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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
211

Régulation épigénétique du gène CFTR / Epigenetic regulation of CFTR gene

Bergougnoux, Anne 16 December 2013 (has links)
La mucoviscidose (CF) est causée par des mutations sur le gène CFTR codant pour une protéine indispensable au maintien de l'homéostasie des transports hydro-électrolytiques au sein de l'épithélium des organes cibles de la pathologie, dérivés de l'endoderme (poumon, pancréas, appareil reproducteur). Entre ces différents tissus et au cours du développement fœtal, l'expression du gène varie, particulièrement dans le tissu pulmonaire où une répression est observée à l'âge adulte.Ce travail propose dans une première partie la caractérisation des modifications épigénétiques associées à la régulation spatio-temporelle physiologique de l'expression du gène CFTR dans les tissus humains sains adultes et fœtaux. Les résultats obtenus soulignent le rôle important des modifications post-traductionnelles des histones dans la régulation in vivo. Nous avons notamment observé i) un équilibre fin entre marques d'ouverture (acétylation) et de fermeture (H3K27Me3) de la chromatine sur la région promotrice du gène CFTR et ii) l'acétylation significative de régions cis-régulatrices intragéniques.La deuxième partie de ce travail consiste en l'évaluation des effets du SAHA, un inhibiteur d'histones déacétylases (HDACi) dans un modèle ex vivo d'épithélium nasal de patients atteints de mucoviscidose. Les résultats montrent que le SAHA ne restaure pas l'adressage membranaire de la protéine CFTR en contexte pathologique mucoviscidose (mutation p.(Phe508del)) dans des cellules CF différenciées en épithélium ex vivo. De plus, le SAHA induit une modification du profil inflammatoire des épithélia et une dé-différenciation épithéliale dans le modèle ex vivo montrant que les mécanismes d'action de cette molécule sont multiples et réversibles.Ce travail souligne la nécessité d'analyser in vivo les mécanismes physiopathologiques impliqués dans la mucoviscidose et d'évaluer l'impact des molécules thérapeutiques sur les protéines endogènes dans un modèle d'épithélium différencié. / Cystic fibrosis (CF) is caused by mutations in the CFTR gene encoding for a protein essential to maintain the homeostasis of fluid and electrolyte transport in the epithelium of endoderm-derived organs (lung, pancreas, reproductive tract) that are affected in CF patients. CFTR expression greatly varies between these tissues and during fetal development, particularly in the lung where repression is observed in adulthood .In the first part of this work, we characterized epigenetic modifications associated with the spatio-temporal regulation of CFTR gene expression in healthy human adult and fetal tissues. Our results emphasize the important role of histone post-translational modifications in this regulation in vivo. Specifically, we observed i) a fine balance between active (acetylation) and repressive (H3K27Me3) marks in the promoter region and ii) significant acetylation in intragenic cis-regulatory regions.In the second part of this work, we evaluated the effects of SAHA, a histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi) in an ex vivo model of nasal epithelium of CF patients. Our results show that SAHA can not restore CFTR protein to the apical membrane in a p.(Phe508del)-CFTR context in ex vivo CF differentiated epithelial cells. In addition, SAHA induces a change in the inflammatory profile of epithelia and epithelial dedifferentiation in the ex vivo model showing that the mechanisms of action of this molecule are multiple and reversible.This work highlights the need to analyze in vivo the pathophysiological mechanisms involved in Cystic Fibrosis and to evaluate the impact of therapeutic molecules on the endogenous proteins in a differentiated epithelium model.
212

Etude des gènes METHYLTRANSFERASE 1 chez Triticum aestivum : identification, histoire évolutive et création de lignées RNAi / Study of METHYLTRANSFERASE 1 genes in Triticum aestivum : identification, evolutive history and RNAi lines creation

Thomas, Mélanie 10 July 2014 (has links)
Le blé tendre ou Triticum aestivum possède un génome hexaploïde (2n=6X=42 chromosomes) de très grande taille (17 Gb) formé de trois génomes diploïdes homéologues. Afin de répondre aux nouvelles contraintes sociétales et environnementales, de nouvelles variétés de blé doivent être créées. L’amélioration des variétés peut se baser sur la variabilité génétique, mais également sur les modifications épigénétiques mises en évidence ces dernières années. La méthylation de l’ADN est l’une de ces modifications, et se retrouve sous forme de 5-méthylcytosine (5mC). Le gène METHYLTRANSFERASE1 (MET1) est bien connu pour son rôle dans le maintien de la méthylation de l’ADN au niveau des 5mC en contexte CpG chez Arabidopsis. Afin d’identifier les orthologues de MET1 chez le blé, la méthode de capture de séquence génomiques sur puce à ADN a été combinée avec des analyses bioinformatiques réalisées sur les récentes données de séquençage du génome du blé. J’ai identifié neufs copies du gène TaMET-1 sur les chromosomes 2, 5 et 7, et ce pour les trois génomes homéologues. Deux évènements de duplications géniques semblent être à l’origine de ces neufs copies. Suite à la seconde duplication, les copies du chromosome groupe 5 (groupe 5) ont évolué plus rapidement pour devenir des pseudogènes, peu ou pas exprimés. L’analyse de données d’expression par RNA-Seq a révélé que les copies des groupes 2 sont 10 à 40 fois plus exprimées que celles du groupe 7. Nous avons montré, pour les régions promotrices des groupes 5 et 7, la relation existant entre un faible niveau d’expression, une forte vitesse évolutive et un enrichissement en CpG, ce dernier étant associé avec une forte méthylation. Plusieurs stratégies ont été envisagées afin de valider les fonctions des gènes TaMET-1 : le crible de population de TILLING (Targeting Induced Local Lesions in Genomes), la construction de lignées RNAi ciblant MET1 et l’utilisation de lignées délétées pour la partie du chromosome portant la copie TaMET-1 la plus exprimée. Aucun mutant de TILLING n’a été identifié. Une analyse par conversion au bisulfite est actuellement en cours sur les lignées RNAi et lignées de délétion afin de valider un effet possible sur la méthylation. Ce travail permettra de conclure sur l’identification de lignées capables de modifier les profils de méthylation et qui pourraient être le point de départ pour induire de la variabilité épigénétique. / Bread wheat or Triticum aestivum possesses a large hexaploid genome (2n=6X=42 chromosomes, 17 Gb) formed by three homeologous diploid genomes. To better respond to new societal and environmental constraints, new wheat varieties have to be created. Breeding can use genetic variability and epigenetics modifications highlighted in recent years. DNA methylation is one of the epigenetic marks and is found as 5-methylcytosine (5mC). The METHYLTRANSFERASE1 gene (MET1) is known to be involve in maintenance of 5mC DNA methylation in CpG context. To identify MET1 genes in wheat, a method based on genomic sequence capture and bioinformatics analyses on data from wheat genome were combined. I identified nine copies of TaMET-1 gene on chromosomes 2, 5 and 7, for the three homeologous genomes. These nine copies seem to originate from two duplication events. After the second one, copies from chromosome 5 (group 5) evolved faster to become pseudogenes, not expressed or at a low level. Analysis of RNASeq expression data revealed that group 2 copies are expressed from 10 to 40 times more than the ones from group 7. For the promoter regions of group 5 and 7, we have shown a relationship between low expression level, high evolution rate and CpG enrichment, which is associated with high DNA methylation level. Several strategies were chosen to validate MET1 gene function : screen of TILLING population, construction of RNAi lines and use of deleted-chromosome line for the most expressed TaMET-1 gene. No TILLING mutants were found. An analysis based on bisulfite conversion is in progress on RNAi lines and deleted lines to validate a putative effect on DNA methylation. This work will permit to identify lines able to modify DNA methylation pattern which will be the starting point to induce epigenetics variability.
213

