Ce mémoire se penche sur la question de la vraisemblance dans deux récits contemporains qui traitent de la métamorphose : La femme changée en bûche de Marie Ndiaye et Truismes de Marie Darrieussecq. L'étude dégage les stratégies de la vraisemblance sous trois angles : d'un point de vue narratologique, elle analyse la vraisemblance pragmatique et l'autorité narrative dans les deux romans; l'analyse de la vraisemblance diégétique touche aux questions de l'espace contemporain, à certaines études mythologiques ainsi qu'à la sémiotique du corps et de l'objet; le troisième aspect, axé sur la vraisemblance générique, porte sur l'influence du mode littéraire pour établir ou ébranler la vraisemblance dans le roman. L'analyse des enjeux de la vraisemblance dans deux récits relatant la métamorphose au sein d'univers tout à fait différents contribue à déceler quelques stratégies essentielles pour construire et raconter le réel à l'époque contemporaine.

This thesis focuses on the reading of fiction written by contemporary French women authors, namely Julia Kristeva, Marie Darrieussecq and Monique Wittig, establishing the reader as an active and engaged actor in meaning creation. The reader enters into dialogue with the text, the author, the narrator(s) and the characters, carving out an imaginative readerly space in fiction. The main aim of this thesis is to examine how this space comes into being, and what tools are needed for its exploration. Concepts from three main theoretical fields are used to set the parameters for this readerly space: reception studies, intertextuality, and theories of the other. As was observed by Elizabeth Fallaize, reception studies and women’s writing have not been meaningfully combined. This thesis responds to this gap in research, simultaneously expanding our interpretations of the texts by looking at the multitude of intertextual links that can be established, and at the way reading influences our relations to the other. The Introduction examines the above-mentioned three theoretical areas, alongside elements such as the tasks of the reader, the materiality of the book, and the impact of reading groups. Chapter One examines two of Kristeva’s most recent works of fiction — Meurtre à Byzance and Thérèse mon amour — studying the mise en abyme of reading and writing, the issues that can arise from extensive intertextual links and autobiographical projections, and introducing concepts such as the reading Carmel and the text as Trojan Horse. Chapter Two explores the Darrieussecq-ien aesthetic universe, starting with a consideration of the four different types of intertextuality identified in Darrieussecq’s fiction. Darrieussecq’s work with language is analysed, before introducing the concept of the fiction of honesty. The fiction of honesty allows us to explore the relationship of trust between the reader and the narrator, while an analysis of the inscriptions of time offers a better understanding of the chronologies of the reading process. Chapter Three investigates Wittig’s works, focusing on her linguistic innovations, rewriting of myths and foundational stories, extensive use of sensorial writing, and links established between fiction and socio-political activism. Chapter Four considers the media reception of the three authors, introducing resources that are not easily accessible to Anglophone audiences. The Conclusion offers an overview of the findings of this thesis, before opening onto further avenues for research.

This thesis investigates the ways in which literary texts negotiate spatio-temporal movements and how, through the nature of narrative, they may offer models for expressing the lived experience of time and place. The theoretical framework traces developments in philosophies of time and space beginning with Henri Bergson’s concepts of duration and simultaneity. The desire to portray both of these informs Gilles Deleuze’s study of cinema to produce his writings on the image-temps and image-mouvement which highlight the constant change undergone in moving through space and time which he defines as différence. The transformative nature of our relationship with the space around us and the agency of the body in that transformation is seen by Deleuze as a positive creative force and one which demands a continual deterritorialisation and reterritorialisation evidenced in the literature studied. Henri Lefebvre further interrogates the importance of the body in the production of space and contributes to the debate around the creation of place and non-place taken up by Michel de Certeau, Edward Casey and Marc Augé, whose work on supermodernity articulates concerns about the absence of place at the end of the twentieth century. These theories provide a backdrop for a close reading of the literary texts published between 1989 and 2017. Each of the four authors selected interrogates spatio-temporal connections in their work and, in order to model our lived experience at the turn of the millennium they experiment with form, genre and language and raise questions about the formation, location and stability of the self. Patterns of repetition and rewriting in the works of Annie Ernaux and Patrick Modiano engage with non-linear approaches to narrative and problematize duration, stasis and the construction and accessibility of memory. The novels of Jean Echenoz explore non-places and liminal spaces in ways that suggest possibilities for the future of fiction and Marie Darrieussecq questions the centrality of the body in defining the self and its agency in creating place. My findings suggest that the desire to comprehend and mirror the lived experience of time and space motivates the literary project of the selected authors and that the nature of narrative, in its openness and fluidity, can replicate and respond to some of the anxieties around time, place and non-place at the end of the 20th and beginning of the 21st centuries.

