Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited / Two recent trends have raised concerns about the security and stability of Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems. The first is a move to define standard interfaces and communications protocols in support of cross-vendor compatibility and modularity. The second is a move to connect nodes in a SCADA system to open networks such as the Internet. Recent failures of critical infrastructure SCADA systems highlight these concerns. To ensure continued operations in times of crisis, SCADA systems, particularly those operating in our critical infrastructure, must be secured. Developing an abstract generic framework for defining and understanding SCADA systems is a necessary first step. A framework can provide the tools to understand the system's functions and capabilities, and how components in the system relate and interface with each other. This thesis examines and describes SCADA systems, their components, and commonly used communications protocols. It presents a matrix approach to describing and defining the features, functions and capabilities of a SCADA system. Two small SCADA systems, using industry standard components and simulating real world applications, were designed and constructed for this thesis to provide context for applying the matrix approach. / Captain, United States Marine Corps

Authors: Mikaela Andersson & Louise Petersson Suporvisor: Dan Halvarsson Examiner: Åsa Devine Title: Lost in translation - A qualitative study regarding the translation process of social media activities Keywords: Social media, Translation process, KPIs, Qualitative metrics, Quantitative metrics, Data collection, Data analysis Background: Social media as marketing tools have created many opportunities for marketers and companies that want to increase the social media use. However, the vast amount of data has generated many question marks, so there is a great need to understand how the translation process of social media activities is proceeding to have the ability to understand the effectiveness of the activities. Purpose: The purpose is to describe the translation process regarding the evaluation of social media activities. Research Question: How is the translation process described concerning social media activities? Methodology: The research is founded upon a qualitative approach with a descriptive purpose. It includes multiple-case studies and the data was collected through six semi-structured interviews. The result was derived by descriptions, categorizations and combination of the data. Conclusion: Despite having a fairly stable process including KPIs, metrics, data collection and analysis, there is no general way of translating social media indicators. Every translation process is dependent upon whom the client is, and what the objectives are, so it is difficult to describe the process in detail. However, the above-mentioned process can be viewed as an overall approach.

A wide variety of information or 'metadata' is required when undertaking dendrochronological sampling. Traditionally, researchers record observations and measurements on field notebooks and/or paper recording forms, and use digital cameras and hand-held GPS devices to capture images and record locations. In the lab, field notes are often manually entered into spreadsheets or personal databases, which are then sometimes linked to images and GPS waypoints. This process is both time consuming and prone to human and instrument error. Specialised hardware technology exists to marry these data sources, but costs can be prohibitive for small scale operations (>$2000 USD). Such systems often include proprietary software that is tailored to very specific needs and might require a high level of expertise to use. We report on the successful testing and deployment of a dendrochronological field data collection system utilising affordable off-the-shelf devices ($100-300 USD). The method builds upon established open source software that has been widely used in developing countries for public health projects as well as to assist in disaster recovery operations. It includes customisable forms for digital data entry in the field, and a marrying of accurate GPS location with geotagged photographs (with possible extensions to other measuring devices via Bluetooth) into structured data fields that are easy to learn and operate. Digital data collection is less prone to human error and efficiently captures a range of important metadata. In our experience, the hardware proved field worthy in terms of size, ruggedness, and dependability (e.g., battery life). The system integrates directly with the Tellervo software to both create forms and populate the database, providing end users with the ability to tailor the solution to their particular field data collection needs.

Collecting data from sensor nodes to designated sinks is a common and challenging task in a wide variety of wireless sensor network (WSN) applications, ranging from animal monitoring to security surveillance. A number of approaches exploiting sink mobility have been proposed in recent years: some are proactive, in that sensor nodes push their read- ings to storage nodes from where they are collected by roaming mobile sinks, whereas others are reactive, in that mobile sinks pull readings from nearby sensor nodes as they traverse the sensor network. In this thesis, we point out that deciding which data collection approach is more energy-efficient depends on application characteristics, includ- ing the mobility patterns of sinks and the desired latency of collected data. We introduce novel adaptive data collection schemes that are able to automatically adjust to changing sink visiting patterns or data requirements, thereby significantly easing the deployment of a WSN. We illustrate cases where combining proactive and reactive modes of data collection is particularly beneficial. This motivates the design of TwinRoute, a novel hybrid algorithm that can flexibly mix the two col- lection modes at appropriate levels depending on the application sce- nario. Our extensive experimental evaluation, which uses synthetic and real-world sink traces, allows us to identify scenario characteristics that suit proactive, reactive or hybrid data collection schemes. It shows that TwinRoute outperforms the pure approaches in most scenarios, achiev- ing desirable tradeoffs between communication cost and timely delivery of sensor data.

Call number: LD2668 .T4 1986 F86 / Master of Science / Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering

Student Number : 0063608J - MSc(Eng) dissertation - School of Electrical and Information Engineering - Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment / “You can see the computer age everywhere except in the productivity statistics”. This offhand remark by Robert Solow, the Nobel prize-winning economist [1] has stimulated many other economists to conduct more rigorous analyses on the impact of information technology on productivity. The research presented in this dissertation has been conducted on a large telecommunications utility. An important business process of the utility, that of collecting information on its geographically dispersed network assets, was automated using mobile computing and wireless technologies. The research compared this newly developed automated process with the current, manual, process of sourcing the field network asset data using paper-based templates, and capturing the data manually from the templates. The results of the pilot for this automated business process were encouraging and demonstrated an improvement of over 50% in the productivity of the data collection process, and its integrity. An important aspect of the research outlined in this dissertation was to design and implement the mobile computer-based electronic data collection prototype to minimise user obstruction to the technology deployed. The prototype was tested for technology acceptance by the targeted field workers. This test also proved successful. The research demonstrated that an improvement in productivity of over 50% was achievable from a well-considered investment in information technology. The results from the research also pointed the way for the deployment of this data collection solution in other utilities, e.g. electricity distribution, water reticulation, and municipalities. Through user prototype tests and a cultural intervention process on the targeted users (field workers), the research also demonstrated how the automated business process can be geared for use by low-skilled field workers, so important to improve productivity in developing economies such as those in Africa.