Análise funcional do papel da enzima DNA metiltransferase 2 (DNMT2) no desenvolvimento e resposta à estresses e identificação e caracterização de fragmentos derivados de tRNA (tRFs) em Arabidopsis thaliana

Rosa, Cristiane de Santis Alves. January 2015 (has links)
Orientador: Fabio Tebaldi Silveira Nogueira / Banca:?? / Resumo: A metilação do DNA está relacionada à regulação gênica, memória celular, silenciamento de elementos transponíveis, imprinting genômico e repressão de pseudoelementos provenientes de sequências duplicadas. Os padrões de metilação são estabelecidos, mantidos e traduzidos em estados funcionais apropriados da maquinaria de metilação do DNA, a qual inclui uma família classificada em três grupos de enzimas do tipo metiltransferases: DNMT1, DNMT3 e DNMT2. A DNA metiltransferase 2 (DNMT2) foi identificada na busca de novos candidatos à uma segunda DNA metiltransferase. Esta enzima não possui função biológica definida, porém, é capaz de metilar tanto DNA quanto RNA, em especial RNA transportadores (tRNAs). A DNMT2 está localizada tanto no núcleo quanto no citoplasma em células humanas, sendo capaz de migrar do núcleo para o citoplasma em resposta a estresses celulares. É provável que a enzima metile o tRNA no citoplasma, possivelmente para protegê-lo contra clivagens em situações de estresse. Quando estas clivagens ocorrem de forma específica, pequenos fragmentos de RNA são gerados (denominados tRFs), fato observado em diversas espécies, incluindo Arabidopsis thaliana. Aparentemente, estes fragmentos de RNA fazem parte de uma nova via de interferência por RNA (RNAi). Contudo, seu papel biológico ainda não foi definido. O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a função da enzima DNMT2 de plantas durante o desenvolvimento e em resposta a estresses, além de estabelecer seu possível papel na proteção de tRNAs. Até o momento, foi demonstrado que a enzima AtDNMT2 possuí localização, tanto nuclear quanto citoplasmática e também pode ser visualizada em estruturas que aparentam ser citoesqueletos. Foi possível determinar que AtDNMT2 não atua na proteção do tRNA AspGTC durante estresse oxidativo, porém é positivamente regulada durante diferentes tipos de estresse. A planta mutante dnmt2 não possui... / Abstract: DNA methylation is associated with genetic regulation, cell memory, silencing of transposable elements, genomic imprinting and repression of pseudo-elements coming from duplicate sequences. Methylation patterns are established, kept and translated via an appropriate functional DNA methylation machinery, which includes a family of proteins classified into three methyltransferase enzyme groups: DNMT1, DNMT3 e DNMT2. DNA methyltransferase 2 (DNMT2) was first identified by searching for novel DNA methyltransferase candidates. DNMT2 is highly conserved in different kingdoms and does not have a biological function well defined so far; however, it has been shown that DNMT2 can methylate both DNA and RNA in animal cells, most specifically transfer RNA (tRNA). In human cells, DNMT2 is localized both in the nucleus and in the cytoplasm, being capable to migrate from nucleus to cytoplasm under stress conditions. In the cytoplasm, DNMT2 methylates tRNAs, possibly to protect against cleavage events that occur under stress conditions. When these cleavages occur in a specific pattern, small RNA fragment emerges (tRFs). tRFs are found in several species, including Arabidopsis thaliana. It seems that these tRNA fragments are part of a new RNAi pathway. However, its biological role has not been reveal yet. The aim of this work is to evaluate the possible role(s) of DNMT2 in plant development and stress response and also establish its possible role in tRNA protection. So far we demonstrated that AtDNMT2 has both nuclear and cytoplasmic cellular localization and can also be visualized in what seen to be the cytoskeleton. We determined that AtDNMT2 does not play role in tRNA AspGTC protection under oxidative stress, though AtDNMT2 is up regulated in different stresses. The mutant plant Atdnmt2 does not have obvious phenotype, what makes harder to understand its biological role, leading us to deeper molecular studies. In this context, the present work reveals... / Doutor
214

Efeito de antagonistas do receptor NMDA sobre a metilação do DNA / Effect of NMDA receptor antagonists upon DNA methylation

Montezuma, Karina 30 September 2016 (has links)
A depressão é uma doença com alta incidência na população mundial e os antidepressivos atualmente disponíveis não são completamente eficazes. Esses fármacos apresentam uma latência de 2-4 semanas para induzir uma melhora significativa dos sintomas e cerca de 45% dos pacientes não respondem ao tratamento, cujo mecanismo é baseado na facilitação da neurotransmissão monoaminérgica no SNC. Por outro lado, recentemente tem sido demonstrado que a ketamina, antagonista do receptor de glutamato do tipo NMDA induz um efeito antidepressivo rápido e sustentado em animais e pacientes. No entanto, o uso dessa droga para o tratamento da depressão possui diversas limitações e, assim, o entendimento dos mecanismos subjacentes à sua ação antidepressiva pode contribuir para o desenvolvimento de novas e melhores alternativas terapêuticas. Estes mecanismos parecem ser mais complicados do que simplesmente o bloqueio do receptor NMDA, dado que tal bloqueio com o antagonista MK-801, por exemplo, induz efeito tipo-antidepressivo no teste do nado forçado (FST) por até 3 horas, mas sem reproduzir os efeitos prolongados da ketamina. Por isso, a cascata de eventos neuroquímicos iniciada após a administração de ketamina que culmina com a regulação da expressão gênica e síntese de proteínas relacionadas aos processos de plasticidade neural têm sido alvo de grande investigação a fim de se compreender o mecanismo de ação subjacente ao efeito antidepressivo rápido e sustentado dessa droga. A expressão desses genes pode ser modulada por mecanismos epigenéticos, como a metilação do DNA, um processo realizado por DNA metiltransferases (DNMTs), que também tem apresentado grande relevância para a neurobiologia da depressão. Diante disso, o presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos da administração de antagonistas do receptor NMDA, ketamina e MK-801, em doses e protocolos de tratamento que promovam efeito tipo-antidepressivo no FST, sobre a metilação do DNA em estruturas encefálicas importantes para a neurobiologia da depressão, em animais submetidos ou não ao estresse de nado forçado. Para tanto, primeiramente, foram delineados protocolos experimentais para análise do efeito tipo-antidepressivo destas drogas: Em ratos, administração sistêmica aguda de S(+)-ketamina 10 mg/Kg ou MK-801 0,025 mg/Kg 23 horas após a sessão pré-teste e 1 hora ou 7 dias antes da sessão teste do FST, permitiu a análise de um efeito tipo-antidepressivo rápido e sustentado induzido pela ketamina e apenas rápido pelo MK-801. Em seguida, utilizando estes protocolos, avaliou-se os efeitos do estresse do pré-teste do FST e do tratamento com tais antagonistas do receptor NMDA sobre os níveis de metilação global do DNA e expressão de DNMT3a e DNMT3b no córtex frontal, hipocampo ventral e dorsal dos animais. Foram encontradas alterações nas quantificações realizadas, sugerindo que o estresse e o tratamento podem induzir efeitos importantes sobre a metilação do DNA nas estruturas analisadas. Além disso, o tratamento com ketamina ou MK-801 parecem induzir efeitos diferenciais em algumas regiões, o que poderia estar associado aos efeitos também distintos que apresentam sobre a ação antidepressiva / Although depression presents a high incidence in the world population, currently available antidepressants exhibit a latency of 2-4 weeks to induce a significant improvement of symptoms and around 45% of patients do not respond to these drugs. On the other hand, it has been recently shown that ketamine, a NMDA receptor antagonist, induces a rapid and sustained antidepressant effect in animals and patients. However, the use of this drug for depression treatment has several limitations and, thus, the understanding of the mechanisms underlying its antidepressant action could present a significant importance for the development of new and better therapeutic alternatives. These mechanisms appear to be more complex than the initial blockade of the NMDA receptor, since such blockade by MK-801, for example, reduces the immobility time of mice submitted the forced swimming test (FST) for up to 3 hours, without reproducing the sustained effects of ketamine. Therefore, the cascade of neurochemical events that are initiated after ketamine administration that culminate in the regulation of gene expression and syntehsis of proteins related to neuronal plasticity has been the focus of intense investigation. These genes, in turn, can be modulated by epigenetic mechanisms such as DNA methylation, a process performed by DNA methyltransferase (DNMTs), which has also shown a high relevance to the neurobiology of depression and its treatment. Based on that, the present study aimed at investigating the effects induced by ketamine and MK-801, at doses and treatment protocols that promote antidepressant-like effect in the FST, upon DNA methylation in brain structures of animals submitted or not to the forced swim stress. The first experimental protocols were designed for the analysis of acute and sustained drug-induced antidepressant-like effects: In rats, acute systemic administration of S(+)-Ketamine 10 mg/Kg or MK-801 0.025 mg/Kg 23 hours after the pretest session and 1 hour or 7 days before the test session of FST was investigated. Based on these protocols, the effects of stress (FST) and of treatment with NMDA receptor antagonists were investigated on global DNA methylation levels and DNMT3a and Dnmt3b expression in the rat frontal cortex, ventral and dorsal hippocampus. Both, stress and treatment, induced changes in DNA methylation and DNMT3 expression in some of the brain regions analised. In addition, treatment with MK-801 and ketamine seem to induce differential effects in some areas, which could also be associated with different effects that they present on antidepressant action.
215

