The vulnerability of the Arctic to climate change has been realized due to disproportionately large increases in surface air temperatures which are not uniformly distributed over the seasonal cycle. Effects of this temperature shift are widespread in the Arctic but likely include changes to the hydrological cycle and permafrost thaw, which have implications for the mobilization of organic carbon into rivers. The focus of this research was to describe the seasonal variability of the chemical composition of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in the six largest Arctic rivers (Yukon, Mackenzie, Ob, Yenisei, Lena and Kolyma) using optical properties (UV-Vis Absorbance and Fluorescence) and lignin phenol analysis. We also investigated differences between rivers and how watershed characteristics influence DOM composition. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations followed the hydrograph with highest concentrations measured during peak river flow. The chemical composition of peak-flow DOM indicates a dominance of freshly leached material with elevated aromaticity, larger molecular weight, and elevated lignin yields relative to base-flow DOM. During peak flow, soils in the watershed are still frozen and snowmelt water follows a lateral flow path to the river channels. As the soils thaw, surface water penetrates deeper into the soil horizons leading to lower DOC concentrations and likely altered composition of DOM due to sorption and microbial degradation processes. The six rivers studied here shared a similar seasonal pattern and chemical composition. There were, however, large differences between rivers in terms of total carbon discharge reflecting the differences in watershed characteristics such as climate, catchment size, river discharge, soil types, and permafrost distribution. The large rivers (Lena, Yenisei), with a greater proportion of permafrost, exported the greatest amount of carbon. The Kolyma and Mackenzie exported the smallest amount of carbon annually, however, the discharge weighted mean DOC concentration was almost 2-fold higher in the Kolyma, again, indicating the importance of continuous permafrost. The quality and quantity of DOM mobilized into Arctic rivers appears to depend on the relative importance of surface run-off and extent of soil percolation. The relative importance of these is ultimately determined by watershed characteristics.

Although there has been considerable work on the role of nutrient-derived (mostly nitrate) primary production in fueling hypoxia in northern Gulf of Mexico, very little is known about the relative importance of autochthonous versus allochthonous sources of dissolved organic matter (DOM). Moreover, even less is known about the importance of dissolved organic nitrogen (DON), a critical component of DOM (along with DOC) in supporting hypoxia in this region. Most nitrogen in marine organisms exists in the form of amino acids. Changes in the spatial and temporal distribution of amino acids in the Mississippi River Plume have been shown to be important in the dynamic microbial cycling in the plume. In this study, concentrations of amino acids, DON and DOC were linked with hydrography data (e.g., DO, salinity, temperature, fluorescence) to determine how these sources of DOM are related to seasonal and diurnal changes in hypoxia on the inner Louisiana shelf. The general working hypothesis of this work was that allochthonous and autochthonous sources of DOM on the Louisiana shelf have been largely underestimated in their role in fueling hypoxia in northern Gulf of Mexico. A positive correlation between DOC, DON and fluorescence demonstrated that the main source of both DOC and DON was likely to be in situ phytoplankton production. Surface waters in the near-field showed this relationship more than at stations to the west where a sub-surface chlorophyll peak near the pycnocline may also provide a source of DOC and DON in bottom waters. DFAA always had relatively low concentrations at all water depths, which further supports prior work which has shown rapid cycling and high consumption rate of DFAA by heterotrophic bacteria. In addition to biotic controls, selective adsorption of DFAA likely contributed to the dominance of aspartic and glutamic acids at our stations. Hypoxia was generally observed in bottom waters in both spring and summer 2010. Dissolved oxygen generally revealed a negative correlation with nitrate+nitrite concentrations. Based on other work, one possible reason for such linkages may be from NH4+ released from dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium (DNRA). Another possible reason may be the high degradation of labile DOM (such as DFAA) as shown by high respiration in bottom waters in prior work by Amon and Benner (1998).

