusement incontrôlables. Certains sont intrinsèquement reliés au processus de fabrication en lui-même. D’autres reviennent sans doute aux pratiques de test et surtout quand on analyse le taux de défauts détectés et le niveau de fiabilité atteint.L’objectif principal de cette thèse est d’implémenter des stratégies de test robustes et efficaces qui répondent aux lacunes des techniques de tests classiques et qui proposent des modèles de fautes plus réalistes et répondent au mieux aux attentes des fournisseurs. Dans l’objectif d’améliorer l’efficacité de test en termes de coût, capacité de couverture de faute, nous présentons divers contributions significatives qui touchent différents domaines entre-autres le test sur le terrain, les tests à hautes fréquences sous contraintes de puissance et finalement le test des chaines de scan.La partie majeure de cette thèse était consacrée pour le développement de nouvelles techniques de tests fonctionnels ciblant les systèmes à processeurs.Les méthodologies appliquées couvrent les problèmes de test sur terrain aussi bien que les problèmes de test de fabrication. Dans le premier cas, la techniques adoptée consiste à fusionner et compacter un ensemble initial de programmes fonctionnels afin d’atteindre une couverture de faute satisfaisante tout en respectant les contraintes du test sur terrain (temps de test réduit et ressource mémoire limitée). Cependant dans le deuxième cas, comme nous avons assez d’informations sur la structure du design, nous proposons un nouveau protocole de test qui va exploiter l’architecture de test existante. Dans ce contexte, nous avons validé et confirmé la relation complémentaire qui joint le test fonctionnel avec le test structurel. D’autres part, cette prometteuse approche assure un test qui respecte les limites de la consommation fonctionnelle et donc une fiabilité meilleure.La dernière contribution de cette thèse accorde toute l’attention à l’amélioration de test de la structure DFT « Design For Test » la plus utilisée qui est la chaîne de scan. Nous présentons dans cette contribution une approche de test qui cible les défauts physiques au sein de la cellule en elle-même.Cette approche représente une couverture de défauts meilleure et une longueur de test plus réduit si nous la comparons avec l’ATPG classique ciblant les mêmes défauts « Intra-cell defect ATPG ».Comme résultat majeur de cette efficace solution de test, nous avons observé une amélioration de 7.22% de couverture de défaut accompagné d’une réduction de 33.5% du temps de test en comparaison avec la couverture et le temps du test atteints par le « Cell-awer ATPG ». / In light of the aggressive scaling and increasing complexity of digital circuits, meeting the demands for designing, testing and fabricating high quality devices is extremely challenging.Higher performance of integrated circuits needs to be achieved while respecting the constraints of low power consumption, required reliability levels, acceptable defect rates and low cost. With these advances in the SC industry, the manufacturing process are becoming more and more difficult to control, making chips more prone to defects.Test was and still is the unique solution to cover manufacturing defects; it is becoming a dominant factor in overall manufacturing cost.Even if existing test solutions were able to satisfy the cost-reliability trade-off in the last decade, there are still uncontrolled failure mechanisms. Some of them are intrinsically related to the manufacturing process and some others belong to the test practices especially when we consider the amount of detected defects and achieved reliability.The main goal of this thesis is to implement robust and effective test strategies to complement the existing test techniques and cope with the issues of test practices and fault models. With the objective to further improve the test efficiency in terms of cost and fault coverage capability, we present significant contributions in the diverse areas of in-field test, power-aware at-speed test and finally scan-chain testing.A big part of this thesis was devoted to develop new functional test techniques for processor-based systems. The applied methodologies cover both in-field and end-of manufacturing test issues. In the farmer, the implemented test technique is based on merging and compacting an initial functional program set in order to achieve higher fault coverage while reducing the test time and the memory occupation. However in the latter, since we already have the structure information of the design, we propose to develop a new test scheme by exploiting the existing scan chain. In this case we validate the complementary relationship between functional and structural testing while avoiding over as well under-testing issues.The last contribution of this thesis deals with the test improvement of the most used DFT structure that is the scan chain. We present in this contribution an intra-cell aware testing approach showing higher intra-cell defect coverage and lower test length when compared to conventional cell-aware ATPG. As major results of this effective test solution, we show that an intra-cell defect coverage increase of up to 7.22% and test time decrease of up to 33.5 % can be achieved in comparison with cell-aware ATPG.