Classificação molecular de gliomas difusos em adulto baseada em metilação do DNA revela subgrupos de tumores G-CIMP associados com aspectos clínicos distintos / Molecular classification of adult diffuse gliomas based on DNA methylation reveals subgroups of G-CIMP tumors associated with distinct clinical features

Sabedot, Thaís Sarraf 12 March 2018 (has links)
Gliomas s~ao tumores heterog^eneos, o que contribui para seu alto grau de mortalidade, apesar de avan¸cos na classifica¸c~ao e tratamento. Desde 2016, a incorpora¸c~ao do estado dos genes IDH e da integridade dos cromossomos 1p e 19q na classifica¸c~ao de gliomas fornece aplica¸c~oes cl´?nicas importantes para o diagn´ostico e tratamento deste tumor; entretanto, a procura por assinaturas moleculares que possam refinar ainda mais os subtipos de glioma em subgrupos mais homog^eneos ´e um esfor¸co cont´?nuo. Este estudo utilizou o maior n´umero de amostras de gliomas adultos (n=932) at´e a atualidade, variando dos graus II ao IV, a fim de definir subgrupos de glioma utilizando assinaturas de metila¸c~ao do DNA, indepentemente de grau e histologia. No total, 7 subtipos foram identificados: Classiclike, Mesenchymal-like, LGm6-GBM, PA-like, Codels, G-CIMP-low and G-CIMP-high. A maior parte dos subgrupos com IDH tipo selvagem, isto ´e, Classic-like, Mesenchymal-like, LGm6-GBM, possuem padr~ao de baixa metila¸c~ao do DNA e um pior risco progn´ostico; caracter´?sticas cl´?nicas t´?picas de glioblastomas, o tipo mais agressivo de gliomas. Uma descoberta interessante foi a identifica¸c~ao do subgrupo PA-like dentre gliomas com IDH tipo selvagem, o qual compartilha aspectos gen^omicos similares a astrocitoma piloc´?tico, um glioma pedi´atrico benigno com bom quadro cl´?nico entre gliomas com IDH tipo selvagem. Codels, os quais abragem pacientes com muta¸c~ao em IDH e codele¸c~ao dos cromossomos 1p e 19, possuem o melhor progn´ostico dentre os gliomas difusos em adultos. Uma descoberta importante em rela¸c~ao a gliomas com muta¸c~ao em IDH, por´em sem codele¸c~ao dos cromossomos 1p e 19q, foi a estratifica¸c~ao de gliomas com fen´otipo metilador de ilhas CpG (G-CIMP) em G-CIMP-low, com n´?veis mais baixos de metila¸c~ao do DNA e pior quadro cl´?nico, e G-CIMP-high, com n´?veis mais altos de metila¸c~ao do DNA e melhor risco progn´ostico. Curiosamente, o grau de metila¸c~ao do DNA (-low e -high) estava associado com altera¸c~oes distintas em elementos regulat´orios e modifica¸c~oes de histona aberrantes na regi~ao promotora de genes do ciclo celular. Estes achados consolidaram a import^ancia cl´?nica da epigen´etica, particularmente da metila¸c~ao do DNA, em gliomas, como tamb´em levantou a possibilidade de que a sobrevida m´edia ruim de G-CIMP-low pode ser associada a elementos regulat´orios. Al´em disso, a hip´otese de que enhancers ativos podem agir na regula¸c~ao g^enica de G-CIMP-low fornece mais evid^encias de que elementos regulat´orios podem levar `a maior agressividade e prolifera¸c~ao de G-CIMP-low. Este estudo visa 1) identificar e caracterizar subtipos de gliomas difusos em adultos baseados na metila¸c~ao do DNA, e 2) avaliar a associa¸c~ao entre modifica¸c~oes de histona com um subtipo mais agressivo de G-CIMP / Gliomas are heterogeneous tumors which contribute to their high mortality despite advancements in classification and treatment. As of 2016, the incorporation of IDH status and the integrity of chromosomes 1p and 19q to glioma classification have provided important clinical application for diagnostics and treatment; however, the search for molecular signatures that further refine glioma subtypes into more homogeneous subgroups is an ongoing effort. This study used the largest sample cohort (n=932) of adult gliomas to date, ranging from grades II to IV, in order to define gliomas subgroups using DNA methylation signatures, independent of histopathological grading. In total, 7 subtypes were identified: Classic-like, Mesenchymal-like, LGm6-GBM, PA-like, Codels, G-CIMP-low and G-CIMP-high. Most IDH -wildtype subgroups, e.g. Classic-like, Mesenchymal-like and LGm6-GBM, had low DNA methylation pattern and a poor outcome, typical of glioblastomas, the most aggressive phenotype of gliomas. An interesting finding was the identification of the PA-like subgroup within IDH -wildtype samples, which shared similar genomic features with pilocytic astrocytoma, a rare pediatric benign glioma, with a good overall survival (OS) among IDH -wildtype gliomas. Codels, which comprise IDH mutant gliomas with codeletion of chromosomes 1p/19q have the best OS across all adult gliomas. An important finding regarding IDH mutant gliomas with no codeletion of chromosomes 1p/19q, was the further segregation of the Glioma-CpG Island Methylator Phenotype (G-CIMP) into G-CIMP-low, with lower levels of DNA methylation and worse OS, and G-CIMP-high, characterized by higher DNA methylation profile and better OS. Interestingly, the degree of G-CIMP methylation (-low and -high) was associated with distinct alterations in regulatory elements and aberrant histone modifications at promoter regions of cell cycle genes. These findings consolidated the clinical importance of epigenetics, particularly DNA methylation, in gliomas, as well as the possibility that aggressive OS in G-CIMP-low may be driven by regulatory elements. Moreover, our results suggest that active enhancers that might be acting in gene regulation in G-CIMP-low provide more evidence of the regulatory elements that might be driving aggressiveness and proliferation in G-CIMP-low. This study aims 1) to identify and characterize adult diffuse glioma DNA methylation subtypes, and 2) evaluate the association of histone modifications with a more aggressive G-CIMP subtype
216

