Hydrogen bonds are of great interest in the solid state due to their importance in structural, functional and dynamical properties of chemical systems. Moderate hydrogen bonds have been linked with proton transfer, whereas the short, strong hydrogen bonds enable proton migration. Previous work in our group on relatively simple hydrogen bonded adducts relied on the combination of ab initio computational modelling (molecular dynamics) with variable temperature diffraction results (X-ray and neutron). These demonstrated that the interplay of these techniques was successful in studying the phenomena of proton transfer and migration. The present work follows on from that, and focuses on the effects of temperature and pressure on proton transfer and migration using both experimental and computational methods. The systems studied continue to encapsulate adducts with N…O and O…O hydrogen bonds. The study of the adduct formed between squaric acid and 4,4’-bipyridine was found to exhibit proton transfer associated with a single-crystal to single-crystal phase transition at 450 K that is coupled to a colour change (yellow to red). X-ray and neutron diffraction initially revealed the heavy atom structure and secondly the location of the hydrogen atoms along the moderate N…O hydrogen bond (ca. 2.6 Å). Computational modelling supported this and deduced the reason for the striking colour change. Pressure studies also determined that the adduct underwent two phase-transitions with a similar colour change, indicating that proton transfer is also a factor here, but with powder patterns different from the high temperature form, indicating that further polymorphs for this interesting system must exist. In an attempt to lower the temperature at which proton transfer would occur the base was changed to one of a more basic nature, i.e. co-crystallisation of squaric acid and 2,2’-dimethyl–4,4’-bipyridine was pursued. This lead to the formation of two red crystals that were found to posses the base doubly protonated at all temperatures studied (from 300 K to 100 K). The adduct of N,N-dimethylurea with phosphoric acid was obtained from a systematic study designed to follow the success of a previously reported system that showed proton migration (the adduct of urea and phosphoric acid). The new material was found to crystallise as the 2:1 adduct and maintained the short, strong hydrogen bonds characteristic of the parent structure. As part of the systematic approach undertaken throughout the research presented here, co-crystallisation of a combination of acids and bases were attempted in order to synthesise new materials containing short, strong hydrogen bonds. These yielded the adducts between oxalic acid and 2,2’-dimethyl-4,4’-bipyridine, and oxamic acid and 4,4’-bipyridine. In addition to these adducts some compounds ended up reacting to create new ones, e.g. the fusing of dimethyl urea and squaric acid to give N-(2-hydroxycyclobutene-3,4-dione)-N’,N’-dimethylurea and N-(2- hydroxycyclobutene-3,4-dione)-N,N'-dimethylurea, while a new polymorphs of one of the precursors on its own was also obtained (N,N’-dimethylurea). The resulting co-crystallisations did not all follow the design quite as intended. They did, however, yield interesting new structures, some of which have the potential to be proton migration and transfer systems.

Chapter one is an introduction to the less common coordination and oxidation chemistry of palladium; complexes containing Pd-OR, Pd-NR2 and those in the oxidation states of +IV. An outline of PdII/IV catalysed ligand-directed oxidative functionalisation is also included. Chapter two covers the design and synthesis of a range of tethered N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) complexes of Pd. In addition, the syntheses of a number of new tethered NHC ligands are described. The use of Density Functional Theory (DFT) to model the complexes in this thesis was explored. Chapter three describes the synthesis and characterisation of PdIV halide complexes. The relevance of these compounds to PdII/IV catalysed ligand-directed oxidative functionalisation is explored. DFT was used to probe the reaction pathway for N-bromosuccinimide and iodobenzene dichloride. Chapter four examines reactions with oxidants used to form C-O and C-C bonds. The reaction pathway for iodobenzene diacetate was investigated using DFT. Chapter five contains experimental details and characterising data for the compounds reported.

