Operações de produção de petróleo, que utilizam sistemas de bombeamento centrífugo submerso, constantemente encontram a presença de gás livre nos poços, o que pode gerar ou agravar problemas como cavitação e falhas dinâmicas, quando o gás é succionado pela bomba. O separador gravitacional do tipo shroud invertido é uma solução possível para este problema nos casos de operação em poços direcionais de petróleo. O trabalho tem como objetivo apresentar um estudo do diâmetro das bolhas que ocorrem no interior de um separador gravitacional gás-líquido do tipo shroud invertido. A finalidade é o aprimoramento de um modelo fenomenológico do funcionamento deste tipo de separador, aplicado à indústria petrolífera, sendo que o modelo fenomenológico garante total separação de gás, fornecidas determinadas condições. O modelo prevê, através do cálculo da energia cinética turbulenta, o tamanho médio das bolhas carregadas para o seio do líquido por aeração no duto anular. Partindo de estudos anteriores, uma verificação do modelo fenomenológico foi feita utilizando um aparato experimental com misturas bifásicas ar-água e ar-óleo em três diferentes inclinações. O aparato possui dimensões radiais reais de um poço de petróleo offshore. Foi utilizado um sensor 3D ORM para a medição do tamanho médio (sauter) das bolhas arrastadas pelo líquido até a entrada do tubo de produção, em diversas combinações de vazões da mistura água-ar. Esta medição permite o ajuste das correlações que regem o modelo fenomenológico, no que diz respeito às equações dependentes do diâmetro teórico de bolhas arrastadas pela fase líquida. As descobertas provenientes deste estudo foram implementadas em um código computacional que será utilizado pela PETROBRAS, financiadora do projeto, para suas operações de bombeamento. / Oil mining operations powered by centrifugal submersible pumping systems suffer constant setbacks due to the presence of free gas in wells. Decompression in the reservoir liberates this gas in the form of bubbles that, upon reaching the suction end of the pump, cause cavitation and dynamic failures resulting in production and equipment losses. The Inverted-shroud gravitational separator is a possible solution to this problem. This work presents a study on diameters of bubbles that occur inside this separator. The goal is the improvement of the understanding of this kind of separator as well as the enhancement of a previously reported phenomenological model, which ensures total gas separation when the separator is installed in directional wells and under specific operational conditions. Empirically adjusted correlations are used to ensure that all entrained bubbles do not reach the pump. The model was tested for two-phase flows of water-air and oil-air mixtures using three different inclinations. Tests were performed with an experimental apparatus that simulates a pilot-scale well casing with an inverted-shroud separator installed. A 3D ORM particle-size sensor was employed in order to measure the average (sauter) diameter of entrained bubbles that are dragged by the liquid flow towards the end of the production tube. This investigation will be used to improve the reliability of the phenomenological model and reduce its dependency on a theoretical prediction of the bubble size. The findings were incorporated to the final version of an in-house gas separator design software developed at the request of PETROBRAS, the project funder and Inverted-shroud patent holder, for usage on its oil mining operations.