Estudo da metilação global do DNA no sangue periférico de cães sadios e cães com câncer / Global DNA methylation in peripheral blood of healthy dogs and dogs bearing cancer

Epiphanio, Tatiane Moreno Ferrarias 07 December 2017 (has links)
O linfoma não-Hodgkin (LNH) é bastante prevalente em cães e atualmente é aceito como modelo comparativo da doença em humanos. Padrões aberrantes de metilação de DNA parecem exercer um papel chave no desenvolvimento de tumores hematopoiéticos nos seres humanos, constituem um mecanismo especial de controle transcricional e podem ser influenciados por alterações genéticas e ambientais. Os efeitos da metilação global do DNA têm sido raramente investigados em cães, principalmente em processos neoplásicos. O objetivo do presente estudo foi quantificar a metilação global do DNA em leucócitos sanguíneos de cães portadores de LNH, comparando com a metilação global do DNA de leucócitos sanguíneos de cães sadios e identificar genes diferentemente metilados nas mesmas amostras. Para isto, utilizou-se o DNA obtido da capa leucocitária de amostras de sangue venoso periférico de 10 cães sadios e 9 cães com LNH multicêntrico. Para imunofenotipagem dos linfomas, aplicou-se o painel imunocitoquímico de anticorpos anti-CD79a, anti-PAX5 e anti-CD3. O índice de proliferação celular foi obtido por meio da contagem de núcleos positivos para Ki-67. A metilação global do DNA dos leucócitos foi quantificada pelo método High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) e visualmente (por escores) em amostras submetidas a imunocitoquímica (ICQ) com o anticorpo anti-5-metil citosina (5MetCyt). Para a identificação de genes diferentemente metilados entre ambos os grupos avaliados, utilizou-se a técnica de beadchip com o ensaio Infinium Methylation EPIC BeadChip humano (850K). Como resultados, em ambos os métodos (HPLC e ICQ), os leucócitos sanguíneos de cães portadores de LNH apresentaram metilação global do DNA significantemente inferior à dos cães sadios (HPLC: p= 0,027 / ICQ: p= 0,015). Das 853.307 ilhas CpGs investigadas no microarranjo, houve hibridização de 34.574 sondas nas amostras caninas. Desse total, observou-se diferença significante em nível de metilação de 606 sondas, e por meio da análise das similaridades homólogas e ortólogas, identificou-se 550 genes diferentemente metilados entre os dois grupos. Nosso estudo foi pioneiro em sugerir que cães com LNH apresentam hipometilação global do DNA de leucócitos circulantes quando comparados a cães sadios. Apesar de termos usado amostras caninas em um ensaio desenvolvido especificamente para o DNA humano (Infinium Methylation EPIC BeadChip) foi possível a identificação de genes diferentemente metilados e possíveis novos alvos com potencial preventivo ou terapêutico. Futuros estudos epidemiológicos são necessários para correlacionar o padrão de metilação de leucócitos com o risco de desenvolver linfomas e utilizá-lo como biomarcador / Non-Hodgkin\'s lymphoma is quite prevalent in dogs and it is currently accepted as a comparative model for the disease in humans. Aberrant patterns of DNA methylation appear to play a key role in the development of hematopoietic tumors in humans, constitute a special mechanism of transcriptional control and may be influenced by genetic and environmental variations. The effects of methylation have been rarely investigated in dogs, especially in neoplastic processes. The aim of the current study is to quantify the global DNA methylation of blood from dogs bearing non-Hodgkin\'s lymphoma, comparing them with the methylation content and pattern of healthy dogs and identify differently methylated genes in the same samples. For this, the DNA obtained from the buffy coat of peripheral venous blood samples from 10 healthy dogs and 9 dogs with multicentric non-Hodgkin\'s lymphoma were used. For immunophenotyping of lymphomas, the immunocytochemical panel of anti-CD79a, anti-PAX5 and anti-CD3 antibodies were applied. The cell proliferation index was performed by counting positive nuclei with anti-Ki-67. The global methylation of leukocyte DNA was quantified by the High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) method and visually (by scoring) in samples subjected to immunocytochemistry (ICQ) with the anti-5-methyl cytosine antibody (5MetCyt). For the identification of differently methylated genes between both groups, the bead chip technique was used with the Infinium Methylation EPIC BeadChip human assay (850K). As a result, in both methods (HPLC and ICQ), dogs with non-Hodgkin\'s lymphoma had a lower amount of methylation than healthy dogs (HPLC: p = 0.027 / ICQ: p = 0.015). Of the 853,307 CpGs investigated in the microarray, there were 34,574 probes hybridized in the canine samples. From this total, significant difference was observed in the methylation level of 606 probes and through the homologous and orthologous similarities, 550 differently methylated genes were identified between the two groups. Our study was a pioneer in suggesting that dogs bearing non-Hodgkin\'s lymphoma presented DNA global hypomethylation of circulating leukocytes when compared to healthy dogs. Although we used canine samples in an assay developed specifically for human DNA (Infinium Methylation EPIC BeadChip) it was possible to identify differently methylated genes and possible new targets with preventive or therapeutic potential. Future epidemiological studies are needed to correlate the methylation pattern of leukocytes with the risk of developing lymphomas and to use it as a biomarker
217

Envolvimento do óxido nítrico na metilação do DNA induzida por estresse / Role of nitric oxide in stress-induced DNA methylation