Desde a identificação do vírus da imunodeficiência humana (HIV, do inglês Human Immunodeficiency Virus) como agente causador da Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida (AIDS ? do inglês Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome), a busca para tratamentos seguros e eficazes contra o HIV transformou-se no principal foco para a descoberta de uma nova droga em todo o mundo. A AIDS aparece como um dos principais problemas de saúde pública para as próximas décadas, onde será o maior determinante de mortalidade na faixa etária entre 20 e 50 anos em praticamente todos os países do mundo. Tendo como objetivo relacionar a atividade de compostos biflavonóides anti-HIV-1 com algumas de suas propriedades moleculares, serão utilizados métodos de Mecânica Molecular e Química Quântica. O método de cálculo semi-empírico AM1 foi empregado para calcular um conjunto de propriedades moleculares dos 14 compostos biflavonóides com atividade anti-HIV-1. A seguir utilizar-se-á métodos estatísticos com a finalidade de separar os 14 compostos em duas classes, ativos e não ativos, de forma que se relacione qual as propriedades, dentre as calculadas, são responsáveis pela atividade dos compostos biflavonóides estudados. As técnicas estatísticas utilizadas foram a Análise de Componentes Principais (PCA: Principal Components Analysis), Análise Hierárquica de Agrupamentos (HCA: Hierarquical Clusters Analysis) e Análise de Discriminates por Passos (SDA: Stepwise Discriminant Analysis). Os estudos com PCA, HCA, e SDA mostraram que as variáveis HOMO (Highest Occupied Molecular Orbital - Orbital Molecular Ocupado de Maior Energia), LUMO (Lowest Unoccupied Molecular Orbital ? Orbital Molecular Desocupado de Menor Energia), e Área superficial são responsáveis pela separação dos compostos com alta e baixa atividade anti-HIV-1. O comportamento destas três propriedades pode ser útil na tentativa de se obter outros compostos biflavonóides com elevada atividade inibidora anti-HIV-1. / A set of 25 quinone compounds with anti-trypanocidal activity was studied by using the Density Functional Theory (DFT) method in order to calculate electronic atomic and molecular properties to be correlated with the biological activity. The chemometric methods Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA), Stepwise Discriminant Analysis (SDA), Kth nearest neighbor (KNN) and Soft Independent Modeling of Class Analogy (SIMCA) were used to obtain possible relationships between the calculated descriptors and the biological activity studied and predict the anti-trypanocidal activity of new quinone compounds from a test set. Four descriptors were responsible for the separation between the active and inactive compounds: T5 (torsion angle), HOMO-1 (energy of the first molecular orbital below HOMO), QTS1 (sum of absolute values of the atomic charges) and VOLS2 (volume of the substituent at region B). These descriptors give information on the kind of interaction that occurs between the compounds and the biological receptor. The prediction study was done with a set of three new quinone compounds by using the PCA, HCA, SDA, KNN and SIMCA. Beside the five chemometric methods, the neural network method was used by employing the backpropagation algorithm. The four variables (T5, QTS1, VOLS2 and HOMO-1) were employed to validate the models constructed previously. The architecture of networks consisting of four neurons at input layers, ten neurons at intermediary layers and two neurons at output layers was adopted to observe the root mean square error between the true and desired output over the entire training set. The percentage of correct classification was 87.5%, and only one compound was predicted wrong in the test set, which indicates that the model is robust and could be able to make predictions. The docking studies were carried out with two different programs in the approach of ligands: the Autodock and FlexX. The docking results on trypanothione reductase enzyme showed that all studied compounds stay at second hydrophobic pocket in the outer region of the active site called the Z-site. The residues that could be specifically involved in the binding of ligands are Lys62, Thr66, Thr397, Thr463, Leu399, Ser464, Glu466 and Glu467, where the residues Thr66, Thr463 and Leu399 are conserved in different trypanothiones and could be used for the development of selective inhibitors against to the parasite enzyme.