Com o aumento da consciência global sobre os riscos do Aquecimento do Planeta e de suas possíveis causas ficou claro que é necessário desenvolver ou adaptar processos industriais de maneira a aproveitar dejetos como o CO2. Dentre as formas de se aproveitar o CO2, destaca-se a ciclo-adição aos epóxidos, com a formação de ciclocarbonatos. A reação é tecnologicamente interessante, pois ciclocarbonatos possuem diversas aplicações como solventes polares apróticos, eletrólitos e matéria prima para compostos como purinas, carbamatos, glicóis, policarbonato e outros. Para que a reação ocorra em tempo e condições viáveis, há a necessidade de se trabalhar com catalisadores. Foram reportados muitos catalisadores ao longo dos anos. Dentre os catalisadores mais comumente utilizados, destacam-se os sais orgânicos. Porém o estudo sobre modelos cinéticos e mecanismo de reação ainda carecem de mais atenção. Desta forma este trabalho propõe-se a estudar esta parte, através de experimentos cinéticos, modelos teóricos e cálculos de química quântica. Para isto escolheu-se estudar a ação catalítica do brometo de 1-propil-4-azo-1-azôniobiciclo[2,2,2]octano (P-DABCO) frente a um catalisador bem descrito na literatura, o brometo de tetrapropilamônio (TPA). / Nowadays mankind are becoming more aware about Global Warming risks and its possible causes. With that in mind, it is necessary to develop or to adapt industrial processes to use some wastes like CO2. One of the best strategies to utilize CO2 is to convert it to cyclic carbonate through cyclic addition reaction to epoxides. This reaction is important because cyclic carbonates have other useful applications. For example, they can be used as polar aprotic solvents, electrolytes and as starting material for other compounds like purine, carbamates, glycols, polycarbonate, among others. However, the cyclic addition reaction must be catalyzed so as to get the desired product in short possible time and under soft conditions. Many catalysts have been reported in the literature that can be used for the cyclic addition reaction, with the organic salts being very common ones. Most of these reports focus on the efficiency of the catalyst and little attention has been paid to the reaction kinetics models and reaction mechanisms. Thus, we intend to study this part. For this purpose, we will do kinetics experiments, theoretical models and quantum chemistry calculation. The 1-alkyl-4-aza-1-azaniabicyclo[2.2.2]octyl bromide was chosen to this work and will be compared with tetrapropylammonium bromide that is known in the literature.

Nanofios são estruturas em forma de fio com diâmetros da ordem de nanômetros. Estas estruturas têm sido bastante estudadas ultimamente, pois prometem aplicações tecnológicas na área de eletrônica e sensores. Neste trabalho, foram estudados nanofios finos de oxido de magnésio (MgO) com diâmetros de até 2 nm, utilizando cálculos ab-initio baseados na Teoria do Funcional da Densidade com uma base de ondas planas. No total foram estudados 12 fios, com diferentes tamanhos e formas. Entre os resultados obtidos, leis de escala são propostas para relacionar as propriedades dos nanofios com o inverso de seus perímetros. Além disso, verificamos que o módulo de elasticidade (ou módulo de Young) dos nanofios é muito maior que o do material sólido. Também construímos um modelo que relaciona a estabilidade dos nanofios com o número de vizinhos de cada átomo. / Nanowires are structures in the shape of wires with diameters on the order of nanometers. These structures have been widely studied recently, as they are promising candidates for technological applications in electronic components and sensors. In this work, we have studied very thin magnesium oxide (MgO) nanowires with diameters below 2 nm through Density Functional Theory-based ab-initio calculations with a plane wave basis set. A total of 12 nanowires of different sizes and shapes was studied. Among the obtained results, we have described scaling laws that relate the nanowire properties to the inverse of the wire perimeter. Moreover, we have found that the nanowires elasticity modulus (or Young modulus) is much larger than that of the solid material. We have also built a model that relates the stability of these nanowires to the number of neighbors of each atom.

O estudo do interior da Terra apresenta diversos desafios, principalmente devido à impossibilidade de observações diretas de suas propriedades. Ondas sísmicas liberadas por terremotos são a melhor fonte de informação sobre a estrutura do planeta, mas sua correta interpretação depende do conhecimento das propriedades de seus elementos constituintes. Entretanto, estes estudos devem ser feitos nas condições extremas de temperatura e pressão do interior terrestre, condições difíceis de serem alcançadas em laboratório. Neste contexto, o estudo teórico de materiais tem sido muito importante na elaboração de modelos sobre a estrutura interna da Terra e na correta interpretação de dados sísmicos. Pesquisas recentes têm mostrado que a quantidade de carbono no manto inferior da Terra é maior do que se pensava anteriormente, e é importante compreender seus efeitos no interior profundo da Terra. Apesar da importância de entender os efeitos do carbono no interior da Terra, existem poucos estudos deste elemento nestas condições extremas de pressão e temperatura. Neste trabalho, utilizamos métodos e técnicas da física do estado sólido para estudar as propriedades de compostos de carbono nas condições de pressão e temperatura do manto inferior terrestre. Estudamos, primeiramente, as propriedades estruturais, eletrônicas e elásticas do MgSiO3 nas estruturas perovskita e pós-perovskita, considerado o principal mineral do manto inferior. Os resultados obtidos para as velocidades acústicas neste mineral mostraram variações maiores em relação às direções cristalinas, quando comparadas com mudanças devido à transição de fase estrutural. Isso indica que uma orientação preferencial dos eixos (anisotropia) pode ajudar a explicar algumas regiões com aumento descontínuo nas velocidades sísmicas. Posteriormente, foram obtidas as propriedades do MgCO3 e do CaCO3 em suas estruturas mais estáveis, em função da pressão. Nossos resultados foram comparados com os do MgSiO3 , mostrando que carbonatos de cálcio e de magnésio são estáveis nas condições do manto terrestre e que sua formação é energeticamente favorável. Resultados dos cálculos dos coeficientes elásticos e das velocidades acústicas nestes minerais mostram que as velocidades são menores que aquelas no MgSiO 3 . Dessa forma, em regiões ricas em carbono deve ocorrer a formação destes carbonatos e, por conseguinte, as velocidades sísmicas seriam menores nessas regiões. Isso pode explicar a existência das zonas de baixa velocidade na fronteira do manto inferior com o núcleo. Foram estudadas, também, as consequências da introdução de efeitos térmicos. Entretanto, obteve-se que os resultados não apresentam alterações significativas, de modo que mesmo nas altas temperaturas do interior da Terra nossas conclusões permanecem válidas, onde propomos que as regiões de baixa velocidade no manto inferior possam ser provocadas pela