Maciel, Izaque de Sousa 23 March 2018 (has links)
A exposição ao estresse induz um aumento dos níveis de óxido nítrico (NO) e glutamato em estruturas do cérebro de ratos, as quais estão relacionadas com o transtorno de depressão maior (DM) em humanos. Ademais, o estresse está diretamente relacionado com o aumento da metilação do DNA, uma alteração epigenética repressiva, no hipocampo de animais. Estudos anteriores demonstraram o efeito tipo antidepressivo dos inibidores da enzima óxido nítrico sintase (NOS) em animais submetidos ao estresse. Porém não se sabe se há uma relação entre o aumento do NO e glutamato induzido pelo estresse e alteração na metilação do DNA em genes relacionado com a patofisiologia da DM. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi investigar os efeitos dos inibidores da NOS nas alterações comportamentais e nos mecanismos intracelulares relacionado com a metilação do DNA no cérebro de ratos submetidos ao teste do desamparo aprendido (learned helplessness - LH) e em cultura celular do hipocampo desafiadas com NMDA e dexametasona. Métodos: Estudo 1: Cultura primária de células do hipocampo ou cultura imortalizada HiB5 foram desafiadas/estressadas com NMDA (30µM,1h), L-arginina (500µM,1h) e/ou dexametasona (1µM, 1h ou 24h) e pré-tratadas com inibidor seletivo da nNOS (NPA, 100nM, 30min antes do desafio) ou com inibidor da DNMT (5-Aza, 10 µM, 30 min antes do desafio). A expressão dos genes para as enzimas DNMTs, BDNF, NT4, TrkB e nNOS foram avaliadas por RT-qPCR, a expressão proteica das enzimas DNMT3b e nNOS foram avaliadas por western blotting. Estudo 2: Ratos foram submetidos à choques inescapáveis (0,4 mA; 40 choques) na sessão de pré-teste do LH, após sete dias os animais foram submetidos a sessão de teste (choques escapáveis de 0,4 mA). Os animais foram tratados com inibidores da NOS 7-nitroindazole (7-NI;60mg/kg,i.p), aminoguanidina (AMG; 30mg/kg,i.p) ou veículo por 7 dias e submetidos a sessão de teste 1h, após a última injeção. A metilação global foi analisada por imunoensaio (ELISA) e a expressão dos genes DNMT3b, BDNF, nNOS e iNOS foram avaliadas por RT-qPCR, nas estruturas: cortex, hipocampo ventral e hipocampo dorsal. Resultados: Estudo 1: O pré- tratamento com NPA, atenuou o aumento da expressão do mRNA para a enzima DNMT3b, em cultura primária do hipocampo desafiada com NMDA, dexametasona e Larginina, e também em cultura HiB5 desafiada com dexametasona. Porém, o NPA não inibiu a diminuição da expressão do BDNF (exon 1, exon 4 e exon 9), em cultura primária de células do hipocampo desafiadas com NMDA. O pré tratamento com 5-Aza, não inibiu as alterações induzidas pelo NMDA em cultura primária de hipocampo. Estudo 2: Ratos submetidos ao estresse dos choques inescapáveis na sessão de pré-teste apresentaram aumento no número de falhas em escapar dos choques na sessão de teste (desamparo aprendido), um efeito que foi atenuado pelo tratamento com AMG ou 7-NI. Interessantemente, o efeito comportamental do estresse foi acompanhado por aumento nos níveis da metilação global do DNA e DNMT3b no hipocampo ventral (vHPC), que foi atenuado pelos pré-tratamentos com AMG e 7-NI, porém não houve diferença estatisticamente significante no córtex e no hipocampo dorsal dos ratos. Conclusão: Os dados apresentados demonstraram que tanto o estresse (in vivo) quanto o desafio com glicocorticóides, NMDA e L-arginina (in vitro) são capazes de modular a expressão daenzima DNMT3b e a metilação de DNA no hipocampo. O tratamento com inibidores da NOS reduzem os efeitos do estresse in vivo (comportamental e molecular) e in vitro. Em conjunto, os dados sugerem que a liberação de glutamato e NO durante o estresse pode modular a expressão da enzima DNMT3b, levando ao aumento da metilação do DNA em genes relacionados com a resposta de adaptação ao estresse. Essa é a primeira evidência de que o NO pode modular metilação do DNA induzida por estresse. / Stress exposure increases glutamate and nitric oxide (NO) levels, as well as DNA methylation in the hippocampus. However, it is not yet known if there is a causal relationship between these events. Moreover, both nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitors and DNA methylation inhibitors counteract the behavioral effects of stress. Therefore, our aim was to investigate the effects of NOS inhibitors on stress-induced changes on behaviour, DNA methylation and genes expression in the hippocampus of rats submitted to learned helplessness - LH. Moreover, the effects of direct administration of dexamethasone (glucocorticoid), NMDA and L-arginine was investigated in hippocampal cell cultures. Methods: Study 1: Primary hippocampal cell culture was challenged with NMDA (30µM,1h), L-arginine (500µM,1h) or dexamethasone (1µM,24h) and pretreated with nNOS inhibitor (NPA, 100nM, 30min before the challenge) or with DNMT inhibitor (5-Aza, 10 µM, 30 min before the challenge). DNMTs, BDNF, NT4, TrkB and nNOS gene expression was assessed by RT-qPCR. DNMT3b and nNOS levels were assessed by western blotting. Study 2: Rats were submitted to inescapable footshocks and treated with the NOS inhibitors 7-nitroindazole (7-NI; 60 mg/kg, i.p) or aminoguanidine (AMG; 30 mg/kg, i.p], or vehicle for 7 days and tested 1h after the last injection with escapable footshocks. The number of escape failures during the test, global DNA methylation (ELISA) and DNMT3b, BDNF, nNOS and iNOS mRNA expression (RT-qPCR) was evaluated. Results: NPA pretreatment attenuated DNMT3b mRNA expression in hippocampus primary cell culture challenged with NMDA, dexamethasone or L-arginine. Similarly effects were observed in HiB5 cell challenged with dexamethasone. However, NPA pretreatment did not inhibit the decrease of BDNF (exon 1, exon 4 and exon 9) induced by NMDA. Moreover, pretreatment with 5-Aza did not inhibit the decreased of BDNF induced by NMDA in primary cell culture. Study 2: Stress exposure increased the number of escape failures in the test, which was attenuated by treatment with AMG or 7-NI, an antidepressant-like effect. Interestingly, the increased DNA methylation DNMT3b mRNA expression in the ventral hippocampus (vHPC) of stressed rats were also attenuated by treatment with both AMG and 7-NI. Conclusions: NOS inhibitors attenuated stress-induced depressive-like behavior, DNA methylation and DNMT3b mRNA expression in the vHPC. In vitro, selective nNOS inhibition also blocks corticosterone-, NMDA- and L-arginine-induced DNMT3b mRNA expression in hippocampal cell culture. Altogether, our results suggest that glutamate release, leading to NO production during stress may mediate intracellular mechanisms that regulate DNMT3b expression and DNA methylation. This is the first evidence indicating that NO modulates DNA methylation induced by stress.
218

Alterações epigenéticas do gene p16 em ratos tratados com altas doses de I-metionina / Epigenetics changes of the p16 gene in rats treated with high doses of lmethionine

