Baseada em amostras (corpus) de língua oral do português brasileiro e europeu, este trabalho investiga as estratégias de substituição dos clíticos dativos de terceira pessoa no português do Brasil e no português europeu, bem como o uso de preposições introdutórias do dativo representado por sintagmas nominais. O objetivo é verificar as evidências de possível mudança paramétrica na variedade brasileira e evidenciar diferenças entre as alternativas utilizadas pelos falantes dos dois sistemas lingüísticos. Enfoca o uso dos complementos dativos de terceira pessoa em várias formas de representação na fala de nativos com grau superior de escolaridade (falante culto) da cidade de Fortaleza, Ceará (inquéritos do corpus Porcufort) e na fala de portugueses europeus (inquéritos do corpus CRPC), com verbos ditransitivos de transferência material e transferência verbal. Trabalhos científicos recentes indicam modificações no uso dos clíticos dativos de terceira pessoa na variedade do Brasil, distanciando-se do uso no português europeu. Os resultados sinalizam consideráveis diferenças entre as duas variedades: enquanto o português europeu faz largo uso dos clíticos dativo de terceira pessoa, no português do Brasil verifica-se sua substituição por estratégias alternativas como o uso de pronomes tônicos anafóricos, ou mesmo do objeto nulo. Os dados estudados na pesquisa apontam para a confirmação da hipótese de Galves (2001) de que competências gramaticais do PE e do PB são diferentes e tendem a distanciar-se na fala cotidiana. Verificou-se também que o PB não possui as construções de núcleo aplicativo realizadas no PE, conforme demonstrado na proposta de Torres Morais (2007) em que se evidencia que, no PE, o argumento interno dativo de verbos de transferência material e verbal é licenciado por um núcleo aplicativo que se realiza mediante a presença obrigatória da preposição a, marcador de Caso dativo. O PB perdeu a capacidade de realizar esse dativo, pois seus complementos verbais são introduzidos por preposições lexicais, o que impossibilita as construções de núcleo aplicativo com a configuração verificada no PE, mas o PB apresenta outra forma de configurá-lo: as construções de objeto duplo. / Based in samples (corpus) of verbal language of the Brazilian and European Portuguese, this work investigates the strategies of substitution of the 3rd. person dative clitics in the Brazilian Portuguese and the European Portuguese, as well as the use of introductory prepositions of the dative represented for lexical DP. The objective is to verify the evidences of possible parametric change in the Brazilian variety and to evidence the differences between the alternatives used for the talkers of the two linguistic systems. It focuses the use of the 3rd. person dative clitics complements in several forms of representation in the speech of natives with superior degree (cult talker) of the city of Fortaleza, Ceará (inquiries of the Porcufort corpus) and in speaks of European Portugueses (inquiries of corpus CRPC), with ditransitive verbs of concrete transference and conceptual transference. Recent scientific trials indicate modifications in the use of the appointed 3rd. person dative clitics in the variety of Brazil, is separating itself from the European one.The results pointed to considerable differences between the two varieties: while the European Portuguese uses of the 3rd. person dative clitics, in the Brazilian Portuguese is possible to verify its substitution for alternative strategies as the use of anaphoric strong pronouns, or the null object. The data studied in this work point out to the confirmation of the hypothesis of Galves (2001) of that grammatical abilities of the European Portuguese and the Brazilian Portuguese are different and tend to become more distant themselves in speak speech. It was also verified that the Brazilian Portuguese does not have constructions of applicative head of the European Portuguese, as demonstrated in the proposal of Torres Morais (2007) which evidences that, in the European Portuguese, the internal appointed argument of concrete and cognitive transference is permitted by a applicative head that carries through by means of the obligator presence of the preposition \"a\", marking of dative case marker. The Brazilian Portuguese lost the capacity to carry through this dative, therefore its verbal complements are introduced by lexical prepositions, that means they don\'t realize the applicative head with the configuration verified in the European Portuguese, but they have another form to configure it: double object constructions

This diploma thesis deals with the topic of the variation in genitive and dative government. The subject of analysis are the following thirteen prepositions: (an)statt, innerhalb, längs, mangels, mittels, trotz, während, wegen, zugunsten/zu Gunsten; binnen, dank, laut, zufolge. The aim of the thesis is to capture the use of the mentioned prepositions as detailed as possible. The focus is on the question and the attempt to determine in which cases within the variation in prepositional case government in the written language one or the other case is preferred and whether certain tendencies or systematics common to all thirteen prepositions can be followed. The prepositions are analysed by means of nine selected sources (both dictionaries and grammar books) and German reference corpus.