presença de carbono na forma de carbonatos e que a formação destes seria um modelo adicional para explicar onde e como o carbono pode ser armazenado no manto profundo. / Investigations on the Earths interior face several challenges, especially due to the infeasibility of direct observations of its properties. Earthquake seismic waves are the best information source about our planets structure, but its correct interpretation depends on the knowledge of its forming elements. However, these studies must consider the extreme pressures and temperatures of the Earths interior, hard to achieve experimentally. In this way, theoretical methods have emerged as an essential tool in elaborating models for the Earth internal structure and in the correct interpretation of seismic data. Recent studies have shown that the Earth must have much more carbon than previous thought, and it is important to understand its effects on the Earths deep interior. Despite its importance, there are few studies on carbon in these extreme conditions of pressure and temperature and on its effects in the Earths interior. In this investigation, we use theoretical solid state physics methods to investigate the properties of carbon compounds in the pressure and temperature conditions of Earths deep interior. First of all, we studied the electronic and elastic properties of MgSiO3 in the perovskite and post perovskite structures. This silicate is considered the main mineral in the Earths lower mantle. Our results show that seismic velocities have a larger variation with respect to the propagation direction than that with the phase transition. This indicates that a lattice preferred orientation can explain some seismic discontinuities. Thereafter, the properties of the MgCO3 and CaCO3 minerals were obtained in their more stable structures with respect to pressure. The results were compared with those of the MgSiO3, showing that calcium and magnesium carbonates are stable in the Earths mantle and that their formation is energetically favorable. The elastic coefficients and the acoustic velocities in these carbonates show seismic velocities considerably lower than those in the MgSiO3 . In this way, in regions with high carbon concentration the formation of carbonates could favorably occur and therefore the seismic velocities would be lower in those regions. This may explain the existence of low velocity zones near the bottom of Earths lower mantle. We also studied the consequences of the introduction of thermal effects. However, our results do not show any significant variation with temperature. Hence, even in the high temperatures of Earths interior, our conclusions are still valid where we propose that low velocity regions can be caused by the presence of carbon in the form of carbonates. Its formation could provide an additional model to explain where and how carbon can be stored in the deep mantle.

O câncer de pele se apresenta como um sério problema de saúde pública mundial, sendo incidente nos cinco continentes. As ações relacionadas à prevenção dessa doença envolvem, entre outras coisas, a utilização de protetores solares e a educação em saúde. Em virtude do aumento do número de indivíduos com câncer de pele a cada ano, é de grande valor estudos de entendimento e desenvolvimento de filtros solares melhores e mais seguros. Os produtos utilizados com a finalidade de proteger a pele dos raios solares ultravioletas (UV) possuem em sua composição filtros solares, que podem ter ação física, refletindo e dissipando a radiação UV; ou ação química, absorvendo a radiação UV. Os filtros químicos podem apresentar absorção em UVB (290-320 nm), UVA (320-400 nm) ou em ambas as faixas, sendo considerados de amplo espectro. . Dentre as várias classes de compostos com perfil de filtro solar UVB, os cinamatos destacam-se por apresentarem boa eficácia e excelente custo-benefício. A aplicação de cálculos teóricos tornou-se indispensável no planejamento de fármacos e nos estudos de mecanismo de ação de moléculas bioativas, visto a diminuição de tempo e custos em pesquisa e desenvolvimento. O desenvolvimento de métodos quânticos robustos, como o TD-DFT, permitiu a simulação de propriedades experimentais in silico, tais como espectros de RMN e UV. Diante deste panorama, aplicamos tal método na simulação de espectros UV para os cinamatos com perfil de filtros solares. Realizou-se uma busca do melhor funcional para simulação dos espectros, na qual se determinou que os funcionais B3LYP e B3P86 apresentaram melhores resultados quando comparados ao espectro experimental do composto p-metoxicinamato de etilexila determinado em metanol. Foram simulados os espectros de UV para sete compostos derivados do ácido cinâmico, os quais apresentaram λ máximo próximo a 310 nm, como descrito na literatura. Observou-se que a energia média para que ocorra a principal transição eletrônica, de HOMO para LUMO, é de 3,95 eV. O método mostrou-se adequado para a determinação de espectros UV para a classe dos cinamatos e pode ser utilizado na busca de novos compostos dessa classe a serem empregados como filtros solares. / Skin cancer presents itself as a very serious world public health problem, being incident all over the five continents. Using sunscreen and receiving health education, among other factors, are related to prevent the disease. The number of people with skin cancer increases every year, therefore, studies for better knowledge and development for better and safer sunscreens are crucial. Products used with the intention to protect the skin from ultraviolet sunrays (UV) are partially composed by sunscreen, which may lead to two different reactions, a physical reaction, that reflects and ceases the UV radiation; or a chemical reaction, that absorbs the UV radiation. Chemical filters may present absorption in UVB (290-320 nm), UVA (320 400 nm) or in both, which is considered as broad spectrum. Among the various types of compound forms with sunscreen UVB profile, cinnamates stand out for presenting good efficiency and excellent cost-benefit. The application of theoretical calculations became essential for drug design and bioactive molecules action mechanism studies, considering time saving and costs in research and development. The development of robust quantum method, such as TD-DFT allowed the simulation of experimental properties in silico, like RMN and UV spectra. Given this overview, this method was applied to simulate UV spectra of cinnamates with sunscreen profile. A search was done to define the best functional to simulate all spectrum, where the functionals B3LYP and B3P86 showed the best results when compared to experimental spectra of the compound ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate determined in methanol. An UV spectrum simulation for seven compounds derived from cinnamic acid showed maximum wavelength around to 310 nm, as described in the literature. It was observed that the average energy for the main electronic transition, HOMO to LUMO, is 3,95 eV. The method proved to be adequate for the determination of UV spectra for cinnamate class and it can be used as a tool on the search for new compounds from this class to be used as sunscreen.

Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2019-02-01T09:56:12Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Thaís Forest Giacomello - 2019.pdf: 3222145 bytes, checksum: 30b7cb27105455314142954d1f75610f (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2019-02-01T10:05:20Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Thaís Forest Giacomello - 2019.pdf: 3222145 bytes, checksum: 30b7cb27105455314142954d1f75610f (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2019-02-01T10:05:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Thaís Forest Giacomello - 2019.pdf: 3222145 bytes, checksum: 30b7cb27105455314142954d1f75610f (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2019-01-17 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Goiás - FAPEG / Chalcone is a class of natural products that has a lot of interest, mainly pharmaceutical because of its biological actions. They are several classes and in addition they are non rigid and complex molecules making their structural characterizations become difficult task in experimental techniques. Spectroscopic techniques, in the last years, have developed very fast, greatly aiding the elucidation of natural products. However, several cases of review of natural product structures have been found in the literature due to erroneous elucidations in analytical techniques of experimental routines. Thus, it is extremely important to develop protocols that can assist in determining the correct structures of these molecules. In this work aimed to develop a parameterized protocol for NMR 13C chemical shift calculations with the purpose of assisting in the correct determination of polyphenol type molecules. Thus, a group of polyphenols, specifically a subclass of these, chalcones, having varied substituents and experimental structural elucidation were selected in the literature. This base of chalcones was submitted to randomized conformational searches using Monte Carlo method and MMFF force field. In addition, the configurators with energy of up to 3 kcal/mol of each chalcone were calculations optimization of geometry and frequency. The chemical shift of 13C was calculated after assuming Boltzmann statics. All of these calculations were performed using the mPW1PW91 / 6-31G (d) level. After that, the scaled chemical shifts (δesc) was defined. This was obtained using the expression δ𝑒𝑠𝑐 = 𝑎 𝑥 δ𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐 + 𝑏, where a and b are the coefficients of linear regressions obtained between calculated (δcalc) versus experimental chemical shift. In order to validate the protocol, the scaling factor were used to obtain δesc values for chalcones different from those used in the base. The result shows that the level of theory applied reproduced excellently the experimental data. Calculations performed with a scaling factor lead to a better result than when there is no use of this factor. In addition, the applicability of the scaling factor allows the cancellation of systematic errors, which make δesc are closer to the experimental ones. Thus, the parameterized protocol was shown to be an important tool for the structural elucidation of polyphenols through theorotical calculations of ¹³C NMR chemical shifts. / Chalcona é uma classe de produtos naturais que tem muito interesse, principalmente farmacêutico, devido as suas ações biológicas. São moléculas não rígidas e complexas fazendo com que suas caracterizações estruturais se tornem tarefa difícil em técnicas experimentais. As técnicas espectroscópicas, nos últimos anos, tiveram um desenvolvimento muito rápido auxiliando bastante a elucidação de produtos naturais. No entanto, vários casos de revisão de estruturas de produtos naturais foram encontrados na literatura devido a ter elucidações errôneas em técnicas analíticas de rotinas experimentais. Com isso, é de extrema importância desenvolver protocolos que podem auxiliar na determinação de estruturas corretas dessas moléculas. Este trabalho buscou desenvolver um protocolo parametrizado para cálculo de deslocamento químico de RMN 13C com o intuíto de auxilar a determinação correta de moléculas tipo polifenóis. Assim, selecionou-se um grupo de polifenóis, especificamente uma subclasse desses, as chalconas, que possuissem substituintes variados e elucidação estrutural experimental na literatura. Essa base de chalconas foi submetida a buscas conformacionais estocásticas, onde usa-se o método Monte Carlo e campo de forças merck. Então, os confôrmeros com energia de até 3 kcal/mol de cada chalcona foram selecionados e assim feito cálculos de otimização de geometria e frequência. O deslocamento químico de 13C foi calculado após, considerando a distribuição populacional de Boltzmann. Todos esses cálculos foram realizados utilizando o nível mPW1PW91/6-31G(d). Após, com esses dados foi definido o deslocamento químico escalonado (δesc). Esse, foi obtido utilizando a expressão 𝛿𝑒𝑠𝑐=𝑎 𝑥 𝛿𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐+𝑏, onde a e b são os coeficientes de regressões lineares obtidas entre os deslocamentos químicos calculados (δcalc) e experimentais. Para validação do método, o fator de escalonamento foi utilizado para obter os valores de δesc em outras chalconas diferentes das utilizadas na base. O resultado mostra que o nível de teoria aplicado permite uma boa reprodução dos dados experimentais. Os cálculos realizados com fator de escalonamento levam a um melhor resultado do que quando não há o uso deste fator. Além disso a aplicabilidade do fator de escalonamento permite o cancelamento de erros sistemáticos, o que faz com que os valores de δesc sejam mais próximos aos experimentais. Assim, o protocolo parametrizado mostrou-se uma importante ferramenta para a elucidação estrutural de polifenois através de cálculos de deslocamentos químicos de RMN ¹³C.