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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

En granskning av transparensreglerna i MiFID II och MiFIR och dess implementering i svensk rätt

Sandholm, Sanny, Wass, Maja January 2017 (has links)
Transparens på den finansiella marknaden finns för att marknadsaktörer ska ha möjlighet att se vilka finansiella instrument det handlas med, i vilken volym och till vilket pris. Transparensen bidrar till mer tillgänglig information och en effektivare marknad, där priset på instrumentet speglar dess faktiska värde. I den här uppsatsen behandlas EU-direktivet MiFID II och förordningen MiFIR. Syftet med MiFID II och MiFIR är att komplettera den tidigare transparensregleringen och dessutom verka för en enhetlig reglering på den europeiska finansiella marknaden. De flesta artiklarna angående transparens finns i MiFIR, vilka reglerar krav på transparens, men också undantag från transparens. Ett stort problem som finns på dagens finansiella marknad är att många transaktioner inte är föremål för transparens, utan görs i så kallade Dark Pools eller utanför handelsplatser. När handel sker i Dark Pools eller utanför en handelsplats är det svårt för marknadsaktörer att få tillgång till information om vilka och i vilken omfattning det handlas med instrumenten. Fördelen för de aktörer som handlar i Dark Pools och utanför en handelsplats är att de inte behöver exponera sina transaktioner och därmed inte heller dela med sig av eventuellt informationsövertag. Handel i Dark Pools och utanför handelsplatser är dessutom oftast billigare än handel på exempelvis börsen. Huvudsyftet med MiFID II och MiFIR är att, genom att begränsa handeln som sker i Dark Pools och utanför handelsplatser, öka transparensen på den finansiella marknaden. Trots detta visar lagstiftaren vikten av att väga andra intressen, som kan missgynnas av transparens, genom att införa flera olika undantag från transparenskraven. MiFID II och MiFIR träder i kraft först den 3 januari 2018, vilket gör det svårt att förutse regelverkets framtida följder. Det är först efter införandet av regelverket som vi kommer att se hur marknadsaktörerna reagerar på kraven och möjligheterna till undantagen. För att i uppsatsen kunna analysera en potentiell reaktion på den svenska finansiella marknaden, beaktas den svenska inställningen till tidigare transparensreglering. Vidare vägs fördelar med transparenskraven mot nackdelar och undantagens omfattning och utformning analyseras. Slutsatsen är att transparensreglerna kommer att öka transparensen på marknaden, i den mån att transparensen inte äventyrar den effektiva prisbildningen.
2

Optimal liquidation in dark pools in discrete and continuous time

Kratz, Peter 30 August 2011 (has links)
Wir studieren optimale Handelsstrategien für einen risikoaversen Investor, der bis zu einem Zeitpunkt T ein Portfolio aufzulösen hat. Dieser kann auf einem traditionellen Markt (dem "Primärmarkt") handeln, wodurch er den Preis beeinflusst, und gleichzeitig Aufträge in einem Dark Pool erteilen. Dort ist die Liquidität nicht öffentlich bekannt, und es findet keine Preisfindung statt: Aufträge werden zum Preis des Primärmarkts abgewickelt. Deshalb haben sie keinen Preiseinfluss, die Ausführung ist aber unsicher; es muss zwischen den Preiseinflusskosten am Primärmarkt und den indirekten Kosten durch die Ausübungsunsicherheit im Dark Pool abgewogen werden. In einem zeitdiskreten Handelsmodell betrachten wir ein Kostenfunktional aus erwarteten Preiseinfluss- und Marktrisikokosten. Für linearen Preiseinfluss ist dieses linear-quadratisch und wir erhalten eine Rekursion für die optimale Handelsstrategie. Eine Position in einem einzelnen Wertpapier wird langsam am Primärmarkt abgebaut während der Rest im Dark Pool angeboten wird. Für eine Position in mehreren Wertpapieren ist dies wegen der Korrelation der Wertpapiere nicht optimal. Tritt im eindimensionalen Fall adverse Selektion auf, so wird die Attraktivität des Dark Pools verringert. In stetiger Zeit impliziert die Liquidationsbedingung eine Singularität der Wertfunktion am Endzeitpunkt T. Diese wird im linear-quadratischen Fall ohne adverse Selektion durch den Grenzwert einer Folge von Lösungen einer Matrix Differentialgleichung beschrieben. Mit Hilfe einer Matrixungleichung erhalten wir Schranken für diese Lösungen, die Existenz des Grenzwertes sowie ein Verifikationsargument mittels HJB Gleichung. Tritt adverse Selektion auf, ergeben umfangreiche heuristische Betrachtungen eine ungewöhnliche Struktur der Wertfunktion: Sie ist ein quadratisches "Quasi-Polynom", dessen Koeffizienten in nicht-trivialer Weise von der Position abhängen. Wir bestimmen dieses semi-explizit und führen ein Verifikationsargument durch. / We study optimal trading strategies of a risk-averse investor who has to liquidate a portfolio within a finite time horizon [0,T]. The investor has the option to trade at a traditional exchange (the "primary venue") which yields price impact and to place orders in a dark pool. The liquidity in dark pools is not openly displayed and dark pools do not contribute to the price formation process: orders are executed at the price of the primary venue. Hence, they have no price impact, but their execution is uncertain. The investor thus faces the trade-off between the price impact costs at the primary venue and the indirect costs resulting from the execution uncertainty in the dark pool. In a discrete-time market model we consider a cost functional which incorporates the expected price impact costs and market risk costs. For linear price impact, it is linear-quadratic and we obtain a recursion for the optimal trading strategy. For single asset liquidation, the investor trades out of her position at the primary venue, with the remainder being placed in the dark pool. For multi asset liquidation this is not optimal because of the correlation of the assets. In the presence of adverse selection in the one dimensional setting the dark pool is less attractive. In continuous time the liquidation constraint implies a singularity of the value function at the terminal time T. In the linear-quadratic case without adverse selection it is described by the limit of a sequence of solutions of a matrix differential equation. By means of a matrix inequality we obtain bounds of these solutions, the existence of the limit and a verification argument via HJB equation. In the presence of adverse selection the value function has an unusual structure, which we obtain via extensive heuristic considerations: it is a "quasi-polynomial" whose coefficients depend on the asset position in a non-trivial way. We characterize the value function semi-explicitly and carry out a verification argument.
3