Context. Software Development has been witnessing great innovations over past few years with good number of technologies, tools and practices invading the industry. Client demands and collaboration in the development process are also seen increasing. So many new practices and methodologies are coming up and Agile is one of prominent practices adopted by many. Even in Agile, Scrum methodology is picking up more demand presently. As Software Development process and practices are changing so are the leadership styles in the same. Leadership is critical for success of any team. This study intended to explore this model and requirement of leadership in Scrum based Software Development in a practical scenario. Objectives. Leadership, which is essential in any Software project, differs from Traditional Methodology to Scrum Methodology of Agile practices in Software Development. Through a case study, the author attempted to investigate and explore the perspective of Leadership requirement in Scrum based Software Development in a practical scenario. The study aimed to gather and analyze the Leadership model implemented in two domestic projects in an Indian company, involved in two distinctive domains, and sum up the impressions gained in the same. The study aimed to assess whether the gathered knowledge adds up to the existing body of knowledge on the phenomenon or on the contrary whether any suggestions for improvement can be given to the case units. Methods. Case Study method was chosen for undertaking this explorative study. A literature review was conducted prior to the case study to gain knowledge on the phenomenon, which also answered one of the Research Questions and helped partially the other. A multiple case study was conducted through semi structured personal interviews, tools analysis and direct observation in the case units. Qualitative data analysis was made using Grounded Theory on this three orders of collected data. The results were compared with the Literature and conformity or variance analyzed. This comparative analysis is used for making recommendations to the case units for improvement or for additions to the existing body of knowledge. Results. Through the results of Literature Review, Leadership models in Software Development including Agile Scrum were summed up. And through the results of the case study, the leadership models and features implemented in the case units have been identified. These results are further validated and contrasted with the results of the literature review. How the literature models and the case unit models of leadership differed is studied. The justification for the implemented leadership model in the practical situation is also analyzed. Following, a review of the models employed at the case environments, the perspective of leadership in the two Scrum based Software Development projects is summed up. At the end, it is assessed what effect the case study would have on the existing body of knowledge on the phenomenon and modifications that can be proposed to the case units based on the results and analysis. Conclusion. It is concluded that the Case Units are implementing Situational Leadership and Transformational Leadership in a mixed way. Telling and Selling models in Situational Leadership are prominent while Participating and Delegating are ranking less. Some of the important features of Transformational Leadership like Self Management, Organizational Consciousness, Adaptability and Proactive are in implementation but not all features of the model are assumed. Even Scrum is implemented in a modified way, extending only controlled autonomy with higher monitoring and it had a direct effect on the leadership. On the whole it is directive leadership that is in play with co-existence of collaborative one situationally.

This thesis presents a framework for collecting network traffic data usable in performance evaluations of Bluetooth Mesh networks. The framework is designed to be adaptive, effective, and efficient. These design goals are intended to minimize resource usage and thereby take constraints in Bluetooth Mesh into account. An implementation of the framework, based on the Bluetooth Mesh model concept, is also presented. The implementation is then validated and evaluated to analyse to what degree it fulfills the requirements of adaptive, effective, and efficient data collection. The evaluation demonstrates the importance of minimizing the size of the reports sent in the framework since larger messages sent with short intervals have a noticeable effect on both the packet delivery ratio of user traffic and the reporting latency. It is also shown that the adaptive reporting feature, that aims to reduce the effect of the framework on user traffic by postponing reporting during high traffic loads, has a positive effect on neighboring nodes overall packet delivery ratio.

O processo de gestão da produção é responsável pelo planejamento de todas as atividades de produção em empresas de manufatura. Modelos conceituais são referências para implantação e organização deste processo, e alguns não abordam o uso da coleta automática de dados de chão de fábrica. É proposto um modelo conceitual que considera a coleta automática, tratamento e disponibilização destes dados, permitindo que sejam tomadas decisões com base em dados mais precisos, detalhados e fáceis de serem obtidos. / The production management process is in charge to plan all production activities in manufacturing enterprises. Conceptual models are references for implantation and organization of this process. Some of these models do not include automatic shop floor data collection. It is proposed a conceptual model that takes into account the automatica data collection, using, treating and making it available. This will permit a decision making based on more detailed, accurated and easy to get information.

The goals of this thesis were: (1) to develop a data acquisition system for measuring gait parameters and (2) to determine the effect of knee pads on gait and comfort. The data acquisition system consisted of a data acquisition card that was inserted in the PC card (PCMCIA) slot of a laptop computer, a knee goniometer, foot switches, and pressure sensors. Various drive circuits were designed to connect the different sensors to the data acquisition card. The gait analysis results showed that the knee pads do not have a significant effect on long range gait correlations calculated from the stride interval. Pressure measurements between the knee pads and the knee showed that a pressure in the range of 0 to 8.31 psi occurred when kneeling. The maximum pressure for the sensor located under the top strap of the knee pad occurred when getting into and out of the kneeling stance. The data acquisition system successfully met the design objectives. The stride interval was recorded and analyzed, and pressures were successfully measured and analyzed.