Diese Arbeit konzentriert sich auf die relative syntaktische Position polnis- cher inhärenter Dative. In semantischer Hinsicht schlagen wir vor, dass alle dativmarkierten Argumente in polnischer Sprache eine Entität bezeichnen, die geistig von einer Veränderung, einem Zustand oder einem Prozess betroffen ist, der im persönlichen Bereich der als Dativ-DP lexikalisierten Entität stattfindet. In syntaktischen Begriffen schlagen wir vor, dass polnische Dativ-DP Applikative sind, die von einem Appl-Kopf lizenziert wurden, und dass sie je nach ihrer syntaktischen Position in zwei Typen vorkommen, tief und hoch. Tiefe Applikative verschmelzen unter v, während hohe Applikative darüber verschmelzen. Die Verschmelzungsposition eines Applikativs bestimmt sein syntaktisches Verhalten. Wir zeigen, dass im Gegensatz zu tiefen Applikativen hohe Applikative Anaphern vorangehen können, zusätzliche Partizipialsätze kontrollieren und sekundäre Prädikate darstellen können. Wir schlagen vor, dass diese Unterschiede eine zuverlässige Diagnose für die Anwendungstypen in polnischer Sprache darstellen. Mit diesen Tests analysieren wir polnische Rezipienten und Benefiziäre als tiefe Applikative und polnische Experiencer als hohe Applikative. Darüber hinaus unterscheiden wir zwischen freien Applikativen, z. B. Benefiziäre im Polnischen, und gewählten, z. B. Rezipienten im Polnischen. Vom Verb gewählte Applikative verschmelzen zuerst als Teil von v oder der Wurzel und werden bei der Bewegung zu [Spec;ApplP] zu Applikativen. Im Gegensatz dazu werden nicht gewählte Applikative direkt in [Sepc;ApplP] verschmolzen, d. h. sie werden als Applikative geboren. Wir schlagen einen Partizipanten-Implikationstest vor, um zwischen diesen beiden Typen zu unterscheiden. Wenn wir die Analyse über polnische Dative hinaus erweitern, nehmen wir an, dass es sprachübergreifend zwei Arten von Applikativen gibt: verb-intern, projiziert als Teil von vP / VP und verb-extern, projiziert als Teil von ApplP. Wir nehmen polnische Dative als letztere an. / This thesis focuses on the relative syntactic position of Polish inherent datives. In semantic terms, we propose that all dative-marked arguments in Polish de- note an entity mentally affected by a change, state or process which takes place within the personal sphere of the entity lexicalised as a dative DP. In syntactic terms, we propose that Polish dative DPs are applicatives, licensed by an Appl head, and that they come in two types, low and high, depend- ing on their syntactic position. Low applicatives merge below v while high applicatives merge above it. The merge position of an applicative determines its syntactic behaviour. In contrast to low applicatives, high applicatives can antecede anaphors, control adjunct participial clauses and depictive secondary predicates. We propose that these differences constitute reliable diagnostics for applicative types in Polish. With these tests, we analyse Polish recipients and benefactives as low applicatives and Polish experiencers as high applicatives. Moreover, we distinguish between applicatives that are free, e.g. benefactives in Polish, and those that are selected, e.g. Polish recipients. Applicatives selected by the verb merge first as part of v or the root, and they become applicatives on movement to [Spec;ApplP]. In contrast, non-selected applicatives merge directly in [Spec;ApplP], i.e. they are born as applicatives. We propose a participant im- plication test to differentiate between these two types. Moreover, extending the analysis beyond Polish data, we hypothesise that cross-linguistically, there exist two types of applicatives, verb-internal, projected as part of vP / VP, and verb-external, projected as part of ApplP. We take Polish datives to be of the latter type.