Desde a identificação do vírus da imunodeficiência humana (HIV, do inglês Human Immunodeficiency Virus) como agente causador da Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida (AIDS ? do inglês Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome), a busca para tratamentos seguros e eficazes contra o HIV transformou-se no principal foco para a descoberta de uma nova droga em todo o mundo. A AIDS aparece como um dos principais problemas de saúde pública para as próximas décadas, onde será o maior determinante de mortalidade na faixa etária entre 20 e 50 anos em praticamente todos os países do mundo. Tendo como objetivo relacionar a atividade de compostos biflavonóides anti-HIV-1 com algumas de suas propriedades moleculares, serão utilizados métodos de Mecânica Molecular e Química Quântica. O método de cálculo semi-empírico AM1 foi empregado para calcular um conjunto de propriedades moleculares dos 14 compostos biflavonóides com atividade anti-HIV-1. A seguir utilizar-se-á métodos estatísticos com a finalidade de separar os 14 compostos em duas classes, ativos e não ativos, de forma que se relacione qual as propriedades, dentre as calculadas, são responsáveis pela atividade dos compostos biflavonóides estudados. As técnicas estatísticas utilizadas foram a Análise de Componentes Principais (PCA: Principal Components Analysis), Análise Hierárquica de Agrupamentos (HCA: Hierarquical Clusters Analysis) e Análise de Discriminates por Passos (SDA: Stepwise Discriminant Analysis). Os estudos com PCA, HCA, e SDA mostraram que as variáveis HOMO (Highest Occupied Molecular Orbital - Orbital Molecular Ocupado de Maior Energia), LUMO (Lowest Unoccupied Molecular Orbital ? Orbital Molecular Desocupado de Menor Energia), e Área superficial são responsáveis pela separação dos compostos com alta e baixa atividade anti-HIV-1. O comportamento destas três propriedades pode ser útil na tentativa de se obter outros compostos biflavonóides com elevada atividade inibidora anti-HIV-1. / A set of 25 quinone compounds with anti-trypanocidal activity was studied by using the Density Functional Theory (DFT) method in order to calculate electronic atomic and molecular properties to be correlated with the biological activity. The chemometric methods Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA), Stepwise Discriminant Analysis (SDA), Kth nearest neighbor (KNN) and Soft Independent Modeling of Class Analogy (SIMCA) were used to obtain possible relationships between the calculated descriptors and the biological activity studied and predict the anti-trypanocidal activity of new quinone compounds from a test set. Four descriptors were responsible for the separation between the active and inactive compounds: T5 (torsion angle), HOMO-1 (energy of the first molecular orbital below HOMO), QTS1 (sum of absolute values of the atomic charges) and VOLS2 (volume of the substituent at region B). These descriptors give information on the kind of interaction that occurs between the compounds and the biological receptor. The prediction study was done with a set of three new quinone compounds by using the PCA, HCA, SDA, KNN and SIMCA. Beside the five chemometric methods, the neural network method was used by employing the backpropagation algorithm. The four variables (T5, QTS1, VOLS2 and HOMO-1) were employed to validate the models constructed previously. The architecture of networks consisting of four neurons at input layers, ten neurons at intermediary layers and two neurons at output layers was adopted to observe the root mean square error between the true and desired output over the entire training set. The percentage of correct classification was 87.5%, and only one compound was predicted wrong in the test set, which indicates that the model is robust and could be able to make predictions. The docking studies were carried out with two different programs in the approach of ligands: the Autodock and FlexX. The docking results on trypanothione reductase enzyme showed that all studied compounds stay at second hydrophobic pocket in the outer region of the active site called the Z-site. The residues that could be specifically involved in the binding of ligands are Lys62, Thr66, Thr397, Thr463, Leu399, Ser464, Glu466 and Glu467, where the residues Thr66, Thr463 and Leu399 are conserved in different trypanothiones and could be used for the development of selective inhibitors against to the parasite enzyme.

Les alliages métalliques complexes (CMAs) sont des composés intermétalliques dont la structure cristallographique diffère de celle des alliages conventionnels par le nombre conséquent d'atomes dans la maille (jusqu'à plusieurs milliers d'atomes), généralement arrangés sous forme d'agrégats atomiques de haute symétrie. Ils sont prometteurs pour un certain nombre d'applications technologiques, en particulier les revêtements fonctionnels, en raison de leurs propriétés de surface uniques. Cette thèse a pour objectif, à la fois la détermination de la structure et des propriétés électroniques d’une surface d’un CMA de la famille des clathrates intermétalliques, et des propriétés de mouillage intrinsèques de plusieurs CMAs à base d’aluminium. Dans une première partie, nous nous sommes intéressés aux surfaces de bas indice (100) et (110) du clathrate Ba8Au5.25Ge40.75. Leurs structures atomiques et électroniques ont été déterminées en combinant des expériences de sciences des surfaces et des calculs basés sur la théorie de la fonctionnelle de la densité. La structure tridimensionnelle de Ba8Au5.25Ge40.75, formée d'un réseau de deux types de cages (structure hôte) à base de germanium et d’or, qui emprisonnent les atomes de Ba, induit une nanostructuration