Os tubulões a céu aberto são amplamente utilizados como elementos estruturais de fundação de edifícios residenciais nas cidades pequenas e médias do Brasil. Relatam-se as etapas de um projeto de fundações por tubulões desenvolvido em uma área previamente ocupada por construções residenciais antigas. Após cuidadosa demolição e limpeza, deparou-se com o desafio de executar as fundações sem o perigo de danificar as construções adjacentes (tubulões à céu aberto de divisa nos dois lados e no fundo). No projeto, utilizaram-se procedimentos usuais e alguns específicos que refletem a prática corrente nos últimos 10 anos, na região de Campinas, com resultados extremamente satisfatórios. Nos solos porosos e colapsíveis, presentes em várias regiões brasileiras, as fundações não raramente têm apresentado comportamento inadequado, quando o solo é inundado. Com a significativa elevação do seu teor de umidade, esses solos exibem o recalque de colapso, caracterizando-se como colapsíveis. Como já se tem a comprovação da eficiência da compactação do solo para viabilizar o emprego de fundações rasas, por sapatas, em solos colapsíveis (CINTRA, 1998), resolveu-se estudar os possíveis benefícios da criação de tubulões a céu aberto. No campo experimental de Fundações da USP/São Carlos, foram executadas dois tubulões a céu aberto com fuste de diâmetro de 0,50 m e base apoiada à cota - 6,00 m, com diâmetro de 1,50 m e altura de 0,90 m. O primeiro tubulão a céu aberto foi ensaiado na condição não-inundada do solo, na cota inicial de apoio da base e sucessivamente, com a cravação de 0,15 m, 0,30 m e 0,45 m, o que corresponde a 10%, 20% e 30% do diâmetro da base, respectivamente. Observou-se que a cravação majorou a capacidade de carga em 42%, 85% e 12%, respectivamente. O segundo tubulão a céu aberto foi ensaiado com o solo pré-inundado, para quantificar o efeito da colapsibilidade do terreno na redução da capacidade de carga. ) Constatou-se uma redução de 51% a 53% nos valores de capacidade de carga anteriormente obtidos. Mas a carga de colapso, ou capacidade de carga na condição inundada, também teve uma majoração importante, aumentando em 45%, 90% e 135% com a cravação de 10%, 20% e 30% do diâmetro da base, respectivamente. Conclui-se que a cravação de tubulões a céu aberto, inicialmente executados com escavação e concretagem in situ, pode ser uma solução interessante em solos colapsíveis. / The belled piles are largely used as fundation for structural elements of residential buildings in small and medium cities in Brazil. The steps of a foundation design is developed in an area previously occupied by old residential buildings. After a careful demolition and clean up process, the challenger is to build the foundations without the danger of harming the adjacent buildings (Division of belled piles on both side and on the bottom). On the design, some specific and some standard procedures are used, which reflect the current practice over the last 10 years, in the Campinas region, with extremely satisfactory results . In porous and collapsible soil, that can be found in many Brazilian regions, these piles usually have presented an inadequate behavior, when the soil is soaked. With a significant elevation on its moisture content, these soils present the collapse settlement, being characterized as collapsible. Since there is already the confirmation of the compacting process efficacy in making the employment of shallow foundations on collapsible soils feasible (CINTRA, 1998), it was decided to study the possible benefits of driving the belled piles on the improvement of the bearing capacity. At the Experimental Foundation Field of USP/São Carlos, two piles were tested. Both piles were 6,00 m long and had a shaft diameter of 0.50 m. The enlarged bases had a diameter of 1.50 m and a height of 0.90 m. The first pile was tested under the non-soaked condition of the soil, on the initial quota of base support, and then with the 0.15 m, 0.30 m and 0.45 driving, which corresponds to 10%, 20%, and 30% of the base diameter, respectively. It was observed that the driving improved the bearing capacity in 42%, 85%, and 127%, respectively. The second pile was tested on a soaked soil, to quantity the collapsibility effect on the reduction of the bearing capacity. A reduction of 51% to 53% on the values of the bearing capacity previously obtained was observed, but the collapse load, also presented an important improvement, increasing 45%, 90%, and 135% with the driving of 10%, 20%, and 30% of the base diameter, respectively. We can conclude that the driving of belled piles, inittially executed with digging and concreting in situ, may be an interesting solution on collapsible soils.