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Letras, Departamento de Teoria Literária e Literaturas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Literatura, 2014. / Submitted by Raiane Silva (raianesilva@bce.unb.br) on 2017-08-02T18:07:34Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2014_FernandaSanchesFachina.pdf: 1599556 bytes, checksum: a092206f794f18303fd4bc6252a838a7 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Raquel Viana (raquelviana@bce.unb.br) on 2017-09-06T15:07:54Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2014_FernandaSanchesFachina.pdf: 1599556 bytes, checksum: a092206f794f18303fd4bc6252a838a7 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-06T15:07:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2014_FernandaSanchesFachina.pdf: 1599556 bytes, checksum: a092206f794f18303fd4bc6252a838a7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-09-06 / Esta dissertação pretende analisar e interpretar o romance Truismes da autora francesa contemporânea Marie Darrieussecq, buscando vinculá-lo à teoria realista mágica, uma vez que a narrativa apresenta como eixo central a naturalização da metamorfose insólita de uma mulher – a protagonista – em porca. Em consequência do processo de transformação ocorrer com um ser humano comum em uma sociedade completamente normal, sem a notificação de estranhamento dos personagens, a fundamentação teórica demandou o percurso por importantes nomes da literatura fantástica para que, posteriormente, se alcançasse os teóricos do realismo mágico, elegendo aquele com elucubrações mais pertinentes para este trabalho, no caso, William Spindler e sua tipologia, que classifica as diferentes formas de realismo mágico. Paralelo a isso, acredita-se que Darrieussecq, ao engendrar uma protagonista vítima das imposições patriarcais, submissa aos homens e com sua identidade de mulher-prostituta esfacelada por uma metamorfose, pretendeu questionar o papel feminino na sociedade contemporânea. Assim, para que se estudasse os intuitos da autora, pensou-se na teoria feminista, mais especificamente, em Jane Flax, Tania Swain, Janice Raymond e Donna Hughes. Indubitavelmente, a transformação sobrenatural da mulher em porca em uma sociedade realista recupera, de certo modo, A metamorfose, de Franz Kafka, de forma que, esta dissertação terminou por realizar também uma comparação entre os dois romances, salientando as similitudes e disparidades entre as intenções dos autores e seus textos. / This thesis aims to analyze and explain Truismes, a novel of contemporary French author Marie Darrieussecq. It seeks to link Truismes to the magic realist theory, given that the narrative‘s central concept is the naturalization of unusual metamorphosis of a woman - the protagonist - into pig. As a result of the transformation process occur with an ordinary human being in a completely normal society, without any character even finding it strange; consequently, the theoretical foundation of this work required the analysis of important names in fantastic literature, as well as magical realism. As a result, the most relevant author for this work, William Spindler, whose typology classifies different types of magical realism. At the same time, it is believed that Darrieussecq, intended to question the role of woman in contemporary society, by creating a protagonist who is a victim of patriarchal impositions, is submissive to men, and has her identity as whore shattered by a metamorphosis. In order to study the intentions of the author, therefore, I look at feminist theory, or more specifically, Jane Flax, Tania Swain, Janice Raymond and Donna Hughes. Undoubtedly, the supernatural transformation of women into a pic in a realistic society evokes, in a way, the Metamorphosis, Franz Kafka; therefore, this thesis also compared Truismes to Metamorphosis, highlighting the similarities and differences of the authors‘ intentions and their texts. / Esta disertación pretende analizar e interpretar la novela Truismes de la autora francesa contemporánea Marie Darrieussecq, procurando vincularla a la teoría realista mágica, dado que la narrativa presenta como eje central la naturalización de la metamorfosis insólita de una mujer –la protagonista– en una cerda. Puesto que el proceso de transformación ocurre con un