de la surface contrôlée par son orientation, puisque le type de cages préservées à la surface diffère pour les surfaces (100) et (110). Dans les deux cas, les atomes de Ba qui protrudent à la surface, ont un rôle primordial pour la stabilité de surface : ils assurent un transfert de charge qui sature les liaisons pendantes des atomes de germanium en surface. Dans une seconde partie, les propriétés intrinsèques de mouillage de plusieurs CMAs à base d’aluminium, ont été déterminées par une approche couplant des mesures de microscopie et des calculs ab initio. Expérimentalement, les angles de contact de gouttes de plomb (métal sonde) sur plusieurs surfaces de CMAs ont été systématiquement mesurés. Les angles précédents étant fonction, entre autres, de l’énergie interfaciale, des calculs d'énergie interfaciale ont été menés, d’une part avec un substrat d’un métal simple, Al(111), et d’autre part sur un substrat de CMA, Al13Co4(100). Les résultats obtenus mettent en évidence une forte influence de la structure de l’interface sur l’énergie interfaciale / Complex metallic alloys (CMAs) are intermetallic compounds possessing a large unit cell containing several tens to hundreds of atoms. Their structure can be described alternatively by the packing of highly symmetric atomic clusters. Clathrate (or cage) compounds are a new class of CMAs having a crystal structure described by a complex arrangement of covalently-bonded cages. The Ba8Au5.25Ge40.75 type-I clathrate is one such cage compound, whose bulk properties have been (and still are) extensively explored for thermoelectric applications. In fact, it is possible to tune the compound electronic structure by a fine control of its bulk composition. Regarding the properties of the Ba8Au5.25Ge40.75 surface, information remains scarce if not inexistent. However, it is known that the surfaces of CMAs often exhibit interesting surface properties. To this end, we have studied two low-index surfaces: BaAuGe(100) and BaAuGe(110) by a combination of experimental (XPS; LEED; STM) and computational (DFT) methods. Experimental results show no evidence for surface segregation and LEED patterns are consistent with (1x1) bulk terminations with no surface reconstruction. The interplay between the 3D nano-caged structure and 2D surfaces is investigated. We demonstrate that the surface structures of the two surfaces considered preserve the bulk structure cages in addition to an ordered arrangement of surface Ba atoms. The two surfaces are formed by a breakage of highly directional covalent bonds present within the framework, hence leading to destabilizing dangling bonds. Ab initio calculations show that the surface structure is stabilized through electron charge transfer from protruding Ba to surface Ge and Au atoms, saturating the dangling bonds. This charge-balance mechanism lifts the possible surface reconstruction envisaged. We reveal how the surface nanostructuration is surface orientation dependent. The results indicate that the surface electronic structure of BaAuGe(110) is impacted by the Au surface concentration. The surface models for BaAuGe(100) and BaAuGe(110) present a metallic character and low work function values, useful for further applications. Such structurally complex surfaces may also be used as templates for novel nanoscale architectures. Further in this work, we also applied the state-of-the-art surface science techniques to investigate the wetting properties of Al-based CMAs. In these experiments, chemically inert Pb element was used as a metal probe. Systematic analysis is done to find the correlation between the wetting properties and the electronic structure properties of these CMAs. Interfacial energy calculations have been performed to model the Pb/CMA interface based on few approaches reported in literature. We have tested these approaches on a moiré patterned Pb(111)/Al(111) interface. This interface is found to be controlled by geometric factors. Hence, an acquired understanding was applied to Pb deposited on Al13Co4(100) (Al-rich side) interface

Ce travail de thèse est une étude par des méthodes de simulation de structure électronique du phénomène de dégradation en milieu aqueux de la zircone yttriée. La zircone yttriée est notamment utilisée pour la fabrication de prothèses dont la durée de vie dépend du matériau et de son environnement. Pour ces applications, la zircone yttriée est de structure tétragone, mais en fonction du dopage en yttrium et de l'environnement, cette phase est en compétition avec des structures monoclinique et cubique. Cette compétition est cruciale dans ce travail car elle peut à la fois, augmenter la résistance, ou favoriser la détérioration de ce matériau. L'étude réalisée se concentre sur des taux de dopage inférieurs à 20% mol. en oxyde d'yttrium Y2O3.Dans un premier temps, les structures atomiques d'équilibre à basse température ont été déterminées dans les trois phases en utilisant une méthode de calcul basée sur la Théorie de la Fonctionnelle de la Densité, dans l'approximation de la densité locale. Les résultats incluent de nouvelles structures qui n'ont jusqu'alors pas été discutées dans la littérature et qui sont cohérentes avec le diagramme de phase de la zircone yttriée à basse température. Une analyse plus détaillée suggère que le mécanisme de stabilisation de la zircone yttriée tetragonale est un effet du dépistage ionocovalent particulièrement efficace dans cette phase et dont la signature dans la structure s'exprime par la présence d'ions zirconium en coordination 7. Ceci représente un point important permettant de lier stabilité et structure dans ces systèmes. Une deuxième partie de ce travail est consacrée à