Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka de individuella skillnaderna i hur personlighet påverkar identitetsutvecklingen. ”Honesty-humility (H), Emotionality (E), Extraversion (X), Agreeableness versus Anger (A), Conscientiousness (C) och Openess to Experience (O)” förkortas till HEXACO och används för att definiera personlighet. ”Dimensions of Identity Development Scale” förkortas till DIDS och används för att definiera identitetsutveckling. Studien har samlat data genom fysiska enkäter från 261 svenska högskolestudenter i åldrarna 19-45. Enkäten bestod av färdigställda empiriska instrument för personlighet och identitetsutveckling. Personlighetsdomänerna som testades var ärlighet-ödmjukhet, extraversion, känslosamhet, målmedvetenhet, välvillighet och öppenhet. Identitetsfacetterna som testades var åtagande, identifiering med ställningstagande, utforskande på bredden, utforskande på djupet och grubblande utforskande. Studiens frågeställningar var hur HEXACO påverkar DIDS och hur denna studies resultat kommer att skilja sig från den tidigare forskningens resultat. Resultatet visade exempelvis att hög grad av ärlighet-ödmjukhet påverkar utforskandet negativt, vilket indikerar att personer som tenderar att undvika att manipulera andra och är ointresserade av lyx i mindre grad är utforskande i sin identitetsutveckling. I jämförelsen med den tidigare forskningen har denna studies resultat funnit alternativa personlighets påverkan på identitetsutvecklingen som tidigare forskning inte uppvisar. Exempelvis att hög grad av målmedvetenhet påverkar grubblande utforskande negativt, vilket indikerar att målmedvetna personer har en bra grund för en reflekterade självuppmärksamhet i sitt utforskande av identitetsutveckling. / The purpose of this study was to analyze how individual differences in personality affects identity development. Honesty-humility (H), Emotionality (E), Extraversion (X), Agreeableness versus Anger (A), Conscientiousness (C) och Openess to Experience (O) is short for HEXACO, and it is used to define personality. Dimension of Identity Development Scale is short for DIDS, and it is used to define identity development. This study has gathered data by collecting questionnaires from 261 Swedish college students in the ages of 19-45. The questionnaire that was used consisted of established definitions for personality and identity development. The personality domains that were analyzed were Honesty-humility, Emotionality, Extraversion, Agreeableness versus Anger, Conscientiousness, and Openess to Experience. The identity facets that was analyzed were Commitment making, Exploration in breadth, Ruminative exploration, Identification with commitment, and Exploration in depth. The questions posed by this study were how HEXACO will affect DIDS, and how the results will compare to previous research. The results showed, for example, that high a degree of Honesty-humility affects exploration negatively. This indicates that people who tend to avoid manipulating others and is not interested in luxuries is less explorative in his or her identity development. In comparing with results with previous research, this study has found new ways in which personality can affect identity development. One example is that a high degree of Conscientiousness affects Ruminative exploration negatively, which indicates that Conscientious people have a good basis for a reflective self to emerge in his or her identity development exploration.