ser humano común en una sociedad completamente normal, sin que se advierta extrañamiento por parte de los personajes, la fundamentación teórica demandó un recorrido por nombres importantes de la literatura fantástica llegando, posteriormente, a los teóricos del realismo mágico, eligiendo a aquel cuya obra resultaba más pertinente a este trabajo, a saber, William Spindler y su tipología, que clasifica las diferentes formas de realismo mágico. Paralelo a ello, creemos que Darrieussecq, al engendrar una protagonista víctima de las imposiciones patriarcales, sumisa a los hombres e incluso con su identidad de mujer-prostituta desbaratada por una metamorfosis, pretendió cuestionar el papel femenino en la sociedad contemporánea. De este modo, para estudiar el propósito de la autora, pensamos en la teoría feminista, más específicamente, en Jane Flax, Tania Swain, Janice Raymond y Donna Hughes. Indudablemente, la transformación sobrenatural en puerca de la mujer en una sociedad realista recupera, en cierto modo, La metamorfosis, de Franz Kafka, de forma que esta disertación también realizó una comparación entre las dos novelas, destacando las similitudes y disparidades entre la intención de los autores y sus textos.

Notre mémoire porte sur la représentation du corps féminin dans deux œuvres littéraires : Truismes de Marie Darrieussecq (1996) et Clara et la pénombre de José Carlos Somoza (2003). À l'aide des théories féministes, nous tentons d'analyser ce que la beauté représente comme tyrannie pour les personnages féminins, qui doivent se plier aux standards esthétiques irréalistes imposés par la société dans laquelle ils évoluent. Ces normes correspondent à celles de la culture occidentale patriarcale actuelle, c'est-à-dire au corps construit, proche de l'objet artificiel. Dans cette optique, l'aspect naturel du corps est évacué; ce qui rappelle l'animalité est considéré comme laid. Le but de notre mémoire est de faire ressortir les similitudes et les différences entre les deux romans, qui proposent chacun une forme de matérialité différente : le corps animal et le corps-objet. Les études féministes ont montré que la femme a été reléguée à la matérialité en vertu de la dichotomie corps/esprit dans les conceptions judéo-chrétiennes. Dès lors, l'esthétique du corps est devenue pour elle un gage de valeur sociale. Fortement encouragée par la société à se plier aux critères de beauté, la femme doit livrer un combat perpétuel contre elle-même, physiquement et mentalement, afin d'y correspondre. Autrement; elle risque le rejet, le mépris et les mauvais traitements. Nous analysons donc le travail que les protagonistes font pour se conformer aux standards esthétiques et comment cette obligation d'être belle est aliénante pour elles. Nous constatons également qu'elles demeurent toutes deux marchandises, avec le manque de droits, de libertés et d'identité que cet état implique. Toutefois, elles résistent finalement à leur condition esthétique aliénante, en commençant par le refus de n'être que matérialité. ______________________________________________________________________________ MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : Corps, Femme, Beauté, Aliénation, Animal, Objet, Résistance, Truismes, Marie Darrieussecq, Clara et la pénombre, José Carlos Somoza

Volume One, the adult literary novel, Dissection, is a portrayal of the inner world of Anna McBride, a female GP who has been sued for medical negligence. The novel spans the three-month period prior to Anna's mediation meeting with a young male patient, now the plaintiff, and his mother. Central to the writing of Dissection is the rendering of the consciousness of a woman who, in the wake of what she perceives to be a grave error of judgement, unflinchingly questions her worth and her relationships with others. Volume Two, the exegesis, examines various literary techniques (autonomous monologue, narrated monologue and communal narration) used in the representation of the consciousness of female characters in Marie Darrieussecq's 'A brief stay with the living' and Jacinta Halloran's 'Dissection'. With reference to the work of narratologists, Susan Lanser and Dorrit Cohn, these literary techniques are analysed in the context of two contemporary novels that seek to represent women's inner lives.