l’effet de l'eau dans la zircone yttriée en volume. Pour conclure, ce manuscrit représente une contribution originale à la compréhension de mécanismes à l'échelle atomique qui sont à l'origine des propriétés de la zircone yttriée et de ses applications.yttriée et de ses applications. / This PhD thesis is an electronic structure simulation work to study the stabilization mechanism of yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) and the phenomena of the degradation of YSZ due to the presence of an aqueous media. YSZ is used especially in dental and orthopedics application sbut its service depends on the environment. For these biomedical applications a crystallographic tetragonal YSZ (t-YSZ) structure is used, but depending on the concentration of yttria (Y2O3) and the environment, this tetragonal structure is thermodynamically in competition with a monoclinic and cubic phases. This competition is crucial in this work, because it has both effects : increase the resistance or promote the degradation of this material. The study is conducted for Y2O3 concentrations less than 20% mol. First, atomic structures of the three phases at low temperature were determined using density functional theory (DFT)with the local density approximations (LDA). The results include new structures that were not discussed in the literature and which are consistent with the phase diagram of YSZ at low temperature. A more detailed analysis suggests that the stabilization mechanism in YSZ is due to an effective ionocovalent screening : particularly in t-YSZ phase, its signature is expressed in Zr-ions with a coordination number of 7. This represents an important point for linking stability and structure in these systems. A second part of this work is devoted to the effect of water on YSZ bulk systems which leads to low temperature degradation (LTD) of YSZ based bioceramics materials. In conclusion, this PhD thesis represents an original contribution to the understanding of the mechanism and properties of YSZ and its applications at the atomic scale.

Un alliage métallique complexe est un intermétallique dont la maille est constituée d'un nombre important d'atomes et dont la structure peut être souvent décrite comme un empilement de motifs d'atomes reliés par des liaisons de type covalent. Al5Co2 est l'un de ces composés et est un catalyseur potentiel pour la semi-hydrogénation d'acétylène. L'influence de la structure tridimensionnelle sur les surfaces bidimensionnelles et donc la réactivité est étudiée. Pour se faire, le système massif est analysé en utilisant la DFT afin d'éclaircir ses propriétés thermodynamiques, électroniques et vibrationnelles. Les valeurs calculées, expérimentales et celles de la littérature sont en bon accord. La structure des surfaces de bas indice, (001), (100) et (2-10) est étudiée. Une combinaison de techniques d'analyse de surface sous ultra-vide - LEED, STM - et de DFT est utilisée pour les déterminations structurales. Les résultats indiquent que: (i) la structure des surfaces dépend des conditions de préparation, comme la température de recuit, (ii) la structure des surfaces peut être interprétée comme étant constituée de motifs tronqués où certaines liaisons de type covalent sont brisées. Les sites et les énergies d'adsorption des molécules impliquées dans la réaction de semi-hydrogénation sont calculés pour les trois surfaces. Pour les sites favorables, des distances spécifiques entre atomes d'hydrogène adsorbés et atomes de Co de surface et de sous-surface peuvent être observées. Les atomes de Co de sous-surface ont un caractère donneur d'électrons, stabilisant les atomes adsorbés en surface. En se basant sur des calculs NEB, de possibles chemins réactionnels sur la surface (2-10) sont proposés. L'activité calculée est similaire à celle obtenue pour la surface d'Al13Co4, qui est considérée comme un bon catalyseur. La sélectivité - la compétition entre la désorption d'éthylène et son hydrogénation en éthyle - est discutée. / A complex metallic alloy is an intermetallic with a large unit cell and whose structure can often be seen as a stacking of motifs of strongly covalent-like bonded atoms. Al5Co2 is such a compound and is a potential catalyst for the semi-hydrogenation of acetylene. The influence of the 3-dimensional structure on 2-dimensional surfaces is investigated. Therefore, the bulk system is analysed using DFT to gain insight in the thermodynamic, electronic and vibrational properties. Good agreements between calculated results, experimental ones and results found in the literature are obtained. The low index (001), (100) and (2-10) surfaces are investigated. A combination of surface analysis techniques under ultra high vacuum - LEED, STM - and DFT calculations is used for the structural investigations. The results show that: (i) the surface structure depends on the preparation conditions, such as the annealing temperature, (ii) the surface structure can be interpreted as truncated motif parts, where the covalent-like bonds are broken. Adsorption sites and energies of molecules involved in the semi-hydrogenation reaction are calculated for all three surfaces. For favourable adsorption sites, specific distances of adsorbed H atoms with Co surface and subsurface atoms are observed. These Co subsurface atoms have an electron donor character, stabilising the adsorbed atoms at the surface. Based on NEB calculations, possible reaction paths on the (2-10) surface are proposed. The calculated activity is similar to the one obtained for the Al13Co4 surface, which is considered a good catalyst. The selectivity - the competition between desorption of ethylene and its further hydrogenation - is discussed.