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-24T19:37:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ageo Meier Andrade.pdf: 3358892 bytes, checksum: c2798e568b2f1bcb11fc21644c783df2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-22 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The search for materials with conductive capacity has been gaining attention in the scienti c community for its many technological applications. Moreover, understanding the charge transport phenomena in these materials it is still seen as a challenge to the scientic community. Poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene), PEDOT features desirable characteristics where planar molecular structure ensures process of charge transfer and charge separation. In the investigation of these properties, computational tools emerge as an alternative with low nancial cost when compared to experimental techniques. Knowing that several semi-empirical methodologiess are available and the class of conductive polymers exhibit unique macromolecular characteristics; the objective of this study was to investigate the structural properties of 1-EDOT to 10-EDOT by the latest methodologies available in MOPAC2012 program, that is, PM6, PM7 and RM1. It was found that among them, PM6 methodology provided good results, especially for presenting the planar polymer chain to oligomers of 2-EDOT to 10-EDOT. DFT calculations have been used for organic polymeric systems with conductive characteristics and has evolved as a major computational tools for electronic properties. Thus, for 1-EDOT to 10-EDOT optimized by PM6 methodology, single point calculations were applied using DFT B3LYP/6-31++G(d,p) obtaining information related to the charge transport, especially reducing band-gap energy, border orbital location and formation of an intramolecular charge hall. From these informations, were investigated electrostatic potential map and Density of States (DOS) based on energy levels. In computational analysis of excited states, calculations based on TDDFT using B3LYP/6-31+G were applied to molecular systems, where it was possible to investigate discrete levels of excitation energy in the UV-visible range. In small oligomers of 1-EDOT to 6-EDOT using PM6 optimized structures such calculations showed the possibility of investigating the main configuration related to discrete levels, showing the reduction in energy required for excitation with increasing polymer chain for this material. Having noted both the reduction of energy band-gap and the singlet excitation energy, relatedto increasing polymeric chain, it was investigated these properties for a macromolecular system considering infinite oligomers. In this analysis, linear regression applied to the results of 2-EDOT to 6-EDOT had the lowest band-gap energy. Subsequently, band-gap energy was related to the wavelength of maximum absorption of the singlet excitation energy. It was concluded that it is possible to apply semi-empirical calculations followed by single-pint DFT and TDDFT calculations in the investigation of conductive properties of polymeric materials providing significant results to understand charge transport and the prediction of structural and electronic properties. / A busca por materiais com capacidades condutoras vem ganhando atenção na comunidade científica por suas inúmeras aplicações tecnológicas. Além disso, o entendimento do fenômeno de transporte de carga continua sendo visto como um desafio para a comunidade cientifica. Poli (3,4-etilenodioxitiofeno), PEDOT apresenta caracteristicas condutoras desejáveis porque sua estrutura molecular planar garante que haja o processo de transferência e separação de carga. Na investigação dessa propriedade, ferramentas computacionais surgem como uma alternativa de baixo custo financeiro quando comparados a técnicas experimentais. Sabendo que diversas metodologias semi-empíricas estão disponíveis e que a classe de polímeros condutores apresentam caracteressticas macromoleculares únicas; objetivou-se neste estudo a investigação das propriedades estruturais de 1-EDOT a 10-EDOT pelas mais recentes metodologias disponíveis no programa MOPAC2012, isto é, PM6, PM7 e RM1. Verificou-se que dentre elas, a metodologia PM6 forneceu bons resultados em relação aos resultados experimentais, principalmente por apresentar a cadeia polimérica planar para oligômeros de 2-EDOT a 10-EDOT. Cálculos em DFT tem sido usados para sistemas poliméricos orgânicos com características condutoras e evoluiu como uma das principais ferramentas computacionais para propriedades eletrônicas. Sendo assim, foram aplicados cálculos pontuais em DFT usando B3LYP/6-31++G(d,p)) de 1-EDOT a 10-EDOT a partir de estruturas otimizadas em PM6 obtendo-se informações relevantes ao transporte de carga, principalmente, redução da energia de band-gap, localizaçãoo dos orbitais de fronteiras e formação de um corredor de carga intramolecular. Investigou-se a partir destas informações o mapa de potencial eletrostático e a Densidade de Estados (DOS) por meio dos níveis discretos de energia. Na análise computacional de estados excitados, cálculos baseados em TDDFT usando B3LYP/6-31+G foram aplicados a sistemas moleculares, onde é possível investigar níveis discretos de excitação na faixa do UV-Visível. Nos pequenos oligomeros de 1-EDOT a 6-EDOT, utilizando a estrutura otimizada em PM6, tais cálculos mostraram a possibilidade de investigar as principais configurações de excitação do estado singlete em níveis discretos, mostrando a redução da energia necessária para excitação com o aumento da cadeia polimérica para esse material. Por ter verificado tanto a redução da energia de band-gap quanto da energia de excitação de singlete, e que ambos s~ao relacionados ao aumento da cadeia polimérica, investigou-se a previsão por extrapolação para um sistema macromolecular com infinitos oligômeros. Nessa análise, a regressão linear aplicada aos resultados de 2-EDOT a 6-EDOT apresentou a menor energia de band-gap. Posteriormente, o band-gap foi relacionado ao comprimento de onda máximo da absorção de singlete. Concluiu-se que é possível aplicar cálculos semi-empíricos em conjunto com cálculos pontuais em DFT e TDDFT na investigação de propriedades condutoras de materiais poliméricos proporcionando resultados expressivos para entender o transporte de carga e a prediação de propriedades estruturais e eletrônicas.