Thèse réalisée en cotutelle avec l’Université Charles-de-Gaulle – Lille-3 pour l'obtention du diplôme de doctorat en Langue et littérature françaises. / Cette thèse est consacrée à l’analyse de six récits parus en France dans les quinze dernières années et qui se donnent pour objet la souffrance de l’enfant : Viol de Danièle Sallenave (1997), L’Enfant éternel de Philippe Forest (1997), Le Cri du sablier de Chloé Delaume (2001), Tom est mort de Marie Darrieussecq (2007), Les Mains gamines d’Emmanuelle Pagano (2008) et Un petit viol de Ludovic Degroote (2009). Si l’enfance malheureuse est, de longue date, représentée dans la fiction romanesque, les récits qui composent le corpus de cette thèse se signalent par le déplacement singulier qu’ils opèrent dans le traitement de ce thème. Prenant acte de son caractère radicalement insensé, les auteurs de ces textes cherchent moins à rendre raison de ce scandale qu’à inventer les moyens linguistiques, stylistiques et narratifs qui permettent de l’exprimer sans en atténuer la part d’insondable et d’inouï. Tous différemment, ils cherchent à reproduire dans la matière textuelle ce vacillement de la raison, à introduire du flottement là où l’axiologie commande des jugements définitifs. Pour eux, la souffrance de l’enfant, avant d’être dénoncée, doit encore trouver les moyens d’être énoncée. Si bien que la représentation de l’enfance souffrante en vient à constituer une pierre de touche sur laquelle s’éprouvent la parole, la langue, le récit – enfin, la littérature. L’étude de ce corpus requiert de mener, dans un premier temps, des analyses minutieuses qui font appel à des outils et concepts puisés dans diverses théories et méthodes – la linguistique, la stylistique, la rhétorique, la pragmatique, la sémiotique, la narratologie –, afin de mettre en lumière les déplacements sémantiques et sémiologiques effectués par ces six auteurs sur le lexique et les modes usuels de signification. Dans l’esprit de la perspective sociocritique, le résultat de ces analyses sera ensuite projeté sur les structures actuelles de l’imaginaire social français, de manière à évaluer la pertinence épistémologique et la singularité de ces formalisations littéraires en regard des autres pratiques discursives contemporaines. / This thesis is dedicated to the analysis of six novels published in France during the last fifteen years that explore childhood suffering : Viol by Danièle Sallenave (1997), L’Enfant éternel by Philippe Forest (1997), Le Cri du sablier by Chloé Delaume (2001), Tom est mort by Marie Darrieussecq (2007), Les Mains gamines by Emmanuelle Pagano (2008) and Un petit viol by Ludovic Degroote (2009). Although the unhappy childhood has long been addressed in fiction, these novels operate a unique deflection in their treatment of the theme. While acknowledging that this scandal defies reason, the authors of these texts, rather than attempting to explain, seek to invent the linguistic, stylistic and narrative means by which to express childhood suffering, without diminishing its unfathomable nature. In diverse ways, each looks to reproduce within the text this failure of reason, to question where axiology commands definitive judgments. According to these authors, the suffering of the child, before it can be denounced, must first be announced. In this way, the treatment of this theme may be perceived as a touchstone for speech, language, narrative – literature itself. The study of this corpus first requires meticulous analyses that employ tools and concepts drawn from diverse theories and methods – linguistics, stylistics, rhetoric, pragmatics, semiotics, narratology –, in order to shed light on the semantics and semiotic displacements operated by the six authors on the lexicon and the usual modes of signification. In the spirit of the sociocritical perspective, the results of these analyses will then be projected upon the French imaginaire social for the purpose of assessing the epistemological pertinence and the uniqueness of these literary strategies in regard to other contemporary discursive practices.