In this study, four anion transporter (AT) blockers, DIDS (4, 4′-diisothiocyanatostilbene-2, 2′-disulfonic acid), 9-AC (anthracene-9-carboxylic acid), NPPB (5-nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino) benzoic acid), and IAA-94 (indanyloxy acetic acid) were selected to evaluate ATs as potential target sites for insect and nematode control. All the AT blockers showed slowly developing toxicity against second-stage larvae of <i>Meloidogyne incognita</i> (Kofoid and White 1919) Chitwood 1949 and adults of <i>Caenorhabditis elegans</i> Maupas 1900 but not against third-stage larvae of <i>Heterorhabditis bacteriophora</i> Poinar 1975 even at 200 ppm. Symptoms of AT blocker toxicity observed in <i>C. elegans</i> adults were increased pharyngeal muscle contractions and decreased locomotion. Exposure of <i>C. elegans</i> as fourth-stage larvae to double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) of <i>ceclc-1</i> and <i>ceclc-2</i> (VGCC genes coding for CeClC-1 and CeClC-2, respectively) either alone or together for 24 h decreased their expression in F1 progeny in a time-dependent manner. Reduction in expression of <i>ceclc-2</i> alone or together with <i>ceclc-1</i> significantly increased pharyngeal contractions and decreased locomotion in significantly higher percentage of F1 progeny. The above findings suggested AT blockers nematicidal activity primarily comes from inhibition of CeClC-2 channels, while inhibition of CeClC-1 channels may enhance this activity. All the AT blockers showed slowly developing toxicity against adults of a susceptible strain (Oregon-R) of <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i> Meigen 1830, while DIDS, was equally toxic to dieldrin-resistant rdl flies. All AT blockers, except 9-AC, at 100 µM showed significant excitatory effect on desheathed central nervous system (CNS) of third-instar larvae of <i>Drosophila</i>, while DIDS showed a modest excitatory effect on ascending peripheral nerves. Feeding adult flies on 10% sugar solution mixed with 100 ppm of DIDS for 6 h decreased the midgut pH by 2 units approximately. All the AT blockers inhibited the growth of larvae (in weight), increased the developmental time, and decreased survival when <i>Ostrinia nubilalis</i> (Hübner 1796) second-instar larvae were fed for seven days. All the AT blockers decreased the midgut alkalinity and inhibited chloride ion transport from midgut lumen into epithelia in fifth-instar larvae when fed for 3 h on treated diet. Positive correlations observed among growth, midgut alkalinity, and midgut chloride transport in AT blocker-fed larvae suggested that inhibition of chloride/bicarbonate exchangers by AT blockers may have contributed to midgut alkalinity decrease affecting the digestion and resulting in observed lethal and sublethal effects. / Ph. D.

No description available.

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a rare but fatal disease with an annual mortality rate of 15% despite current therapies. Uncontrolled proliferation of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) results in adverse vascular remodeling contributing to PAH. Understanding the mechanisms of PASMC proliferation may identify new targets for treatment. Chloride currents/channels (ICl) are expressed in PASMCs and their roles in proliferation have been suggested based on their importance in resting membrane potential and cell volume regulation. The present study explored the role of ICl in proliferation in rat and human PASMCs. We found that either nonspecific ICl inhibitors (DIDS or NPPB) or a putative specific blocker of swelling-activated ICl (ICl,swell) reduced proliferation of PASMCs cultured in serum-containing media. Patch-clamp studies showed that proliferating PASMCs had increased baseline ICl and ICl,swell in association with depolarized membrane potentials. Quantitative real-time RT-PCR studies identified expressions of CLC-3, a candidate gene of ICl,swell, and several other CLC genes in proliferating PASMCs. While selective knockdown of CLC-3 with lentiviral shRNA reduced PASMC proliferation, it had no effect on ICl,swell. These findings are consistent with the conclusion that ICl regulate proliferation of PASMCs and suggest that selective ICl inhibition may be useful in treating pulmonary arterial hypertension.

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a rare but fatal disease with an annual mortality rate of 15% despite current therapies. Uncontrolled proliferation of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) results in adverse vascular remodeling contributing to PAH. Understanding the mechanisms of PASMC proliferation may identify new targets for treatment. Chloride currents/channels (ICl) are expressed in PASMCs and their roles in proliferation have been suggested based on their importance in resting membrane potential and cell volume regulation. The present study explored the role of ICl in proliferation in rat and human PASMCs. We found that either nonspecific ICl inhibitors (DIDS or NPPB) or a putative specific blocker of swelling-activated ICl (ICl,swell) reduced proliferation of PASMCs cultured in serum-containing media. Patch-clamp studies showed that proliferating PASMCs had increased baseline ICl and ICl,swell in association with depolarized membrane potentials. Quantitative real-time RT-PCR studies identified expressions of CLC-3, a candidate gene of ICl,swell, and several other CLC genes in proliferating PASMCs. While selective knockdown of CLC-3 with lentiviral shRNA reduced PASMC proliferation, it had no effect on ICl,swell. These findings are consistent with the conclusion that ICl regulate proliferation of PASMCs and suggest that selective ICl inhibition may be useful in treating pulmonary arterial hypertension.