Zugl.: Berlin, Freie Univ., Diss., 2007

O Granito Três Figueiras representa a única ocorrência de granitos peraluminosos no extremo sudeste do Cinturão Dom Feliciano (RS), sendo um granitoide sincinemático à Zona de Cisalhamento Arroio Grande. O objetivo deste trabalho é a caracterizaração geológica do granito, através de estudos de campo, microscopia óptica, geoquímica de rocha total (ICP-MS) e datações U-Pb em zircão (SHRIMP). O granito é cinza claro, composto por quartzo, K-feldspato, plagioclásio, muscovita, biotita (M‟ 7-10), com granada, turmalina, zircão, monazita e apatita como minerais acessórios. Nas porções afetadas pela zona de cisalhamento, desenvolve uma trama milonítica com foliação tectônica subvertical com mergulho > 70° para SE e lineação de estiramento sub-horizontal marcada pelas micas e agregados estirados de quartzo e feldspato, com direção N80°E e caimento de até 10° para ENE, que demonstram o caráter transcorrente desta zona. Nos termos milonitizados, o arranjo da matriz chega a apresentar textura granoblástica poligonal, recristalização parcial de dos cristais de feldspatos e a formação de mirmequitos por deformação, o que indicam temperaturas de deformação de pelo menos 550°C. Indicadores cinemáticos como feldspatos com cauda de recristalização assimétricas, pares S-C, atestam uma cinemática destral para essa zona. O granito é classificado como peraluminoso, com teores de A/CNK entre 1,07 e 1,21 e coríndon normativo entre 1,2 a 3 %. Possui altos teores de SiO2, Al2O3, álcalis, e baixos teores de FeO, MgO e TiO2. Apresenta correlação negativa para a maioria dos elementos maiores, o que indica que o principal processo de evolução magmática foi a cristalização fracionada. Uma fonte homogênea é sugerida a partir da relação entre elementos traços e ETR. Com a datação U-Pb se obteve uma idade de cristalização magmática de 585 ± 16 Ma, que registra um importante eventode fusão crustal para o extremo sudeste do Cinturão Dom Feliciano. / The TrêsFigueiras Granite represents the occurrence of peraluminous granite in the southeastern Dom Feliciano Belt, representing a sinkynematic rock to the Arroio Grande Shear Zone. The aim of this work is to make the geologic characterization of the granite through field studies, optic microscopy, geochemistry and U-Pb geochronology. The granite is light grey coloured composed by quartz, K-feldspar, plagioclase, muscovite, biotite (M‟ 7-10), with garnet, tourmaline, zircon, monazite and apatite as accessory minerals. When affetected by shear zone, it develops a mylonitic fabric with subvertical tectonic foliation with dip >70° for SE and a stretching lineation marked by elongated micas and aggregates of quartz and feldspar, both with a N80°E trend dipping 10° ENE. On the milonitc terms the matrix shows granoblasticpolygonal texture, parcialrecristalization of feldspar and formation of mirmequite by deformation which indicates deformation temperatures of at least 550°C. Kynematic indicators like assimetric tails in feldspar and S-C pair define a dextral kinematic to this zone. The granite is classified as a peraluminous granite with A/CNK content ranging between 1.07 and 1.21 and normative corundum from 1.2 to 3 %. It has high SiO2, Al2O3 and alkalis (K2O + NaO) and low FeO, MgO and TiO2 contents. In Harker diagrams shows negative correlation for most of the major elements in response to the fractional crystallization process. An homogeneous source is suggested based on the relation between trace elements and ETR. Zircon U-Pb SHRIMP dating yielded an age of 585 ± 16 Ma, interpreted as magmatic crystallization an important record of Neoproterozoic peraluminous magmatism in the southeastern portion of the Eastern Domain of Dom Feliciano Belt.