Este estudo consiste na comparação de três amostras lingüísticas: o espanhol não-nativo de estudantes brasileiros adultos, o espanhol nativo de informantes montevideanos (considerada como língua meta), e o português do Brasil (língua materna). Todos os informantes receberam uma situação teste em forma de história em quadrinhos, sem texto escrito, de modo que o conteúdo semântico fosse o mesmo e também fossem evitadas as influências léxicas. A situação teste, solicita em espanhol, o uso de estruturas com clíticos dativos, que expressam relações de possessão. Sua realização e a realização de outras estruturas constituem as variáveis lingüísticas a partir das quais, são examinadas e comparadas as diferentes projeções sintáticas. As referências teóricas e o modelo de análise propostos por Fernández e Anula (1995), compatíveis com algumas das teorias de maior poder explicativo na área da lingüística e da aquisição de línguas, contribuíram significativamente pela atenção dedicada aos fenômenos da língua espanhola. Os resultados do nosso estudo mostram estruturas idiossincrásicas no espanhol nãonativo, que respondem a padrões sintáticos regulares, em sua maioria habilitados pelo sistema da língua materna. A análise estatística quantifica as variáveis e mostra distâncias entre o espanhol não-nativo e a língua meta, e entre aquele e a língua materna. / This study consists of a comparison among three linguistic samples: the non-native Spanish of adult Brazilian students, the native Spanish of Montevidean informants (considered as target language), and Brazilian Portuguese (the mother language). All informants received a test situation shown in the comics form, with no written text, so semantic content was the same and lexical influences were avoided. The test situation, in Spanish, requires the usage of structures with dative clitics, which express possessive relations. Its realization and the realization of other structures constitute the linguistic variables, from which diferent projections are examined. The theoretical references and the model of syntatic analysis proposed by Fernández e Anula (1995), compatible with some theories with more explicatory power in the field of linguistics and language acquisition, contributed significantly because of the attention devoted to Spanish language phenomena. Results show idiosyncratic structures in non-native Spanish, responding to regular syntactic patterns, most of which habilitated by the mother tongue\'s system. The data statistical analysis quantifies variables and shows distances between the non-native Spanish and the native Spanish, and between the former and the mother language.

Esta dissertação estuda, em uma perspectiva comparativa entre o português brasileiro (PB) e o português europeu (PE), a representação do argumento dativo de terceira pessoa em um corpus de língua escrita formal, constituído pelas traduções brasileira e lusitana feitas diretamente do espanhol do romance Cem anos de solidão de Gabriel Garcia Marques. A análise detém-se ao comportamento de três variantes do dativo o clítico lhe/lhes, os PPs a/para ele(s)/ela(s) e o pronome nulo nos contextos de predicados ditransitivos, inacusativos, causativos, incoativos e inergativos. Dentro do quadro teórico da Teoria Gerativa e da Teoria da Variação, pretende-se explicitar diferenças entre o PB e o PE que possam corroborar, ou não, a hipótese de que essas duas variedades do português apresentam gramáticas distintas. / This dissertation discusses, in a comparative perspective between Brazilian Portuguese (BP) and European Portuguese (EP), the expression of the dative argument of the third person in a formal writing corpus constituted by the Brazilian and European translations directly from Spanish of the book A Hundred Years of Solitude, by Gabriel Garcia Marques. The analysis considers the behaviour of three dative variants the clitic lhe/lhe, the PPs a/para ele(s)/ela(s) and the null pronoun in ditransitive, inaccusative, causative, incoative and inergative predicates. In the context of the Generative Theory and the Variation Theory, the goal is to show differences between BP and EP that can confirm, or not, the hypothesis that the two variants of Portuguese reveal distinct grammars.