Cette thèse est consacrée à l’analyse de six récits parus en France dans les quinze dernières années et qui se donnent pour objet la souffrance de l’enfant : Viol de Danièle Sallenave (1997), L’Enfant éternel de Philippe Forest (1997), Le Cri du sablier de Chloé Delaume (2001), Tom est mort de Marie Darrieussecq (2007), Les Mains gamines d’Emmanuelle Pagano (2008) et Un petit viol de Ludovic Degroote (2009). Si l’enfance malheureuse est, de longue date, représentée dans la fiction romanesque, les récits qui composent le corpus de cette thèse se signalent par le déplacement singulier qu’ils opèrent dans le traitement de ce thème. Prenant acte de son caractère radicalement insensé, les auteurs de ces textes cherchent moins à rendre raison de ce scandale qu’à inventer les moyens linguistiques, stylistiques et narratifs qui permettent de l’exprimer sans en atténuer la part d’insondable et d’inouï. Tous différemment, ils cherchent à reproduire dans la matière textuelle ce vacillement de la raison, à introduire du flottement là où l’axiologie commande des jugements définitifs. Pour eux, la souffrance de l’enfant, avant d’être dénoncée, doit encore trouver les moyens d’être énoncée. Si bien que la représentation de l’enfance souffrante en vient à constituer une pierre de touche sur laquelle s’éprouvent la parole, la langue, le récit – enfin, la littérature. L’étude de ce corpus requiert de mener, dans un premier temps, des analyses minutieuses qui font appel à des outils et concepts puisés dans diverses théories et méthodes – la linguistique, la stylistique, la rhétorique, la pragmatique, la sémiotique, la narratologie –, afin de mettre en lumière les déplacements sémantiques et sémiologiques effectués par ces six auteurs sur le lexique et les modes usuels de signification. Dans l’esprit de la perspective sociocritique, le résultat de ces analyses sera ensuite projeté sur les structures actuelles de l’imaginaire social français, de manière à évaluer la pertinence épistémologique et la singularité de ces formalisations littéraires en regard des autres pratiques discursives contemporaines. / This thesis is dedicated to the analysis of six novels published in France during the last fifteen years that explore childhood suffering : Viol by Danièle Sallenave (1997), L’Enfant éternel by Philippe Forest (1997), Le Cri du sablier by Chloé Delaume (2001), Tom est mort by Marie Darrieussecq (2007), Les Mains gamines by Emmanuelle Pagano (2008) and Un petit viol by Ludovic Degroote (2009). Although the unhappy childhood has long been addressed in fiction, these novels operate a unique deflection in their treatment of the theme. While acknowledging that this scandal defies reason, the authors of these texts, rather than attempting to explain, seek to invent the linguistic, stylistic and narrative means by which to express childhood suffering, without diminishing its unfathomable nature. In diverse ways, each looks to reproduce within the text this failure of reason, to question where axiology commands definitive judgments. According to these authors, the suffering of the child, before it can be denounced, must first be announced. In this way, the treatment of this theme may be perceived as a touchstone for speech, language, narrative – literature itself. The study of this corpus first requires meticulous analyses that employ tools and concepts drawn from diverse theories and methods – linguistics, stylistics, rhetoric, pragmatics, semiotics, narratology –, in order to shed light on the semantics and semiotic displacements operated by the six authors on the lexicon and the usual modes of signification. In the spirit of the sociocritical perspective, the results of these analyses will then be projected upon the French imaginaire social for the purpose of assessing the epistemological pertinence and the uniqueness of these literary strategies in regard to other contemporary discursive practices. / Thèse réalisée en cotutelle avec l’Université Charles-de-Gaulle – Lille-3 pour l'obtention du diplôme de doctorat en Langue et littérature françaises.