Four cluster models for a copper(I)oxide (111) surface have been designed, of which three were studied with respect to their applicability in density functional calculations in the general gradient approximation. Formic acid adsorption on these systems was modelled and yielded four different adsorption structures, of which two were found to have a high adsorption energy. The energetically most favourable adsorption structure was further investigated with respect to its decomposition and a few reactions with adsorbed H and OH species using synchronous transit methods to estimate reaction barriers and single point energy calculations for the reaction energy.:1 Introduction 1.1 Preliminary Work 1.2 Known Reactions and Issues 1.3 Overview of Reactions and Species involved in Formic Acid Decomposition 2 Theoretical Background 2.1 The Schrödinger-Equation 2.2 Density Functional Theory 2.3 Exchange-Correlation Functionals 2.4 The Self-Consistent-Field Procedure 2.5 Geometry Optimization and Transition State Searches 2.6 Kinetics 3 Computational Details 3.1 Synchronous Transit Schemes 3.2 Transition State Searches using Eigenvector Following 4 Model System 5 Results and Discussion 5.1 Geometry of the Cu2O cluster structures 5.2 Adsorption of formic acid 5.3 Decomposition and Reaction Paths 5.3.1 Vibrational Analysis of the adsorbed Formic Acid Molecule 5.3.2 Reaction Modelling using Linear Synchronous Transit 5.3.3 Transition State Searches using Eigenvector Following 6 Summary and Outlook

Lithium-ion batteries have transformed energy storage and technological applications. They stand poised to convert transportation from combustion to electric engines. The discharge/charge rate is a key parameter that determines battery power output and recharge time; typically, operation is on the timescale of hours but reducing this would improve existing applications and open up new possibilities. Conventionally, the rate at which a battery can operate has been improved by synthetic strategies to decrease the solid-state diffusion length of lithium ions by decreasing particle sizes down to the nanoscale. In this work, a different approach is taken toward next-generation high-power and fast charging lithium-ion battery electrode materials. The phenomenon of high-rate charge storage without nanostructuring is discovered in niobium oxide and the mechanism is explained in the context of the structure–property relationships of Nb2O5. Three polymorphs, T-Nb2O5, B-Nb2O5, and H-Nb2O5, take bronze-like, rutile-like, and crystallographic shear structures, respectively. The bronze and crystallographic shear compounds, with unique electrochemical properties, can be described as ordered, anion-deficient nonstoichiometric defect structures derived from ReO3. The lessons learned in niobia serve as a platform to identify other compounds with related structural motifs that apparently facilitate high-rate lithium insertion and extraction. This leads to the synthesis, characterisation, and electrochemical evaluation of the even more complicated composition–structure–property relationships in ternary TiO2–Nb2O5 and Nb2O5–WO3 phases. Advanced structural characterisation including multinuclear solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, density functional theory, X-ray absorption spectroscopy, operando high-rate X-ray diffraction, and neutron diffraction is conducted throughout to understand the evolution of local and long-range atomic structure and changes in electronic states.