Esta dissertação estuda, em uma perspectiva comparativa entre o português brasileiro (PB) e o português europeu (PE), a representação do argumento dativo de terceira pessoa em um corpus de língua escrita formal, constituído pelas traduções brasileira e lusitana feitas diretamente do espanhol do romance Cem anos de solidão de Gabriel Garcia Marques. A análise detém-se ao comportamento de três variantes do dativo o clítico lhe/lhes, os PPs a/para ele(s)/ela(s) e o pronome nulo nos contextos de predicados ditransitivos, inacusativos, causativos, incoativos e inergativos. Dentro do quadro teórico da Teoria Gerativa e da Teoria da Variação, pretende-se explicitar diferenças entre o PB e o PE que possam corroborar, ou não, a hipótese de que essas duas variedades do português apresentam gramáticas distintas. / This dissertation discusses, in a comparative perspective between Brazilian Portuguese (BP) and European Portuguese (EP), the expression of the dative argument of the third person in a formal writing corpus constituted by the Brazilian and European translations directly from Spanish of the book A Hundred Years of Solitude, by Gabriel Garcia Marques. The analysis considers the behaviour of three dative variants the clitic lhe/lhe, the PPs a/para ele(s)/ela(s) and the null pronoun in ditransitive, inaccusative, causative, incoative and inergative predicates. In the context of the Generative Theory and the Variation Theory, the goal is to show differences between BP and EP that can confirm, or not, the hypothesis that the two variants of Portuguese reveal distinct grammars.

本篇論文以詞彙映照理論 (Lexical Mapping Theory) 為理論基礎，討論 中文間接受詞的轉換與地方詞倒置的現象。藉由詞彙映照理論，本篇論文 顯示中文間接受詞的轉換與地方詞倒置的現象是受了詞彙律( morpholexical rule)的影響。本篇論文進而指出論元結構的改變在於詞 彙律是否參與映照過成。如果一個句子可由述結構所管轄的論元結構和語 法功能相互映照而預測出它的表面結構，我們便視這個句子為基本的語法 結構。如果一個句子在映照過成中需要詞彙律參與運作才能預測出它的表 層結構，我們便將之歸類為衍生的句法結構。 In the current theory of Lexical Functional Grammar, the lexical Mapping Theory (LMT) distinguishes itself with its non- transformational prediction of the surface structures of sentences. This thesis demonstrates that with a revised LMT, we gain a new insight on the syntactic account of Mandarin dative construction and locative inversion. The revised LMT asserts for a null intrinsic value for the goal and locative roles, a morpholexical operation on primitive features and a principle of underspecification. The intrinsic classifications is motivated from the concept of prototype. The morpholexical operation may add but not change features. The principle of underspecification signifies the spirit of markedness. With this revised LMT, we focus our concern on how the functional structures of dative construction and locative inversion are to be syntactically projected via the mapping principles that govern the correspondence between thematic roles of the argument structure and grammatical functions. Within the framework of this revised LMT, the Dative Shift and alternations between locative phrase and locative inversion are explained with the operation of morpholexical rules. In this thesis, kernal dative constructions and locative phrase are defined as structures without morpholexical rules whereas the derived dative construction and locative inversion are interpreted as sentence structutes mediated by morpholexical operations.

This dissertation presents the findings of an investigation of adnominal possession and ditransitives on the basis of data from Modern Greek. The general thesis of the dissertation is that possessive DPs constitute nominal counterparts to ditransitive constructions. Greek ditransitives consist of double object constructions and prepositional dative constructions, which are analyzed as low applicatives; the former with possessive properties, the latter with locative. Double object constructions, unlike prepositional datives, are associated with restrictions concerning animacy, affectedness and number features on the recipient. A-movement (a)symmetries in ditransitives are argued to reduce to underlying phase structure and the movement properties of the applicative head. The dissertation shows that the possessive/locative dichotomy associated with Greek ditransitives is reproducible in the realm of adnominal possession. Prenominal possessors pattern both syntactically and semantically with dative recipients in double object constructions, while postnominal possessors display affiliation with PP-recipients in prepositional dative constructions. Binding diagnostics furthermore indicate two distinct Small Clause structures for Greek possessive DPs, syntactically identical with the structure of ditransitives.