Les (sub)nanoclusters sont des agrégats d’atomes ou de molécules composés de quelques unités à quelques centaines d’unités. En raison de leur petite taille, ils peuvent avoir des propriétés électroniques, optiques, magnétiques et catalytiques très différentes par rapport au solide correspondant . D'un point de vue expérimental, il est encore très difficile de synthétiser des agrégats de taille calibrée. D'un point de vue théorique, le développement des puissances de calcul, des méthodes de calcul de structure électronique et des algorithmes de recherches globales de structures stables, permettent un calcul toujours plus précis de leurs propriétés physico-chimiques. L’étude théorique permet alors de déterminer de façon fiable les structures stables de ces systèmes qui président aux calculs de leurs propriétés . L’exemple qui illustre ce travail s’inspire du processus observé au sein des piles à combustible dans lequel le Platine (Pt) est couramment utilisé pour produire de l’énergie par oxydation du dihydrogène en favorisant notamment sa dissociation . L’objet de ce travail consiste à comparer la capacité des clusters de Platine de différentes tailles à adsorber la molécule de dihydrogène sous leur forme libre et adsorbée sur substrat. Le graphène , matériaux bidimensionnel cristallin formé de carbone est choisi dans ce travail en tant que substrat en raison de sa grande résistance mécanique et chimique. La première partie de ce travail est consacrée à la recherche d’éléments dopants qui vont permettent à la fois d’améliorer la capacité d’adsorption des clusters de Platine sur la surface et éviter leur migration. L’objectif est ici de proposer un substrat sur lequel peuvent être empêchés les phénomènes d’agglomération, de dissolution et de détachement du cluster qui ainsi limiteraient son efficacité catalytique . Des dopages de la surface, tel qu’ils sont réalisables expérimentalement , par l’Azote, le Bore et le Nitrure de Bore, par substitution atomique et avec ou sans considération préalable de lacunes, ont été étudiés. La seconde partie correspond à l’implémentation dans le code GSAM (Global Search Algorithm of Minima - algorithme de recherche globale de minima) développé au laboratoire , , des éléments qui permettent la recherche de structures de plus basse énergie de clusters moléculaires adsorbés sur substrat, tels que les systèmes [H2-Ptn-Graphène dopé] de cet exemple. La troisième partie concerne l’illustration de la fiabilité de la méthode de recherche globale employée et de la qualité de quelques méthodes de calcul de l’énergie moléculaire (DFT et GUPTA) vis-à-vis de résultats mentionnés dans la littérature sur les clusters de Platine. La dernière partie comporte l’investigation structurale des systèmes [H2-Ptn] et [H2-Ptn-Graphène dopé] pour différentes tailles de clusters allant de n=6 à n=20. La variation de l’énergie d’adsorption de H2 sur les clusters libres et supportés ainsi que celle du cluster moléculaire sur le substrat en fonction de la taille est reportée. / A sub-nanometer sized metal cluster consists of only several to tens of atoms. Due to its small size and quantum effects, it can have very specific electronic, optical, magnetic and catalytic properties as compared with their bulk behaviors . From an experimental point of view, it is still a big challenge to realize size-controlled synthesis for (sub) nanoclusters. From a theoretical point of view, benefiting from the development of faster high-performance computational sources, more efficient electronic structure modelling software and more reliable global search methods for the determination of the most stable structures, the chemical and physical properties of clusters can be determinate more accurately. As it is experimentally a big challenge to realize size-controlled synthesis for (sub) nanoclusters, theoretical studies can provide detailed information on their geometric structure, electronic structure, as well as adsorption and reaction properties . The example chosen to be treated in this study is inspired by the fuel cell, in which the Platinum (Pt) is a typical and most commonly used precious metal catalyst for the production of energy by the oxidation of dihydrogene . Graphene is a recently discovered 2D carbon net structure, has several special properties, such as: low weight, high strength, high surface area, high electrical conductivity, etc. With these properties and their novel combinations, graphene might prove a promising candidate to be used as catalyst supports. The first part of this study is devoted to the search of the doping elements which permit both enhance the adsorption capacity of Pt clusters on the surface and prevent their migration. The aim here is propose one substrate which can avoid the problems of cluster agglomeration, dissolution and