Estudo retrospectivo, descritivo e longitudinal realizado na Seção de Implante Coclear, Centro de Pesquisas Audiológicas do Hospital de Reabilitação de Anomalias Craniofaciais da Universidade de São Paulo (IC-CPA/HRAC/USP). O objetivo deste estudo foi caracterizar o desempenho da percepção auditiva da fala de indivíduos submetidos à cirurgia de reimplante coclear. No total de 1.323 indivíduos submetidos à cirurgia de implante coclear no período de 1990 a janeiro de 2016, consta o registro de 84 indivíduos submetidos à cirurgia de reimplante coclear, correspondendo a 6,3% do total. Deste total de 84, 68 indivíduos atenderam aos critérios de inclusão/exclusão da pesquisa e foram avaliados utilizando-se testes de percepção auditiva da fala, em três momentos: antes da segunda intervenção cirúrgica, após o reimplante e última avaliação de acompanhamento. As variáveis estudadas foram: a) motivo do reimplante coclear; b) etiologia da perda auditiva; c) idade na primeira cirurgia; d) tempo de uso do implante coclear antes do reimplante; e) tempo de recuperação do escore anterior à intervenção; f) tempo de uso atual; g) escore nos procedimentos de avaliação da percepção auditiva da fala, pré e pós-reimplante coclear. Na análise dos dados foi possível observar que a causa mais comum do reimplante foi a falha do dispositivo interno, seguido de razões médicas. Na avaliação auditiva da fala, um total de 61 (89,7%) recuperaram o desempenho observado antes do reimplante coclear e sete (10,3%), não alcançaram o mesmo desempenho. Constatou-se que as variáveis idade do primeiro Implante e tempo de uso do primeiro Implante Coclear, assim como tempo de reimplante, influenciaram nos resultados encontrados. A cirurgia de reimplante coclear é um procedimento viável, contudo a família e o paciente devem ser orientados quanto aos possíveis comprometimentos na percepção auditiva da fala / A retrospective, descriptive and longitudinal study performed in the Cochlear Implant Section, Audiological Research Center of the Hospital of Rehabilitation of Craniofacial Anomalies of the University of São Paulo (IC-CPA / HRAC / USP). This study aimed at characterizing the auditory speech perception of individuals undergoing cochlear reimplantation surgery. Out of 1,323 individuals undergoing cochlear implant surgery from 1990 to January 2016, 84 (6.3%) subjects underwent cochlear reimplantation surgery. From this total of 84, 68 individuals met the inclusion / exclusion criteria of the study and were evaluated using auditory speech perception tests in three moments: before the second surgical intervention, after reimplantation and the last follow-up evaluation. The variables studied were: a) reason for cochlear reimplantation; b) etiology of hearing loss; c) age at first surgery; d) time cochlear implant use before reimplantation; e) recovery time from the previous intervention score; f) time of current use; g) score in the procedures of assessment of auditory speech perception before and after cochlear reimplantation. The data analysis showed that the most common cause of reimplantation was the failure of the internal device, followed by medical reasons. In the auditory speech evaluation, a total of 61 (89.7%) recovered performance before cochlear reimplantation, and seven (10.3%), did not reach the same performance. It was verified that the variables age at the first Implant and time using the first Cochlear Implant, as well as time of reimplantation, influenced the results. Cochlear replantation surgery is a viable procedure, however, the family and the patient should be advised on the possible compromising risks to the auditory speech perception

Ce travail de thèse concerne l'étude d'extracteurs d'air hybrides éoliens. Il se décompose en des investigations amont et appliquées. Dans la partie amont, des simulations fines ont été effectuées en conduite carrée avec et sans rotation, pour des nombres de Reynolds turbulents de l'ordre de 600, afin d'analyser l'impact de la rotation sur la turbulence. Elles ont montré que la rotation rompt la symétrie de l'écoulement. La partie appliquée est dédiée à la conception d'une nouvelle géométrie d'extracteur d'air. Cette géométrie a été proposée à partir de l'analyse de simulations RANS. Ses performances ont été confirmées par des mesures expérimentales sur banc d'essais. Les tests en soufflerie d'un système de captage d'énergie éolienne, conçu pour l'extracteur, ont mis en évidence son adéquation au régime de fonctionnement de l'extracteur. Les essais expérimentaux de l'extracteur complet, montrent que le système de captage apporte une part significative de l'énergie. Des essais en soufflerie ont permis d'observer le comportement global de l'extracteur. / This PhD work concerns the study of hybrid air extractors. It is composed of upstream and applied investigations. In the upstream part, fine simulations are realized in square duct flow with and without rotation to analyse the impact of rotation on turbulence. It is found that rotation removes symmetry property of the flow with turbulent Reynolds number of 600. The applied part is dedicated to the conception of a new air extractor geometry. This geometry is proposed from the analyse of RANS simulations. Its performances are confirmed by experimental measurements on test rig. Wind tunnel tests of a wind power capturing system, designed for the extractor, show a good adequation to the operating regime of the extractor. Experimental investigations on the complete air extractor, show the wind power capturing system brings a significant part of the energy. Wind tunnel tests allow to observe the complete air extractor behaviour.