O Granito Três Figueiras representa a única ocorrência de granitos peraluminosos no extremo sudeste do Cinturão Dom Feliciano (RS), sendo um granitoide sincinemático à Zona de Cisalhamento Arroio Grande. O objetivo deste trabalho é a caracterizaração geológica do granito, através de estudos de campo, microscopia óptica, geoquímica de rocha total (ICP-MS) e datações U-Pb em zircão (SHRIMP). O granito é cinza claro, composto por quartzo, K-feldspato, plagioclásio, muscovita, biotita (M‟ 7-10), com granada, turmalina, zircão, monazita e apatita como minerais acessórios. Nas porções afetadas pela zona de cisalhamento, desenvolve uma trama milonítica com foliação tectônica subvertical com mergulho > 70° para SE e lineação de estiramento sub-horizontal marcada pelas micas e agregados estirados de quartzo e feldspato, com direção N80°E e caimento de até 10° para ENE, que demonstram o caráter transcorrente desta zona. Nos termos milonitizados, o arranjo da matriz chega a apresentar textura granoblástica poligonal, recristalização parcial de dos cristais de feldspatos e a formação de mirmequitos por deformação, o que indicam temperaturas de deformação de pelo menos 550°C. Indicadores cinemáticos como feldspatos com cauda de recristalização assimétricas, pares S-C, atestam uma cinemática destral para essa zona. O granito é classificado como peraluminoso, com teores de A/CNK entre 1,07 e 1,21 e coríndon normativo entre 1,2 a 3 %. Possui altos teores de SiO2, Al2O3, álcalis, e baixos teores de FeO, MgO e TiO2. Apresenta correlação negativa para a maioria dos elementos maiores, o que indica que o principal processo de evolução magmática foi a cristalização fracionada. Uma fonte homogênea é sugerida a partir da relação entre elementos traços e ETR. Com a datação U-Pb se obteve uma idade de cristalização magmática de 585 ± 16 Ma, que registra um importante eventode fusão crustal para o extremo sudeste do Cinturão Dom Feliciano. / The TrêsFigueiras Granite represents the occurrence of peraluminous granite in the southeastern Dom Feliciano Belt, representing a sinkynematic rock to the Arroio Grande Shear Zone. The aim of this work is to make the geologic characterization of the granite through field studies, optic microscopy, geochemistry and U-Pb geochronology. The granite is light grey coloured composed by quartz, K-feldspar, plagioclase, muscovite, biotite (M‟ 7-10), with garnet, tourmaline, zircon, monazite and apatite as accessory minerals. When affetected by shear zone, it develops a mylonitic fabric with subvertical tectonic foliation with dip >70° for SE and a stretching lineation marked by elongated micas and aggregates of quartz and feldspar, both with a N80°E trend dipping 10° ENE. On the milonitc terms the matrix shows granoblasticpolygonal texture, parcialrecristalization of feldspar and formation of mirmequite by deformation which indicates deformation temperatures of at least 550°C. Kynematic indicators like assimetric tails in feldspar and S-C pair define a dextral kinematic to this zone. The granite is classified as a peraluminous granite with A/CNK content ranging between 1.07 and 1.21 and normative corundum from 1.2 to 3 %. It has high SiO2, Al2O3 and alkalis (K2O + NaO) and low FeO, MgO and TiO2 contents. In Harker diagrams shows negative correlation for most of the major elements in response to the fractional crystallization process. An homogeneous source is suggested based on the relation between trace elements and ETR. Zircon U-Pb SHRIMP dating yielded an age of 585 ± 16 Ma, interpreted as magmatic crystallization an important record of Neoproterozoic peraluminous magmatism in the southeastern portion of the Eastern Domain of Dom Feliciano Belt.