detachment, which reduce the performance of the catalysts . The ways of doping of the surface, which have already been experimentally realized , such as Nitrogen, Boron, and N-B patches substitution of Carbon atoms with or without introducing the vacancy on the pristine graphene, are studied. The second part corresponds to the implementation of some new features into the code GSAM (Global Search Algorithm of Minima) developed in our laboratory , , , which permit the search of the most stable structures of the molecular clusters adsorbed on substrate, such as the complex systems of [H2-Ptn-doped Graphene]. The third part is to evaluate the reliabilities of the global search method used, as well as the DFT and the empirical (GUPTA) potential energy surface. Thus, the main discussion appears as a comparison with the results of the literature concerning the Pt clusters. The fourth part consists of the structural investigation of [H2-Ptn] and [H2-Ptn-doped Graphene] systems for different sizes of Pt clusters with n=6 to n=20. The variation of the adsorption energy of H2 on the free and supported Ptn clusters, and the adsorption energy of (H2+Ptn) system on the surface with respect to the size of the cluster is discussed.

Les alliages métalliques complexes (CMAs) sont des composés intermétalliques dont la structure cristallographique diffère de celle des alliages conventionnels par le nombre conséquent d'atomes dans la maille (jusqu'à plusieurs milliers d'atomes), généralement arrangés sous forme d'agrégats atomiques de haute symétrie. Ils sont prometteurs pour un certain nombre d'applications technologiques, en particulier les revêtements fonctionnels, en raison de leurs propriétés de surface uniques. Cette thèse a pour objectif, à la fois la détermination de la structure et des propriétés électroniques d’une surface d’un CMA de la famille des clathrates intermétalliques, et des propriétés de mouillage intrinsèques de plusieurs CMAs à base d’aluminium. Dans une première partie, nous nous sommes intéressés aux surfaces de bas indice (100) et (110) du clathrate Ba8Au5.25Ge40.75. Leurs structures atomiques et électroniques ont été déterminées en combinant des expériences de sciences des surfaces et des calculs basés sur la théorie de la fonctionnelle de la densité. La structure tridimensionnelle de Ba8Au5.25Ge40.75, formée d'un réseau de deux types de cages (structure hôte) à base de germanium et d’or, qui emprisonnent les atomes de Ba, induit une nanostructuration de la surface contrôlée par son orientation, puisque le type de cages préservées à la surface diffère pour les surfaces (100) et (110). Dans les deux cas, les atomes de Ba qui protrudent à la surface, ont un rôle primordial pour la stabilité de surface : ils assurent un transfert de charge qui sature les liaisons pendantes des atomes de germanium en surface. Dans une seconde partie, les propriétés intrinsèques de mouillage de plusieurs CMAs à base d’aluminium, ont été déterminées par une approche couplant des mesures de microscopie et des calculs ab initio. Expérimentalement, les angles de contact de gouttes de plomb (métal sonde) sur plusieurs surfaces de CMAs ont été systématiquement mesurés. Les angles précédents étant fonction, entre autres, de l’énergie interfaciale, des calculs d'énergie interfaciale ont été menés, d’une part avec un substrat d’un métal simple, Al(111), et d’autre part sur un substrat de CMA, Al13Co4(100). Les résultats obtenus mettent en évidence une forte influence de la structure de l’interface sur l’énergie interfaciale / Complex metallic alloys (CMAs) are intermetallic compounds possessing a large unit cell containing several tens to hundreds of atoms. Their structure can be described alternatively by the packing of highly symmetric atomic clusters. Clathrate (or cage) compounds are a new class of CMAs having a crystal structure described by a complex arrangement of covalently-bonded cages. The Ba8Au5.25Ge40.75 type-I clathrate is one such cage compound, whose bulk properties have been (and still are) extensively explored for thermoelectric applications. In fact, it is possible to tune the compound electronic structure by a fine control of its bulk composition. Regarding the properties of the Ba8Au5.25Ge40.75 surface, information remains scarce if not inexistent. However, it is known that the surfaces of CMAs often exhibit interesting surface properties. To this end, we have studied two low-index surfaces: BaAuGe(100) and BaAuGe(110) by a combination of experimental (XPS; LEED; STM) and computational (DFT) methods. Experimental results show no evidence for surface segregation and LEED patterns are consistent with (1x1) bulk terminations with no surface reconstruction. The interplay between the 3D nano-caged structure and 2D surfaces is investigated. We demonstrate that the