Abstract Mammalian female sex development was considered a default developmental pathway. However, the deletion of the Wnt4 gene, a member of the Wnt family of secreted signals, was shown to reverse the sex of XX female mouse embryo and caused exhibition of certain male characteristics. This indicated that the female sexual development cannot be default but depends on active signaling and cell-cell interaction. The aim of the current study was to reveal the functional role of the Wnt4 gene in the control of sex determination, ovariogenesis and female sex duct formation. This study demonstrates that testosterone is produced by the ovary of Wnt4-deficient female embryos. The inhibition of androgen action by an antiandrogen, flutamide, during gestation leads to complete degeneration of the Wolffian ducts in 80% of the Wnt4 mutant females. This suggests that testosterone is the possible mediator of the masculinization phenotype in Wnt4-deficient females. Wnt4 is expressed by ovarian somatic cells, which are vital for the control of female germline development. This work has shown that Wnt4 is the factor maintaining germ cell cysts, cell-cell interaction and early follicular gene expression. In addition, the findings indicate a critical role for Wnt4/5a signaling in meiosis. Our research has proven that Wnt4 has roles during postnatal ovary development as its defective signaling leads to premature ovarian failure associated with diminished Amh levels, defective basement membrane and cell polarization. The Mullerian duct, the anlagen of oviduct, uterus and upper part of vagina, does not form in Wnt4-deficient females. This study indicates that Wnt4 is needed for migration initiation and maintenance during Mullerian duct formation prenatally. During the postnatal uterine differentiation Wnt4 is essential for endometrial gland formation. The present study provides new evidence for Wnt4 function during embryonic and adult female sexual differentiation. / Tiivistelmä Nisäkkäiden naaraspuolista kehitystä pidettiin aiemmin sukupuolisen erilaistumiskehityksen oletusarvona. Signaloivien proteiinien Wnt-perheeseen kuuluvan Wnt4-geenin puutteen todettiin kuitenkin johtavan XX naarasalkion sukupuolen kääntymisen koiraaksi sekä aiheuttavan tiettyjä koiraille ominaisia piirteitä. Tämä osoitti, ettei naaraspuolinen kehitys ole oletusarvo, vaan se riippuu aktiivisesta signaloinnista ja solujen välisestä interaktiosta. Tämän väitöstutkimuksen tarkoitus oli selvittää Wnt4-geenin roolia sukupuolen määräytymisessä, munasarjojen kehittymisessä sekä naaraan sukupuolitiehyitten muodostumisessa. Tutkimuksessa osoitettiin, että munasarjat tuottavat testosteronia niillä naaraspuolisilla alkioilla, joilta puuttuu Wnt4-geeni. 80 prosentilla naaraista, joilla on Wnt4-geenin puute, androgeenivaikutuksen esto raskauden aikana annettavalla antiandrogeenilla, flutamidilla, estää sukupuolen vaihtumisen fenotyypin. Tämä viittaa siihen, että testosteroni toimii mahdollisena koiraan fenotyypin välittäjänä naarailla, joilta puuttuu Wnt4-geeni. Wnt4 ilmentyy munasarjojen somaattisissa soluissa, jotka ovat tärkeitä naaraspuolisen ituradan kehityksen säätelyn kannalta. Väitöstutkimus osoittaa, että Wnt4 on itusoluryppäitä, solujen välistä interaktiota sekä varhaista follikkeligeeni-ilmentymistä ylläpitävä tekijä. Tulokset osoittavat myös, että Wnt4/5a -signaloinnilla on tärkeä rooli meioosissa. Tutkimus osoittaa lisäksi, että Wnt4 vaikuttaa munasarjojen kehitykseen myös syntymän jälkeen. Puutteellinen signalointi alentaa Anti-Müllerian hormonin tasoa, heikentää tyvikalvoa ja vähentää solujen polarisaatiota, joka johtaa ennenaikaiseen munasarjojen toiminnan hiipumiseen. Müllerin tiehyet, joista myöhemmin kehittyvät munanjohtimet, kohtu ja vaginan yläosa, jäävät kokonaan muodostumatta naarailla, joilta puuttuu Wnt4-geeni. Tulokset viittaavat siihen, että Wnt4 on tarpeen alkioaikaiseen Müllerin tiehyen muodostavien solujen liikkeellelähtöön ja ylläpitoon. Wnt4:llä on myös keskeinen rooli kohturauhasten muodostumisessa sukukypsyyden saavuttamisen aikana ja sen jälkeen.