Kohlenstoffnanoröhrchen (CNTs) sind vielversprechende Kandidaten für neuartige nanoelektronische Bauelemente, wie zum Beispiel Transistoren für Hochfrequenzanwendungen. Simulationen CNT-basierter Bauelemente sind dabei unverzichtbar, um deren Anwendungspotential und das Verhalten in Schaltungen zu untersuchen. Die vorliegende Arbeit konzentriert sich auf einen Methodenvergleich zwischen einem atomistischen Ansatz basierend auf dem Nichtgleichgewichts-Green-Funktionen-Formalismus und einem Modell zur numerischen Bauelementesimulation, welches auf der Schrödinger-Gleichung in effektiver-Massen-Näherung basiert. Ein Transistor mit zylindrischem Gate und dotierten Kontakten wird untersucht, wobei eine effektive Dotierung genutzt wird. Es wird gezeigt, dass die Beschränkungen des elektronischen Transports durch Quan- teneffekte im Kanal nur mit dem atomistischen Ansatz beschrieben werden können. Diese Effekte verhindern das Auftreten von Band-zu-Band-Tunnelströmen, die bei der numerischen Bauelementesimulation zu größeren Aus-Strömen und einem leicht ambipolaren Verhalten führen. Das Schaltverhalten wird hingegen von beiden Modellen vergleichbar beschrieben. Durch Variation der Kanallänge wird das Potential des untersuchten Transistors für zukünftige Anwendungen demonstriert. Dieser zeigt bis hinab zu Kanallängen von circa 8 nm einen Subthreshold-Swing von unter 80 mV/dec und ein An/Aus-Verhältnis von über 10⁶.:Abkürzungsverzeichnis Symbolverzeichnis Konstanten Mathematische Notation 1. Einleitung 2. Feldeffekttransistoren auf Basis von Kohlenstoffnanoröhrchen 2.1. Geometrische Struktur von Kohlenstoffnanoröhrchen 2.2. Elektronische Eigenschaften von Kohlenstoffnanoröhrchen 2.3. Feldeffekttransistoren auf Basis von Kohlenstoffnanoröhrchen 2.3.1. Möglichkeiten der Kontaktierung 2.3.2. Geometrie des Gates 2.3.3. Kenngrößen zur Transistor-Charakterisierung 3. Simulationsmethoden 3.1. Grundlegende Begriffe 3.1.1. Schrödinger-Gleichung, Wellen- und Basisfunktion 3.1.2. Elektronendichte 3.1.3. Zustandsdichte 3.2. Atomistische Elektronenstrukturrechnung 3.2.1. Dichtefunktionaltheorie 3.2.2. Erweiterte Hückelmethode 3.3. Quantentransport 3.3.1. Streumechanismen und Transportregime 3.3.2. Landauer-Büttiker-Formalismus 3.3.3. Nichtgleichgewichts-Green-Funktionen-Formalismus 3.4. Numerische Bauelementesimulation 3.4.1. Schrödinger-Gleichung in effektiver-Massen-Näherung 3.4.2. Beschreibung der Kontakte 3.4.3. Lösung der Poisson-Gleichung 3.4.4. Selbstkonsistente Rechnung 4. Entwicklung des Modellsystems 4.1. Beschaffenheit des Kanals 4.2. Eigenschaften der Gate-Elektrode 4.3. Eigenschaften der Source- und Drain-Elektroden 5. Ergebnisse und Diskussion 5.1. Numerische Bauelementesimulation 5.1.1. Extraktion der Parameter 5.1.2. Einfluss verschiedener Faktoren auf das Kohlenstoffnanoröhrchen 5.1.3. Transistorverhalten und Transistorregime 5.2. Atomistische Simulation 5.2.1. Einfluss verschiedener Faktoren auf das Kohlenstoffnanoröhrchen 5.2.2. Transistorverhalten und Transistorregime 5.2.3. Einfluss der Dotierung 5.3. Variation der Kanallänge und Methodenvergleich 5.3.1. Diskussion der Transfercharakteristiken 5.3.2. Verhalten von An/Aus-Verhältnis und Subthreshold-Swing 5.4. Variation der Gate-Länge bei fester Kanallänge und Methodenvergleich 5.5. Abschließende Bemerkungen und Vergleich mit Literatur 6. Zusammenfassung der Ergebnisse und Ausblick A. Elektronische Struktur des (7,0)-Kohlenstoffnanoröhrchens B. Simulationsparameter B.1. Parameter für Rechnungen mit Dichtefunktionaltheorie B.2. Parameter für Rechnungen mit erweiterter Hückelmethode B.3. Verwendete Randbedingungen zur Lösung der Poisson-Gleichung C. Vergleich zwischen Dichtefunktionaltheorie und erweiterter Hückelmethode C.1. Physikalische Betrachtung C.2. Rechenzeit und Konvergenz Literaturverzeichnis Abbildungsverzeichnis Tabellenverzeichnis Danksagung Selbstständigkeitserklärung