Denna studie har till syfte att undersöka vilka argument som har förekommit i debatten om de, dem och dom under de senaste tre åren i Sveriges sex största dagstidningar (Dagens Nyheter, Expressen, Göteborgs-Posten, Aftonbladet, Svenska Dagbladet och Sydsvenskan, detta enligt Tidningsutgivarna [TU]). Argumenten hämtas från artiklar via artikelsökverktyget Retriever. I syfte att finna artiklar beträffande dom-debatten testades flertalet olika söksträngar i sökverktygets sökfält. Till sist resulterade söksträngarna och fraserna ”de och dem”, ”de/dem” och ”dom-debatten” i flest träffar. Utifrån ett antal urvalskriterier återstod totalt 26 artiklar. Under motsvarande tidsperiod undersöks även vilket av dessa pronomen som används mest i skrift: talspråksformen dom eller skriftspråksformerna de och dem, med hjälp av Språkbankens konkordansverktyg Korp. Detta för att kunna se ett samband mellan argumenten som förekommer i dagens debatt och det faktiska bruket. Vidare jämförs också resultaten med Språkrådets rekommendation beträffande dessa pronomen. Resultaten i den här studien redovisar alltså temperaturen på debatten i media och pronomenens statistiska användning, som sedan leder till slutsatser om det rådande de/dem/dom-klimatet. Undersökningen visar att de och dem enligt statistik används mer frekvent än dom i skrift. Det kan också konstateras att det förekommer fler argument som stöder ett fortsatt bruk av de och dem i media under de senaste tre åren jämfört med argument som stöder en dom-reform i media under motsvarande period. / The aim of this study is to examine arguments that have occurred in the debate concerning de, dem and dom during the past three years in Sweden’s six biggest newspapers (Dagens Nyheter, Expressen, Göteborgs-Posten, Aftonbladet, Svenska Dagbladet och Sydsvenskan, this according to Tidningsutgivarna [TU]). The arguments are collected from articles via the article search tool Retriever. Different search strings were tested in Retriever’s search field in order to find articles regarding the dom-debate. Eventually the search strings and phrases ”de och dem”, ”de/dem” and ”dom-debatten” resulted in most hits. Based on specific selection criteria, 26 articles remained. During the same period of time, the study also set out the examine which of the pronouns that are most used in written language: the informal version dom or the formal version de and dem, using Språkbanken’s concordance tool Korp. In this way, the study demonstrates a connection between the arguments that occur in today’s debate and the actual user statistics. Furthermore, the results are also compared with Språkrådet’s recommendation regarding these pronouns. As such, the results in this study present the debate’s temperature and the pronouns user statistics, which eventually lead to conclusions about the current de-dem-dom-climate. Content analysis of the arguments and user statistics revealed that de and dem are used more frequently than dom in written language. It also concludes there are more arguments supporting a continuing use of de and dem in media during the last three years, compared to arguments supporting a dom-reform during the corresponding period of time.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-12T18:32:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 arquivo3861_1.pdf: 2000936 bytes, checksum: ac5ef77cd75aac1c8ed21ce55b8b438a (MD5) license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Esta dissertação estuda como o romance Dom Casmurro é traduzidoreescrito em dois romances situados em momentos distintos do século XX: São Bernardo (1934), de Graciliano Ramos, e Amor de Capitu (1998), de Fernando Sabino. A análise comparativa então desenvolvida demonstra como cada um dos romances reescreve de maneira particular a obra machadiana, apontando como as ressignificações do romance se constituem em diálogo com as tendências estéticas e ideológicas de seus respectivos contextos de produção

Orientador: Carlos Henrique Gileno / Resumo: A presente dissertação tem como objetivo geral a análise da trajetória intelectual e política do bispo católico Dom Vital Maria Gonçalves de Oliveira (1844-1878); bem como a Questão Religiosa (1872-1876), e as contribuições de tal questão na instalação da crise político-institucional que despontou no fim do período oitocentista no Brasil. Como objetivo específico, a análise da participação de Dom Vital na Questão Religiosa, e sua atuação dentro da corrente ultramontana, derivada da família intelectual do conservadorismo, e que influenciou de sobremaneira a intelectualidade brasileira do século XIX, acentuando o litígio com o regalismo e a maçonaria. A hipótese desenvolvida foi a efetiva perda de apoio do Trono de dois de seus principais sustentáculos: a Igreja e a maçonaria pelo ocorrido na Questão Religiosa, contribuindo para a queda do regime monárquico e a separação entre a Igreja e o Estado. A justificativa da presente dissertação é a relevância da Questão Religiosa na ascensão e formação do Estado republicano brasileiro. A metodologia utilizada é a elaborada pelo ‘contextualismo