Informada pelos pressupostos da área interdisciplinar conhecida como estudos animais, esta tese propõe uma leitura a contrapelo das figuras animais na literatura, na qual elas não são entendidas apenas como metáforas de certos aspectos da vida humana, mas como presenças textuais com um estatuto de personagens e, nessa condição, são interrogadas em sua alteridade. A questão central em pauta é: o que a metáfora diz sobre os animais e sobre a relação entre os animais e os seres humanos e o que significa des-figurar a metáfora e explorar a possibilidade de re-significar, a partir da textualidade ficcional, a relação humano-animal. Para tanto, desenho um panorama dos estudos animais, abordando o estado da arte no Brasil, inserindo tais estudos nas possibilidades de inovação no campo da literatura comparada. A seguir, elaboro um aporte teórico a partir da filosofia animal de Jacques Derrida, ao qual incorporo e coloco em discussão posicionamentos teóricos de Calarco (2008), Krell (2013), Lawlor (2007) e Naas (2010) sobre a questão em pauta. Por fim, realizo leituras comparadas entre A metamorfose (1915), de Franz Kafka, e Porcarias (1996), de Marie Darrieussecq, ambos sobre o tornar-se animal, e entre Flush (1933), de Virginia Woolf, e Timbuktu (1999), de Paul Auster, ambos sobre a domesticação de animais. / Following the tenets of the interdisciplinary area of animal studies, this dissertation presents a reading of animal figures in literature against the grain, which means that they are not taken only as metaphors of certain aspects of human life but as textual presences with a status assigned to characters and, in this condition, are interrogated in their alterity. The central question to be explored is: what the animal metaphor says about animals and the relation of animal and human beings and what it means to de-figure the metaphor in order to explore the possibility of re-signifying, in ficcional textualities, the human/animal relation. In order to address these issues, I draw a panorama of animal studies, including the state of the art in Brazil, to contend that this area adds to the possibilities of innovation in the field of comparative literature. Then, I consider a theoretical framework of Jacques Derrida’s animal philosophy, also discussing theoretical positions of Calarco (2008), Krell (2013), Lawlor (2007) and Naas (2010) on this topic. Finally, I propose comparative readings of Franz Kafka’s The metamorphosis (1915) and Marie Darrieussecq’s Pig tales (1996), from the perspective of becoming animal, and of Virginia Woolf’s Flush (1933) and Paul Auster’s Timbuktu (1999), both on domesticating animals.

Informada pelos pressupostos da área interdisciplinar conhecida como estudos animais, esta tese propõe uma leitura a contrapelo das figuras animais na literatura, na qual elas não são entendidas apenas como metáforas de certos aspectos da vida humana, mas como presenças textuais com um estatuto de personagens e, nessa condição, são interrogadas em sua alteridade. A questão central em pauta é: o que a metáfora diz sobre os animais e sobre a relação entre os animais e os seres humanos e o que significa des-figurar a metáfora e explorar a possibilidade de re-significar, a partir da textualidade ficcional, a relação humano-animal. Para tanto, desenho um panorama dos estudos animais, abordando o estado da arte no Brasil, inserindo tais estudos nas possibilidades de inovação no campo da literatura comparada. A seguir, elaboro um aporte teórico a partir da filosofia animal de Jacques Derrida, ao qual incorporo e coloco em discussão posicionamentos teóricos de Calarco (2008), Krell (2013), Lawlor (2007) e Naas (2010) sobre a questão em pauta. Por fim, realizo leituras comparadas entre A metamorfose (1915), de Franz Kafka, e Porcarias (1996), de Marie Darrieussecq, ambos sobre o tornar-se animal, e entre Flush (1933), de Virginia Woolf, e Timbuktu (1999), de Paul Auster, ambos sobre a domesticação de animais. / Following the tenets of the interdisciplinary area of animal studies, this dissertation presents a reading of animal figures in literature against the grain, which means that they are not taken only as metaphors of certain aspects of human life but as textual presences with a status assigned to characters and, in this condition, are interrogated in their alterity. The central question to be explored is: what the animal metaphor says about animals and the relation of animal and human beings and what it means to de-figure the metaphor in order to explore the possibility of re-signifying, in ficcional textualities, the human/animal relation. In order to address these issues, I draw a panorama of animal studies, including the state of the art in Brazil, to contend that this area adds to the possibilities of innovation in the field of comparative literature. Then, I consider a theoretical framework of Jacques Derrida’s animal philosophy, also discussing theoretical positions of Calarco (2008), Krell (2013), Lawlor (2007) and Naas (2010) on this topic. Finally, I propose comparative readings of Franz Kafka’s The metamorphosis (1915) and Marie Darrieussecq’s Pig tales (1996), from the perspective of becoming animal, and of Virginia Woolf’s Flush (1933) and Paul Auster’s Timbuktu (1999), both on domesticating animals.