Submitted by Silvana Teresinha Dornelles Studzinski (sstudzinski) on 2016-12-23T11:33:24Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Angélico Corte_.pdf: 3793672 bytes, checksum: 4f2c36a99d97bd11708bd259e853a7fb (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-23T11:33:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Angélico Corte_.pdf: 3793672 bytes, checksum: 4f2c36a99d97bd11708bd259e853a7fb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-09-19 / Nenhuma / O termociclador é um equipamento utilizado para realizar uma técnica de biologia molecular chamada PCR (Polymerase ChainReaction – Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase), que objetiva isolar e amplificar fragmentos alvo de DNA e é amplamente utilizada em pesquisas nas áreas das ciências biológicas, saúde, agropecuária, em diagnósticos animal, vegetal e humano, bem como na medicina forense.O funcionamento do equipamento consiste em realizar ciclos de temperatura variáveis, sendo que o sucesso da reação depende basicamente de três fatores: (1) a velocidade das rampas de subida e descida de temperatura; (2) a precisão e estabilidade da temperatura estipulada no programa; (3) oovershoot reduzido ao final das rampas de temperatura. Esta pesquisa foi desenvolvida como a primeira fase de um projeto de nacionalização de tecnologia. Osobjetivosforam descobrir qual o controlador que melhor atua para o controle de temperatura em termocicladores e montar um protótipo deste equipamento.Os controladores testados foram os tipos PID (Genérico, ISA, Paralelo e com Síntese de Dahlin) e GMV.Esses controladores foram simulados usando Matlab e posteriormente implementados em um sistema de hardware. Foram implementadas no controlador PID de Dahlin, durante esse trabalho, a inserção de duas variáveis de ganho na componente proporcional, uma componente proporcional extra, um saturador e um filtro para acelerar a rampa de descida.Essas melhorias permitiram a resolução dos problemas apresentados pelos controladores, já que nenhum dos testados apresentou resultados satisfatórios em sua forma original.O protótipo foi montado e testado no laboratório de biologia molecular da Unisinos. O mesmo apresentou resultados equivalentes aos do equipamento importado em uso no laboratório. / The thermocycler is an equipment used to perform a molecular biology technique called PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction), which aims at amplifying target DNA fragments. It is widely used in biology, health and agriculture sciences, animal, plant and human diagnostics, as well as in forensics. The equipment completes variable temperature cycles, and the success of the technique relies on three factors: (1) increasing and decreasing ramp rates; (2) temperature accuracy and stability of the temperatures set in the program; (3) a reduced overshoot at the end of each temperature ramp. This research was developed as the first phase of a Technology Nationalization Project. The aim was to identify the best controller to regulate temperature in thermal cycles and assemble a prototype of such equipment. The controllers tested were PID(Generic, ISA, Parallel and Dahlin Synthesis) andGMV. These controllers were simulated using Matlab and then, implemented in a hardware system. The following improvements were implemented in the Dahlin PID Controller during this work: addition of two gain variables in the proportional component, an extra proportional component, one saturator and a filter to accelerate the decreasing ramp. Such improvements allowed us to solve the problems of the controllers, as none of them presented acceptable results in its original form. The prototype was assembled and tested in the Molecular Biology Laboratory of Unisinos. The PCR results obtained with the prototype were equivalent as those obtained from the imported equipment used regularly in the laboratory.

In this essay seven children’s books aimed at the age group 6-9 years are read using a matrix to determine if the characters, from a viewpoint considering current gender norms and power, are normative, norm-breaking or falsely norm-breaking. The latter means that they have been attributed transgressive characteristics without there being any shift in power balance from the masculine to the feminine. Results show that the authors have tried to break gender norms, for example with regards to the child -characters’ clothes, which are consistently very alike regardless of gender. These efforts remain shallow as the power still rests with the boys, whose awareness of their own position within the gender -power system give them a sense of intrinsic power (power-to). The female characters reflect societal gender norms by being self-effacing, compliant and reactive, for example by praising the boys, providing them with room to be competent as well as both silencing themselves and letting themselves be silenced. The boy -characters show falsely norm-breaking behaviour in some areas, for example by having atypically broad emotional spectra, yet the boys’ superiority is retained and is reflected in their behaviour towards the female characters. / I denna uppsats granskas sju stycken barnböcker för åldersgruppen 6–9 år utifrån en matris för att bestämma ifall karaktärerna, med utgångspunkt i rådande genusnormer och i förhållande till makt, är normativa, normbrytande eller falskt normbrytande. Det senare innebär att de tillskrivs transgressiva egenskaper, utan att någon maktförskjutning från det maskulina till det feminina sker.Resultatet visar på försök från författarnas sida att bryta genusnormer, t.ex. vad gäller barnkaraktärernas kläder som genomgående är mycket lika oavsett genustillhörighet. Dessa försök blir dock ytliga då makten i de flesta fall fortfarande vilar hos pojkarna, vilkas medvetenhet om sin position i könsmaktssystemet ger dem en inneboende känsla av makt (power-to). De kvinnliga karaktärerna reflekterar samhällets normer genom att vara omvärldsorienterade, fogliga och reaktiva, t.ex. genom att berömma pojkkaraktärerna, ge dem utrymme att vara kompetenta samt att både tysta sig själva och låta sig tystas. Pojkkaraktärerna visar på vissa områden exempel på falskt normbrytande beteende, t.ex. genom att ha atypiskt breda känslospektra, medan pojkarnas överordning kvarstår och reflekteras i deras beteende gentemot flickkaraktärerna.