The main objective of this Master´s thesis is the appropriate calculation proposal of pressure and discharge conditions in extensive ducts in unsteady flow. The calculation proposal was aimed at the conenction of two commercial programmes. Exacly the programme Ansis Fluent and Matlab, which deals with the connection of onedimensional (1D) calculation in Matlab and multidimensional (2D) calculation in Ansys Fluent programme. This Mastr’s thesis also deals with creation of the independent 1D model (Matlab, method of characteristic) and independent 2D model flow (Ansys Fluent, Inviscid model).

This diploma thesis deals with proposal of a two-lane vertical boiler using the waste heat after gas turbine. In the first part the heat calculation has been done followed by the arrangement of particular heat exchange surfaces and the drawing of real saw diagram. There are also dimensions of drums, inlet and outlet pipes and transfer pipelines drafted. Furthermore, I have listed the materials that are used for casing the boiler and pipelines. Finally, the boiler loss is calculated and the boiler hydraulic calculation is performed. The supplement contains a boiler drawing.

This master thesis is focused on design and aerodynamic analysis of subsonic turbine engine inlet in NACA duct configuration for unmanned aircraft. The first part of this paper is methodics for design considerations for NACA duct, which is based on theoretical analysis of this type of inlet. The acquired knowledge is used to design an inlet for the specified unmanned aircraft that is subject of CFD analysis. The impact of deflectors is considered in the evaluation and the solution is compared to the S-duct inlet. The proposed inlet with deflectors meets DC60 distortion criterion for all specified cases and the pressure losses requirements are met for lower velocities. Based on the results, the recommended application is for aircraft that flies in optimal design conditions for most of the mission.

This theses work is concerned with assessment of transfer line exchanger behind pusher furnace. First part is describing technical characteristic and parametres. The most important part of this theses is thermic calculation of the boiler. Last following part is concerned with suggestions of constructional modifications of heating surface for proper functioning of boiler. These modifications are demonstrated by scheme in the enclosure.

The focus of this thesis is a proposal of a horizontal dual-pressure heat recovery steam generator. The introductory part includes thermal calculation, as well as a design of the layout and a design of the heat transfer surfaces and the layout of the boiler. Individual chapters are broken down according to the outline of the proposal for the arrangement of the heating surfaces, according to the parameters of the flue gas and steam. The master thesis contains a scheme of a real heat transfer temperature diagram and it also includes the calculation of connecting and downcomer pipes and drums. The final part describes the calculation of the boiler draft loss. The main idea of the thesis is accompanied by the technical documentation of the drawing of the boiler.

This master thesis deals with design of a subsonic intake which is used to supply small jet engine integrate into the fuselage of agile small unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). Some kinds of these intakes are listed in order to inspire and introduce future designers into this part of jet plane design. This thesis contains a small amount of theory about compressible flow, and necessary knowledge which are important to know before the very first attempt to design an intake. Two models were designed in order to prove that the theory listed in this thesis is useful and can be used as a guide in design process of subsonic intakes. Both designs have the same layout. S-duct design with one intake placed on the belly of fuselage was chosen. After CFD analysis of first model it was found that there are huge area with separated flow and vortex. Separated flow leads to big total pressure loss and pressure distortion. While designing the second model the emphasis was to avoid this vortex and improve flow conditions. This optimization was success and the second design have smaller pressure loss in compare to the first design. The difference is more than 50% at fly speed M=0,8.