linguístico de Cambridge’, cujos principais expoentes são Quentin Skinner e John G. A. Pocock. Por meio de pesquisa bibliográfica, qualitativa, dedutiva, utilizando-se o método histórico, analisamos textos referentes ao tema, bem como periódicos e documentos da época. / Abstract: The present dissertation has as its general objective the analysis of the intellectual and political trajectory of the Catholic bishop Dom Vital Maria Gonçalves de Oliveira (1844-1878); as well as the Religious Question (1872-1876), and the contributions of such question in the installation of the political-institutional crisis that emerged at the end of the 19th century in Brazil. As a specific objective, the analysis of Dom Vital's participation in the Religious Question, and his performance within the ultramontane current, derived from the intellectual family of conservatism, and which greatly influenced the Brazilian intellectuals of the 19th century, accentuating the litigation with regalism and the Freemasonry. The hypothesis developed was the effective loss of support from the Throne of two of its main supporters: the Church and Freemasonry due to what happened in the Religious Question, contributing to the fall of the monarchical regime and the separation between the Church and the State. The justification of this dissertation is the relevance of the Religious Question in the rise and formation of the Brazilian republican state. The methodology used is that developed by ‘Cambridge linguistic contextualism’, whose main exponents are Quentin Skinner and John G. A. Pocock. Through bibliographic, qualitative, deductive research, using the historical method, we analyzed texts related to the theme, as well as periodicals and documents of the time. / Resumen: La presente disertación tiene como objetivo general el análisis de la trayectoria intelectual y política del obispo católico Dom Vital Maria Gonçalves de Oliveira (1844-1878); así como la Cuestión Religiosa (1872-1876), y las contribuciones de dicha cuestión en la instalación de la crisis político-institucional que surgió a fines del siglo XIX en Brasil. Como objetivo específico, el análisis de la participación de Dom Vital en la Cuestión Religiosa, y su actuación dentro de la corriente ultramontana, derivada de la familia intelectual del conservadurismo, y que influyó enormemente en los intelectuales brasileños del siglo XIX, acentúa el litigio con el realismo y el Masonería. La hipótesis desarrollada fue la pérdida efectiva del apoyo del Trono de dos de sus principales partidarios: la Iglesia y la masonería debido a lo que sucedió en la Cuestión Religiosa, contribuyendo a la caída del régimen monárquico y la separación entre la Iglesia y el Estado. La justificación de esta disertación es la relevancia de la Cuestión Religiosa en el surgimiento y la formación del estado republicano brasileño. La metodología utilizada es la desarrollada por el "contextualismo lingüístico de Cambridge", cuyos principales exponentes son Quentin Skinner y John G. A. Pocock. A través de la investigación bibliográfica, cualitativa, deductiva, utilizando el método histórico, analizamos textos relacionados con el tema, así como publicaciones periódicas y documentos de la época. / Résumé: La présente thèse a pour objectif général l'analyse de la trajectoire intellectuelle et politique de l'évêque catholique Dom Vital Maria Gonçalves de Oliveira (1844-1878); ainsi que la question religieuse (1872-1876), et les apports de cette question à la mise en place de la crise politico-institutionnelle apparue à la fin du XIXe siècle au Brésil. En tant qu'objectif spécifique, l'analyse de la participation de Dom Vital à la question religieuse, et sa performance au sein du courant ultramontain, dérivée de la famille intellectuelle du conservatisme, et qui a grandement influencé les intellectuels brésiliens du XIXe siècle, accentuant le litige avec le régalisme et la Franc-maçonnerie. L'hypothèse développée était la perte effective de soutien du Trône de deux de ses principaux partisans: l'Église et la francmaçonnerie en raison de ce qui s'est passé dans la question religieuse, contribuant à la chute du régime monarchique et à la séparation entre l'Église et l'État. La justification de cette thèse est la pertinence de la question religieuse dans l'essor et la formation de l'État républicain brésilien. La méthodologie utilisée est celle développée par le «Cambridge linguistic contextualism», dont les principaux représentants sont Quentin Skinner et John G. A. Pocock. A travers des recherches bibliographiques, qualitatives, déductives, en utilisant la méthode historique, nous avons analysé des textes liés au thème, ainsi que des périodiques et des documents de l'époque. / Mestre