Este estudo consiste na comparação de três amostras lingüísticas: o espanhol não-nativo de estudantes brasileiros adultos, o espanhol nativo de informantes montevideanos (considerada como língua meta), e o português do Brasil (língua materna). Todos os informantes receberam uma situação teste em forma de história em quadrinhos, sem texto escrito, de modo que o conteúdo semântico fosse o mesmo e também fossem evitadas as influências léxicas. A situação teste, solicita em espanhol, o uso de estruturas com clíticos dativos, que expressam relações de possessão. Sua realização e a realização de outras estruturas constituem as variáveis lingüísticas a partir das quais, são examinadas e comparadas as diferentes projeções sintáticas. As referências teóricas e o modelo de análise propostos por Fernández e Anula (1995), compatíveis com algumas das teorias de maior poder explicativo na área da lingüística e da aquisição de línguas, contribuíram significativamente pela atenção dedicada aos fenômenos da língua espanhola. Os resultados do nosso estudo mostram estruturas idiossincrásicas no espanhol nãonativo, que respondem a padrões sintáticos regulares, em sua maioria habilitados pelo sistema da língua materna. A análise estatística quantifica as variáveis e mostra distâncias entre o espanhol não-nativo e a língua meta, e entre aquele e a língua materna. / This study consists of a comparison among three linguistic samples: the non-native Spanish of adult Brazilian students, the native Spanish of Montevidean informants (considered as target language), and Brazilian Portuguese (the mother language). All informants received a test situation shown in the comics form, with no written text, so semantic content was the same and lexical influences were avoided. The test situation, in Spanish, requires the usage of structures with dative clitics, which express possessive relations. Its realization and the realization of other structures constitute the linguistic variables, from which diferent projections are examined. The theoretical references and the model of syntatic analysis proposed by Fernández e Anula (1995), compatible with some theories with more explicatory power in the field of linguistics and language acquisition, contributed significantly because of the attention devoted to Spanish language phenomena. Results show idiosyncratic structures in non-native Spanish, responding to regular syntactic patterns, most of which habilitated by the mother tongue\'s system. The data statistical analysis quantifies variables and shows distances between the non-native Spanish and the native Spanish, and between the former and the mother language.

Depuis les années 60, la génération d’acide fort de Brönsted par un processus photoinduit à un photon est utilisée dans des nombreux domaines de recherche de plus en plus nombreux. Cependant, de tels acides peuvent-être facilement obtenus par voie biphotonique ce qui présente de nombreux avantages comme par exemple : une meilleure réactivité via une excitation direct du photoacide, l’utilisation possible d’une atmosphère non contrôlée, l’utilisation de microlasers à impulsions sub-nanosecondes peu couteux, mais aussi l’augmentation de la résolution spatiale des micro-objets 3D fabriqués. La génération d’acide se fait généralement par transfert d’électron entre un sensibilisateur et un générateur de photoacide (PAG). Une approche prometteuse consiste à associer, sur une même molécule, un PAG et un chromophore actif à deux photons. Il a donc semblé intéressant de développer de nouveaux PAG capables, par excitation biphotonique, d’amorcer directement la photopolymérisation. Nous avons choisi de préparer des systèmes capto-datifs stilbéniques, de nature neutre ou ionique. Aussi, une série de PAG neutres substitués par des groupements diphénylamino- donneur et iminosulfonates -cyanés accepteurs a été synthétisée. Nous avons également commencé, mais non achevé, la synthèse de PAG neutres portant des groupements iminosulfonates -trifluorométhylés. Puis, nous avons cherché à synthétiser des PAG ioniques substitués soit par un groupement éthoxy soit par un groupement diphénylamino soit par un groupement julolidine. Néanmoins, la dernière étape de la synthèse est pour l’instant un verrou synthétique. / Since the 60’s, the generation of strong Brönsted acids by a one-proton photoinduced process has been used in more and more research areas. Recently, it has been shown, that such acids are easily obtained by a two-photon process. This offers many advantages such as: i) a better reactivity owing to a direct excitation of the photoacid, ii) the possible use of a non-controlled atmosphere, iii) the use of inexpensive microlasers with sub-nanosecond impulsions, iv) the increase of spatial resolution in 3D microfabrication. The acid generation generally proceeds through a photo-induced electro transfer from an excited sensitizer to the photoacid generator (PAG). A promising approach should be the introduction on a single molecule of both a PAG and a two-photon active chromophore moiety. In this context, we have developed new PAGs able to initiate photopolymerisation through a two-photon activation process. The syntheses were focused on stilbenic push-pull systems having either a neutral or an ionic nature. A series of neutral PAGs bearing a diphenylamino donor group and an α-cyano iminosulfonate acceptor moiety has been synthesized. The preparation of neutral PAGs bearing iminosulfonate α-trifluoromethylated groups were not yet completed. The syntheses of ionic PAGs substituted by an ethoxy group, a diphenylamino group or a julolidine one, could not be completed either.