Bueno, Rafaela de Barros e Lima 07 August 2009 (has links)
Várias evidências sugerem que a dieta é um fator relevante na modificação dos riscos de desenvolvimento de câncer e que a interação nutriente-genoma tem uma influência significativa para a manutenção da saúde. A nutrigênomica estabelece uma relação entre dieta e a investigação das alterações epigenéticas do DNA, que podem ter um papel importante na etiologia de várias doenças degenerativas. A metilação do DNA é um evento epigenético importante na modificação da expressão gênica e já existem relatos de cânceres associados com a metilação da região promotora de genes supressores tumorais, como o gene p16. A metionina (Met) é um aminoácido essencial e necessário para a manutenção do ciclo de metionina, um importante mecanismo nas reações de metilação. Outro fator que pode alterar o padrão de metilação do DNA são os quimioterápicos. A alteração da metilação do DNA, também pode modificar a estrutura dos cromossomos e levar a instabilidade genômica, relacionada com o desenvolvimento de neoplasia. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da suplementação de metionina sobre as alterações no padrão de metilação da região promotora do gene p16 no fígado e rins de ratos e as possíveis modificações induzidas pela interação com o antitumoral doxorrubicina (DXR), além da possível instabilidade genômica em células da medula óssea. Para isso, seis grupos de ratos Wistar machos (n=60) foram tratados durante seis semanas com ração comercial normal ou suplementada com 2% de Met, sendo que na 3º semana e 24 horas antes da eutanásia administrou-se salina ou DXR (1 ou 10 mg/Kg p.c.), intraperitonealmente. Os rins e o fígado foram utilizados para extração do DNA e para o estudo do padrão de metilação pelo método COBRA, após a modificação do DNA com bissulfito de sódio e amplificação por PCR. As enzimas EcoRI, TaqI e HphI foram utilizadas para verificar o padrão de metilação da região promotora do gene p16 e a enzima TasI para avaliar a modificação do DNA pelo bissulfito. Em todos os animais houve a restrição do fragmento de estudo pelas enzimas TasI e HphI, porém nenhuma restrição com as enzimas EcoRI e TaqI. O padrão de metilação da região promotora do gene p16 nos rins e no fígado não foi alterado pela suplementação de Met ou pela administração de DXR, quando se comparou os grupos controles e os tratados. A justificativa é que o gene p16 é importante na regulação do ciclo celular, apoptose e senescência e sua regulação segue um mecanismo bem controlado. Para estudar o efeito da suplementação de Met na instabilidade genômica, realizou-se o teste do micronúcleo (MN) na medula óssea dos ratos. Pela a análise do MN, a suplementação com Met não alterou a frequência de MN, mas o tratamento com a DXR (1 e 10mg/Kg) induziu a formação de MN quando comparado com o grupo Controle. A associação de Met+DXR não reduziu a freqüência de MN induzida pela DXR. Conclui-se que a Met na dieta ou a administração do quimioterápico DXR não alterou o padrão de metilação da região promotora do gene p16. O excesso de Met não apresentou ação mutagênica no teste do MN. Não houve efeito antimutagênico da Met quando associada com a DXR. / Several evidences suggest that to diet is a relevant factor in modifying the risks of developing cancer and the nutrient-genome interaction has a significant influence for the maintenance of a good health condition. Nutrigenomic establishes a relation between to diet and the investigation of epigenetic DNA modifications, which may play an important role in the etiology of various degenerative diseases. DNA methylation is an important epigenetic event modification of gene expression and there been reports of cancers associated with promoter methylation region of tumor suppressor genes such as p16 gene. Methionine (Met) is an essential aminoacid to maintain methionine cycle, very important mechanism in methylation reactions. Another factor that can change the methylation pattern is the chemotherapeutic drugs. DNA methylation alteration can also modify chromosome structure and lead to a genomic instability related to the development of neoplasia. The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of methionine supplementation on changes in the methylation pattern of the promoter region of the p16 gene in the liver and kidneys of rats and the possible changes induced by interaction with the antitumoral doxorubicin (DXR), besides the possible genomic instability in bone marrow cells. Six Wistar rats groups (n=60) received commercial diet or commercial diet plus Met 2% for six weeks. At third week and 24 hours before euthanasia they received saline or DXR (1 or 10 mg/Kg) intraperitoneally. DNA extraction of the kidneys and liver was used for the study of the methylation pattern of promoter region on the p16 gene by COBRA method, after DNA sodium bisulfite modification and PCR amplification. EcoRI, TaqI and HphI enzymes were used to determine the methylation pattern of promoter region of the p16 gene and TasI enzyme was used to validate bisulfite conversion. All animals had digestion with TasI and HphI enzymes, however no restriction with EcoRI and TaqI enzymes. Kidneys and liver DNA methylation pattern promoter region of p16 gene did not change by Met supplementation or DXR administration, when comparing the controled and the treated groups. The justification is that the p16 gene is very important in cycle cellular regulation, apoptosis and senescence and its regulation follows a well controlled mechanism. To study Met supplementation in genomic instability the micronucleus (MN) test was realized in the rat bone marrow. By Micronuclei analysis, met supplementation did not alter MN frequency, but DXR treatment (1 or 10 mg/Kg) induced MN formation when compared to Control group. The association of Met+DXR did not decrease MN frequency by induced DXR. In conclusion, Met on the diet or DXR administration did not change methylation pattern of promoter region of the p16 gene. The supplemented Met did not show mutagenic effect in MN test. There was no antimutagenic effect of Met when associated to DXR.
219

Metilação do gene simportador sódio-iodo (NIS) em tumores de tireóide / Methylation of sodium iodide symporter (NIS) gene in thyroid tumors