surface structures of the two surfaces considered preserve the bulk structure cages in addition to an ordered arrangement of surface Ba atoms. The two surfaces are formed by a breakage of highly directional covalent bonds present within the framework, hence leading to destabilizing dangling bonds. Ab initio calculations show that the surface structure is stabilized through electron charge transfer from protruding Ba to surface Ge and Au atoms, saturating the dangling bonds. This charge-balance mechanism lifts the possible surface reconstruction envisaged. We reveal how the surface nanostructuration is surface orientation dependent. The results indicate that the surface electronic structure of BaAuGe(110) is impacted by the Au surface concentration. The surface models for BaAuGe(100) and BaAuGe(110) present a metallic character and low work function values, useful for further applications. Such structurally complex surfaces may also be used as templates for novel nanoscale architectures. Further in this work, we also applied the state-of-the-art surface science techniques to investigate the wetting properties of Al-based CMAs. In these experiments, chemically inert Pb element was used as a metal probe. Systematic analysis is done to find the correlation between the wetting properties and the electronic structure properties of these CMAs. Interfacial energy calculations have been performed to model the Pb/CMA interface based on few approaches reported in literature. We have tested these approaches on a moiré patterned Pb(111)/Al(111) interface. This interface is found to be controlled by geometric factors. Hence, an acquired understanding was applied to Pb deposited on Al13Co4(100) (Al-rich side) interface

Ce projet s’inscrit dans le cadre d’une étude fondamentale sur la spéciation du technétium en milieu fortement acide. Le comportement de Tc(VII) en milieu HTFMS a été étudié en absence et en présence d’irradiation α. Dans ces deux conditions différentes, les résultats spectrophotométriques de réduction de Tc (VII) obtenus pour les mélanges HTFMS-xH₂O sont similaires. L’analyse par SAX indique la formation d’un dimère cyclique de Tc(IV) complexé aux ligands triflates et formulé Tc₂O₂(CF₃SO₃)₄(H₂O)₄. Ce composé est linéarisé en TcIV-O-TcIV quand la concentration de HTFMS augmente. Dans HTFMS à +98% (CHTFMS=11,15 M), le Tc(VII) protoné, de formule TcO₃(OH)(H₂O)₂, stabilisé en absence de rayonnements ionisants externes est réduit en Tc(V) sous irradiation α. La caractérisation structurale par la spectroscopie EXAFS sur la base des calculs DFT suggère la formation d’un complexe monomère de Tc(V) avec les ligands triflates. Les deux composés [OTc(F₃CSO₃)₂(H₂O)₂]⁺ et [OTc(F₃CSO₃)₂(OH)₂]⁻ ont été proposées. En milieu H₂SO₄ concentré (CH₂SO₄ ≥ 12 M), des expériences de radiolyse α de Tc(VII) ont été menées afin de pouvoir comparer le comportement radiolytique de Tc(VII) dans les deux milieux apparentés HTFMS et H₂SO₄. Les études XANES montrent que la réduction radiolytique de Tc(VII) contribue à la formation d’un mélange de Tc(V) et Tc(VII) dans H₂SO₄ 13 M et à Tc(V) à 18 M en H₂SO₄. L’analyse des spectres EXAFS indique la formation de complexes monomères [TcO(HSO₄)₃(H₂O)₂] et [TcO(HSO₄)₃(H₂O)(OH)]⁻ en milieu H₂SO₄ 13 M et des espèces [Tc(HSO₄)₃(SO₄)(H₂O)] et [Tc(HSO₄)₃(SO₄)(OH)]⁻. / This project is part of the fundamental study of technetium speciation in highly acidic medium. The behaviour of technetium in HTFMS was carried out in the absence then in the presence of α irradiation. Given these two different conditions, spectrophotometric results of Tc(VII) reduction are similar. XAS analysis indicates the formation of a cyclic dimer of Tc(IV) complexed to triflate ligands and formulated asTc₂O₂(CF₃SO₃)₄(H₂O)₄. This compound is linearized to TcIV-O-TcIV with the increase of HTFMS concentration. At high concentration of HTFMS +98% (11.15 M), the protonated species TcO₃(OH)(H₂O)₂ which is formed in the absence of external ionizing radiations, is reduced to the V oxidation state under α irradiation. Structural characterization by EXAFS spectroscopy and DFT calculations suggests the formation of monomer species of Tc(V)-triflate complexes where [OTc(F₃CSO₃)₂(H₂O)₂]⁺ and [OTc(F₃CSO₃)₂(OH)₂]⁻ compounds were proposed. In concentrated H₂SO₄ (CH₂SO₄ ≥ 12 M), α-radiolysis experiments of Tc(VII) were performed in order to compare the radiolytic behaviour of Tc(VII) in both comparable media HTFMS and H₂SO₄. XANES studies show that radiolytic reduction of Tc(VII) leads to the formation of Tc(V)-Tc(VII) mixture in H₂SO₄ 13 M and just Tc(V) in 18 M of H₂SO₄. The analysis of EXAFS spectra is consistent with the formation of [TcO(HSO₄)₃(H₂O)₂] and [TcO(HSO₄)₃(H2O)(OH)]⁻ monomer complexes in H₂SO₄ 13 M and [Tc(HSO₄)₃(SO₄)(H₂O)] and [Tc(HSO₄)₃(SO₄)(OH)]⁻ species at 18 M of H₂SO₄.