Background. Websites of 2020 are often feature rich and highly interactive applications. JavaScript is a popular programming language for the web, with many frameworks available. A common denominator for highly interactive web applications is the need for efficient methods of manipulating the Document Object Model to enable a solid user experience. Objectives. This study compares Vanilla JavaScript and the JavaScript frameworks Angular, React and Vue.js in regards to DOM performance, DOM manipulation methodology and application size. Methods. A literature study was conducted to compare the DOM manipulation methodologies of Vanilla JavaScript and the selected frameworks. An experiment was conducted where test applications was created using Vanilla JavaScript and the selected frameworks. These applications were used as base for comparing application size and for comparison tests of DOM performance related metrics using Google Chrome and Firefox. Results. In regards to DOM manipulation methodology, there is a distinct difference between Vanilla JavaScript and the selected frameworks. In Vanilla JavaScript DOM manipulation is handled by direct interaction with the DOM interface. When using the selected frameworks the actual interaction with the DOM interface is abstracted away from the developer and handled by the framework. While React and Vue.js both have implemented a Virtual DOM to optimize DOM interactions, Angular has implemented Incremental DOM. Vanilla JavaScript had the best DOM performance in all tests and the smallest application size. Amongst the frameworks React had the best DOM performance, Angular performed close to React in nearly all test, and Vue.js was slightly slower in most tests. In nearly all tests the applications performed better in Google Chrome. Conclusions. Vanilla JavaScript and the selected frameworks, and thereby their DOM manipulation methodologies, are all feasible alternatives for creating interactive web applications with high DOM performance. Tests indicate that Vanilla JavaScript and the selected frameworks achieves better DOM performance in Google Chrome compared to Firefox.

Arsenic is a notorious poison due to its high toxicity, worldwide distribution, and lack of any taste and colour once dissolved. The abundance of arsenic in Earth’s crust makes that it can naturally find its way into food and drinking water. Rapid and reliable detection of arsenic, directly in the field, is critical to support evidence-based decision-making in choosing irrigation or drinking water sources. Current cost-effective colourimetric techniques are associated with poor accuracy, health risks, and unacceptable levels of false negatives. Arsenic-specific cellular sensors, or biosensors, may present an inexpensive, safe, and renewable alternative, yet they have long been criticized for unsatisfactory sensing performance, and inconsistency of the outcome. This, in addition to the lack of suitable instruments capable of measuring the signals produced by these biosensors, has led to very few solutions reaching market. The goal of my thesis research was to test hypotheses that improve our fundamental understanding of As species biogeochemistry in simple and complex environmental matrices to then develop a new arsenic monitoring interface, one that would be both simple and accessible to the general public. Using a combination of wild-type and mutant strains, I managed to detail both the internal regulation of arsenic, and the external drivers of arsenic bioavailability. I started by designing a defined exposure protocol that achieved, for the first time, equimolar uptake of over 94% of the added As(III) and As(V) into the cells. By developing this control early into my thesis, I then worked to reintroduce commonly found constituents of environmental waters that are thought to impact arsenic uptake. This direct testing approach uncovered fundamentals of environmental arsenic redox chemistry such as As(III) photooxidation in solution, environmental ligand exchanges, and biological transport pathways. Simplifying a complex exposure protocol for use by the general public required automation of the data analysis steps. This consists of several hundred lines of code, capable of analyzing, normalizing and stabilizing biosensor output to improve the consistency and robustness of this system. These algorithms were then integrated into a new arsenic monitoring interface, one that was built and designed specifically for dehydrated biosensors. This portable, low-cost spectrometer achieved a fluorescent detection range that rivals expensive and sophisticated laboratory equipment at a fraction of the price, and without the need for a computer to compile the measurements. In contrast to highly criticized colorimetric techniques, the biosensor exposure protocol exceeds in operational use, reliability and detection limit. At its core, my thesis research provides a new and complete arsenic testing solution, one capable of measuring both As(III) and As(V) at levels relevant to the World Health Organization and Canadian guidelines for arsenic content in water (10 µg/L). It also provides a new method capable of selectively discriminating between arsenic species, thereby providing an inexpensive and high-throughput arsenic speciation method. I hope this work will help kickstart development of a marketable solution that empowers individuals to test and to monitor the quality of their water sources.