Galrão, Ana Luiza Resende 15 December 2011 (has links)
O iodo é transportado para a célula tireoideana através do simportador sódio-iodo (NIS). Estudo anterior de nosso grupo mostrou que a expressão do RNAm de NIS estava reduzida nos tecidos tumorais (T) tireoideanos quando comparada à dos tecidos não tumorais (NT) adjacentes. A metilação de ilhas CpG localizadas em promotores é um dos mecanismos epigenéticos que regula a expressão gênica. Já foi demonstrado que a metilação aberrante desempenha papel importante na tumorigênese humana, porém, estudos qualitativos não conseguiram definir um padrão de metilação do promotor de NIS no câncer diferenciado de tireóide. Assim, o presente estudo visou (1) investigar o padrão de metilação do promotor do gene NIS em amostras T (benignos e malignos) e NT adjacentes, e correlacionar o grau de metilação com os valores de RNAm, e (2) identificar novas sequencias regulatórias, alvos de metilação do DNA, que pudessem também modular a expressão de NIS. Foram estudados 30 pares de amostras de tecido tireoideano T e NT adjacente, sendo 10 benignos e 20 malignos. Também foi avaliado um par de amostras de paciente com nódulo maligno com alta captação de iodo (hipercaptante). A metilação da ilha1 CpG foi avaliada por PCR Metilação Específica (MSP) semiquantitativa e a metilação da ilha2 CpG foi analisada por bissulfito seqüenciamento; ambas com DNA bissulfito convertido. Novas ferramentas de bioinformática foram utilizadas na análise in silico para identificar ilhas CpG funcionais na região 5\' upstream da seqüência promotora de NIS. Plasmídios foram construídos contendo o fragmento de DNA da Ilha2 CpG na frente de gene reporter (luciferase) e usados em transfecções de células HEK293 para avaliar a atividade regulatória desta ilha. Celulas tumorais com baixa expressão de NIS foram tratadas com agente desmetilante 5Aza e a expressão de RNAm de NIS foi avaliada por PCR em tempo real. Na ilha1 CpG, todas as amostras (T e NT) do grupo benigno e maligno apresentaram metilação, não observando-se diferença no grau de metilação entre os grupos. No entanto, maiores níveis de metilação foram detectados na região 5 desta ilha, que decresceram na direção da extremidade 3. Observou-se maior grau de metilação no tecido T em relação ao tecido NT adjacente (T>NT) em 60% das amostras do grupo benigno e em 35% do grupo maligno. Não foi identificada correlação entre o grau de metilação da ilha1 CpG e a expressão de RNAm de NIS. Nas amostras (T e NT) do paciente com tumor hipercaptante não foi detectada metilação nesta ilha. Assim foi realizada nova análise in silico, a qual identificou por primeira vez uma segunda ilha CpG, ilha2 CpG, com 256pb, localizada entre as posições -2152 e -1887 (em relação ao sítio ATG), contendo 14 sítios CpG. As analises da metilação da ilha2 CpG indicaram que essa região também é alvo de metilação, sendo observada hipermetilação (66.07%) em todas as amostras T quando comparada às amostras NT(23,21%), nos grupos benigno e maligno. A análise individual de cada par de amostras detectou um padrão de metilação do gene NIS em tecidos tireoideanos; sendo que 100% das amostras do grupo benigno e 95% das do grupo maligno apresentavam a ilha2 CpG mais metilada no tecido T do que no tecido NT (T>NT). Além disso, foi possível identificar correlação inversa significativa entre o grau de metilação da ilha2 CpG e a expressão gênica de NIS. Estudos in vitro para caracterização funcional da ilha CpG2 mostraram que esta nova ilha pode ser considerada como um enhancer do gene NIS na presença de fatores de transcrição da tireóide. Também foi possível detectar, em linhagem de carcinoma folicular da tireoide, a reexpressão do RNAm de NIS paralelamente à redução do grau de metilação da ilha2 CpG, após o tratamento com agente desmetilante. Sendo assim, confirmamos que a metilação do promotor NIS é um evento freqüente em amostras T (benignas e malignas) e NT. Este é o o primeiro trabalho que descreve a existência da ilha2 CpG, na região 5 do gene NIS, com atividade de enhancer, que regularia a expressão gênica por metilação do DNA. Pela primeira vez identificou-se a existência de um padrão de metilação no gene NIS em tecido tireoideanos (T>NT), assim como correlação inversa entre o grau de metilação da ilha2 CpG e a expressão de RNAm de NIS. Estes resultados poderiam explicar a reduzida expressão do NIS observada em amostras tumorais benignas e malignas e a baixa captação de iodo dos tumores tireoideanos / Iodide is transported from the blood into thyroid cell through the sodium iodide symporter (NIS). We have previously detected reduced NIS mRNA expression in thyroid tumoral tissue (T) when compared with the non tumoral tissue (NT). Methylation of DNAs CpG islands, very common in promoters, is an epigenetic alteration that regulates gene expression. Aberrant gene methylation plays an important role in human tumorigenesis. Previous qualitative studies have failed to define a NIS promoter methylation pattern in thyroid cancer. This study aimed (1) to investigate the methylation pattern of the NIS gene promoter in thyroid tumors (benign and malignant), and to correlate the methylation status with cellular levels of NIS mRNA, in T and adjacent NT samples; (2) to identify new regulatory DNA sequences that could modulate NIS gene expression by methylation of the DNA. Thirty pairs of thyroid samples (tumoral and non-tumoral), 10 benign and 20 malignant tumors were included. A pair of samples of a malignant nodule with high iodide uptake was also included. Methylation of CpG Island1 was evaluated by semiquantitative Methylation Specific PCR (MSP) and methylation of CpG island2 was analyzed by bisulfite sequencing; both using bisulfite converted DNA. New bioinformatic tools were used in in silico analysis to identify functional CpG islands in the 5 upstream region of the NIS promoter. Plasmids were constructed containing the CpG island2 DNA fragment in front of a reporter gene (lucyferase) and used in transfections assays of HEK293 cells to assess the regulatory activity of this island. Tumor thyroid cell cultures with low NIS expression were treated with the demethylating agent 5Aza and NIS mRNA expression was quantified by real time PCR. Methylation of CpG island1 was detected in all the samples (NT and T) of benign and malignant group, no differences were observed in the methylation degree between the groups. However, highest methylation levels were detected in the 5 region of CpG island1, which decreased to the 3 end. The analysis of each pair of samples revealed higher methylation degree in T tissue with respect to NT adjacent tissue (T> NT) in 60% of the benign group and in 35% of the malignant group. No quantitative correlation was found between CpG island1 methylation and NIS mRNA levels in both groups. Methylation was not detected in the NT and T samples of the patient with high iodine uptake. Furthermore, new in silico analysis allowed to identify a second CpG island, CpG island2, with 256pb, located between positions - 2152 and -1887 (relative to ATG), containing 14 CpG sites. The analysis of the CpG island2 indicated that this region is also a target of DNA methylation. Hypermethylation was observed in all T samples (66.07%) when compared with NT samples (23.21%), in benign and malignant groups. The analysis of each pair of samples allowed to detect a NIS gene methylation pattern in thyroid tissues. In 100% of the benign group and in 95% of the malignant group methylation degree of the CpG island2 was higher in the T tissue as compared to NT tissue (T>NT). Moreover, it was possible to identify significant negative correlation between the methylation degree of CpG island2 and NIS mRNA gene expression. In vitro functional characterization of the CpG island2 showed that this new island may be considered an enhancer of NIS gene in the presence of thyroid transcription factors. The treatment of follicular thyroid carcinoma cells with demethylating agent restored the NIS mRNA expression, in parallel with the reduction of the CpG island2 methylation degree. In conclusion, we confirm that the NIS promoter methylation is a frequent event in thyroid T (benign and malignant) and NT samples. This is the first description of a new second CpG island in the 5\'region of the NIS gene, with enhancer activity, which may regulate gene expression by DNA methylation. This is the first report that described the existence of a NIS gene methylation pattern of in thyroid tissue (T>NT) as well as a negative correlation between the methylation degree of CpG island2 and NIS mRNA expression. These results may explain the reduced NIS expression observed in benign and malignant tumor samples as well as the low iodine uptake of thyroid tumors
220

DNA methylation analysis in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia.