UK equity market microstructure in the age of machine

Sun, Yuxin January 2018 (has links)
Financial markets perform two major functions. The first is the provision of liquidity in order to facilitate direct investment, hedging and diversification; the second is to ensure the efficient price discovery required in order to direct resources to where they can be best utilised within an economy. How well financial markets perform these functions is critical to the financial welfare of every individual in modern economies. As an example, retirement savings across the world are mostly invested in capital markets. Hence, the functioning of financial markets is linked to the standard of living of individuals. Technological advancements and new market regulations have in recent times significantly impacted how financial markets function, with no period in history having witnessed a more rapid pace of change than the last decade. Financial markets have become very complex, with most of the order execution now done by computer algorithms. New high-tech trading venues, such as dark pools, also now play outsized roles in financial markets. A lot of the impacts of these developments are poorly understood. In the EU particularly, the introduction of the Markets in Financial Instruments Directive (MiFID) and advancements in technology have combined to unleash a dramatic transformation of European capital markets. In order to better understand the role of high-tech trading venues in the modern financial markets' trading environment generally and in the UK in particular, I conduct three studies investigating questions linked to the three major developments in financial markets over the past decade; these are algorithmic/high-frequency trading, market fragmentation and dark trading. In the first study, I examine the changing relationship between the price impact of block trades and informed trading, by considering this phenomenon within a high-frequency trading environment on intraday and inter-day bases. I find that the price impact of block trades is stronger during the first hour of trading; this is consistent with the hypothesis that information accumulates overnight during non-trading hours. Furthermore, private information is gradually incorporated into prices despite heightened trading frequency. Evidence suggests that informed traders exploit superior information across trading days, and stocks with lower transparency exhibit stronger information diffusion effects when traded in blocks, thus informed block trading facilitates price discovery. The second study exploits the regulatory differences between the US and the EU to examine the impact of market fragmentation on dimensions of market quality. Unlike the US's Regulation National Market System, the EU's MiFID does not impose a formal exchange trading linkage or guarantee a best execution price. This has raised concerns about consolidated market quality in increasingly fragmented European markets. The second study therefore investigates the impact of visible trading fragmentation on the quality of the London equity market and find a quadratic relationship between fragmentation and adverse selection costs. At low levels of fragmentation, order flow competition reduces adverse selection costs, improves market transparency and enhances market efficiency by reducing arbitrage opportunities. However, high levels of fragmentation increase adverse selection costs. The final study compares the impact of lit and dark venues' liquidity on market liquidity. I find that compared with lit venues, dark venues proportionally contribute more liquidity to the aggregate market. This is because dark pools facilitate trades that otherwise might not easily have occurred in lit venues when the spread widens and the limit order queue builds up. I also find that informed and algorithmic trading hinder liquidity creation in lit and dark venues, while evidence also suggests that stocks exhibiting low levels of informed trading across the aggregate market drive dark venues' liquidity contribution.

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