January 2007 (has links)
Chung, Po Yin. / Thesis submitted in: December 2006. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2007. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 128-155). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Thesis Abstract --- p.i / 論文摘要 --- p.iv / Acknowledgements --- p.vi / Abbreviations --- p.vii / Thesis Content --- p.xi / List of Figures --- p.xv / List of Tables --- p.xvii / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1. --- Normal Hematopoiesis --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2. --- Hematological Malignancy and the Aberrant Development of Blood Cells --- p.2 / Chapter 1.3. --- Leukemia and Its Classification --- p.3 / Chapter 1.4. --- Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) --- p.5 / Chapter 1.4.1. --- Epidem iology --- p.5 / Chapter 1.4.2. --- Causes and Risk Factors --- p.6 / Chapter 1.4.3. --- Molecular Pathophysiology --- p.7 / Chapter 1.4.4. --- Clinical Presentation --- p.9 / Chapter 1.4.5. --- Classification --- p.10 / Chapter 1.4.5.1. --- Immunophenotyping --- p.10 / Chapter 1.4.5.2. --- French-American-British (FAB) Classification --- p.12 / Chapter 1.4.6. --- Diagnosis and Prognosis --- p.14 / Chapter 1.4.6.1. --- Morphological and Cytochemical Analysis --- p.15 / Chapter 1.4.6.2. --- Cytogenetic and Molecular Genetic Characterizations --- p.16 / Chapter 1.4.7. --- Treatment --- p.19 / Chapter 1.5. --- Overview of Epigenetics --- p.21 / Chapter 1.6. --- Concepts ofDNA Methylation --- p.23 / Chapter 1.6.1. --- CpG Islands --- p.23 / Chapter 1.6.2 --- Mechanisms of DNA Methylation --- p.24 / Chapter 1.6.3 --- Physiological Roles of DNA Methylation --- p.28 / Chapter 1.6.4 --- Initiation of Aberrant DNA Methylation --- p.30 / Chapter 1.7. --- DNA Methylation in Tumorigenesis --- p.31 / Chapter 1.7.1. --- Regional Hypermethylation --- p.33 / Chapter 1.7.2 --- Global and Regional Hypomethylation --- p.34 / Chapter 1.7.3 --- Microatellite Instability and Oncogeneic Mutation --- p.35 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- Literature Review --- p.37 / Chapter 2.1. --- Aberrant DNA Methylation in Childhood ALL --- p.37 / Chapter 2.1.1. --- Cell Cycle --- p.39 / Chapter 2.1.2. --- Apoptosis --- p.41 / Chapter 2.1.3. --- Tissue Invasion and Metastasis --- p.42 / Chapter 2.1.4. --- Transcription Factors and Metabolic Enzymes --- p.44 / Chapter 2.1.5. --- Putative Tumor Suppressor Genes --- p.44 / Chapter 2.1.6. --- Chromosome Instability --- p.46 / Chapter 2.2. --- Methodologies in DNA Methylation Analysis --- p.50 / Chapter 2.2.1. --- Principle of Methylation-sensitive Arbitrarily Primed PCR (MS-AP PCR) --- p.50 / Chapter 2.2.2. --- Combined Bisulfite Restriction Analysis (COBRA) --- p.53 / Chapter 2.2.3. --- Cloned Bisulfite Sequencing --- p.55 / Chapter 2.2.4. --- Experimental Use of Demethylating Agents --- p.55 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- Background of Research --- p.58 / Chapter 3.1. --- Current Methylation Studies in Childhood ALL --- p.58 / Chapter 3.2. --- Objectives of Research --- p.60 / Chapter 3.3. --- Study Approach and Experimental Design --- p.61 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- Materials and Methods --- p.63 / Chapter 4.1. --- Clinical Samples and ALL Cell Lines --- p.63 / Chapter 4.1.1. --- Clinical Samples from Pediatric Patients with ALL and Normal Healthy Donors --- p.63 / Chapter 4.1.2. --- ALL Cell Lines --- p.63 / Chapter 4.2. --- Genomic DNA Isolation from Clinical Samples and Cell Lines --- p.64 / Chapter 4.2.1. --- Ficoll Gradient Centrifugation --- p.64 / Chapter 4.2.2. --- DNA Extraction --- p.64 / Chapter 4.3. --- MS-AP PCR --- p.65 / Chapter 4.3.1. --- Methylation-sensitive Restriction Enzyme Digestion of Genomic DNA --- p.65 / Chapter 4.3.2. --- Arbitrarily Primed Polymerase Chain Reaction --- p.66 / Chapter 4.3.3. --- Isolation of Differentially Methylated DNA Fragments --- p.69 / Chapter 4.4. --- Cloning of Differentially Methylated DNA Fragments --- p.70 / Chapter 4.4.1. --- TA Cloning --- p.70 / Chapter 4.4.2. --- Screening of Positive Clones --- p.71 / Chapter 4.4.3. --- Preparation of Plasmid DNA by Alkaline Lysis Method --- p.72 / Chapter 4.5. --- DNA Sequence Analysis of Differentially Methylated DNA Fragments --- p.72 / Chapter 4.5.1. --- Dye-terminator Cycle Sequencing --- p.72 / Chapter 4.5.2. --- CpG islands Analysis of Differentially Methylated Sequences --- p.73 / Chapter 4.6. --- DNA Methylation Analysis --- p.74 / Chapter 4.6.1. --- Sodium Bisulfite Modification --- p.74 / Chapter 4.6.2. --- Combined Bisulfite Restriction Analysis --- p.75 / Chapter 4.6.3. --- Cloned Bisulfite Genomic Sequencing --- p.76 / Chapter 4.7 --- Gene Expression Study --- p.76 / Chapter 4.7.1. --- RNA Extraction from Clinical Samples and ALL Cell Lines --- p.76 / Chapter 4.1.2. --- Reverse Transcription PCR --- p.77 / Chapter 4.7.3. --- Semi-quantitative RT-PCR --- p.78 / Chapter 4.7.4. --- 5-aza-2 '-deoxycytidine Demethylation Treatment --- p.79 / Chapter Chapter 5 --- Results --- p.80 / Chapter 5.1. --- Generation of DNA Methylation Pattern by MS-AP PCR --- p.80 / Chapter 5.1.1. --- Differential Methylation Patterns of Childhood ALL --- p.84 / Chapter 5.1.2. --- Methylation Patterns of B and T lineages Childhood ALL --- p.86 / Chapter 5.2. --- UCSC BLAT Analysis of Differential Methylated DNA Sequences / Chapter 5.3. --- Identification of Candidate Gene --- p.89 / Chapter 5.4. --- Fibrillin 2 --- p.90 / Chapter 5.4.1. --- FBN2 CpG Islands: UCSC BLAT Search Analysis --- p.90 / Chapter 5.4.2. --- Verification ofFBN2 by ALL Cell Lines --- p.91 / Chapter 5.4.2.1. --- Semi-quantitative RT-PCR --- p.91 / Chapter 5.4.2.2. --- COBRA --- p.92 / Chapter 5.4.2.3. --- Cloned Bisulfite Sequencing --- p.94 / Chapter 5.4.2.4. --- Demethylation Treatment Resorted FBN2 mRNA Expression in ALL Cell Lines --- p.98 / Chapter 5.4.3. --- Studies ofFBN2 in Childhood ALL --- p.99 / Chapter 5.4.3.1. --- Methylation Analysis --- p.99 / Chapter 5.4.3.2. --- Semi-quantitative RT-PCR --- p.105 / Chapter Chapter 6 --- Discussion --- p.107 / Chapter 6.1. --- Genome-wide Screening Approach: MS-AP PCR --- p.107 / Chapter 6.2. --- Sample Selection in this Study --- p.109 / Chapter 6.2.1. --- MS-AP PCR --- p.109 / Chapter 6.2.2. --- Methylation Studies --- p.109 / Chapter 6.2.3. --- Studies in ALL Cell Lines --- p.110 / Chapter 6.3. --- Methylation Patterns in Childhood ALL --- p.111 / Chapter 6.4. --- Candidate Genes Selection Strategies in MS-AP PCR --- p.112 / Chapter 6.5. --- Fibrillin 2: mRNA Expression and Methylation Studies --- p.113 / Chapter 6.5.1 --- ALL Cell Lines --- p.113 / Chapter 6.5.2 --- Childhood ALL --- p.113 / Chapter 6.5.2.1 --- mRNA Expression and Methylation Studies --- p.113 / Chapter 6.5.2.2 --- Statistical Analysis --- p.115 / Chapter 6.5.3. --- Possible Roles of FBN2 in Leukemogenesis --- p.116 / Chapter 6.6. --- Clinical Application of FBN2 Aberrant Methylation --- p.119 / Chapter 6.6.1. --- Tumor Markers --- p.119 / Chapter 6.6.2. --- Use of Demethylating Drugs in Chemotherapy --- p.121 / Chapter 6.7. --- Limitations of Methylation Studies --- p.122 / Chapter 6.7.1. --- MS-AP PCR --- p.122 / Chapter 6.7.2. --- Techniques Used in Methylation Study --- p.122 / Chapter 6.7.3. --- Problems in Methylation Study --- p.123 / Chapter 6.8. --- Future Studies --- p.125 / Chapter Chapter 7 --- Conclusion --- p.127 / References --- p.128 / Appendix --- p.155

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