Orientador: David de Carvalho / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Agricola / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-12T07:40:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PaschoalinFilho_JoaoAlexandre_D.pdf: 6669180 bytes, checksum: 78d0e0cf2f6cfc3054d3c7bdf89b2116 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: Apresenta-se neste trabalho o estudo do comportamento de diferentes tipos de estacas, implantadas em solo de diabásio, quando submetidas a esforços de tração, através da realização de provas de carga estática do tipo lenta. Foram executadas quatro estacas tipo raiz sendo uma de 23m de comprimento e 310 mm de diâmetro e três instrumentadas de 12m de comprimento com 410 mm de diâmetro; três estacas metálicas perfil I tipo W250x32,7, sendo uma com 12m e duas com 18m de comprimento; duas estacas tipo trilho TR37 sendo uma com 18m e outra de 20,5m de comprimento. Foram também estudadas as seguintes estacas já anteriormente instaladas no local em estudo: três estacas escavadas (sem lama bentonítica) de 12m de comprimento e 400 mm de diâmetro, três estacas tipo hélice contínua com 12m de comprimento e 400 mm de diâmetro, uma estaca tipo ômega de 12m de comprimento e 370 mm de diâmetro e uma estaca prémoldada de oncreto com 14m de comprimento e 180 mm de diâmetro. O local de execução das estacas foi o Campo Experimental para Estudos em Mecânica dos Solos e Fundações localizado dentro dos limites da Faculdade de Engenharia Agrícola da Unicamp (Universidade Estadual de Campinas), localizada no município de Campinas, interior de São Paulo. O subsolo do local é constituído por solo poroso de diabásio, cuja primeira camada de 6,5m de espessura é constituída de argila silto-arenosa, seguida de uma camada de silte arenoso e nível de água a 17m de profundidade. Foram utilizados os seguintes métodos para a estimativa da capacidade de carga próprios para esforços de tração como: Método do Tronco de Cone, Método do Cilindro de Atrito, Método de Meyerhoff (1973); Método de Kulhawy (1985); Método de Levacher & Sieffert (1984) e Método da Universidade de Grenoble de acordo com Martin (1963). Os valores de capacidade de carga estimados por meio de cada método foram então confrontados com os valores de carga máxima obtidos por meio das provas de carga. As resistências laterais totais de cada estaca foram determinadas por meio dos seguintes métodos semi-empíricos próprios para esforços de compressão: Décourt & Quaresma (1998); Décourt & Quaresma (1978); Aoki & Velloso (1975 - SPT); Aoki & Velloso (1975 - CPT); David Cabral (1986); P.P Velloso (1981); Teixeira (1996); Antunes & Cabral (1996); FUNDESP (1998) e Monteiro (2000). Os valores de resistência lateral obtidos pelos métodos foram comparados aos valores de carga máxima obtidos pelas provas de carga. As capacidades de carga a tração das estacas estudadas foram previstas por meio dos seguintes métodos próprios para extrapolação de curvas carga x recalque: Van der Veen (1953), Décourt (1996), NBR 6122/96 e Davisson (1978). Para os métodos de Van der Veen (1953) e Décourt (1996) foram estimadas cargas máximas a partir de pontos da curva carga x recalque situados até recalques referentes a cargas de 50, 60, 70, 80 e 90% das cargas máximas atingidas pelas provas. Este procedimento teve como objetivo verificar a aplicabilidade destes métodos caso as provas de carga fossem prematuramente interrompidas. Foram também previstos valores de recalques obtidos para cargas referentes a PC/2 por meio dos métodos de Vesic (1969, 1975a) e Poulos & Davis (1980). Foram também determinadas nesta pesquisa correlações matemáticas entre valores de atrito lateral médios para cada estaca estudada (rl), determinados por meio das provas de carga, e dados de resistência lateral obtidos utilizando-se parâmetros provenientes de ensaios de cone (CPT) e SPT-T, como fs (para CPT) e fTmáximo e fTmínimo (para SPT-T). / Abstract: This research presents the behavior of different kinds of piles conducted in unsaturated diabasic porous soil submitted to uplift forces. For this research there were built the follow piles: three instrumented root piles with 12m length and 410mm of nominal diameter, one root pile with nominal diameter of 310mm and 23m length, two metallic piles type W250x32.7 with 18 meters length, one metallic pile with 12m length and type W250x32.7, two trail piles TR37 type, one of them with 18 meters length and the other with 20.5 meters length. There were also considered in this research the follow piles already conducted at the studied area: three bored piles with 12 meters length and diameter of 400mm, three Continuous Flight Auger piles with 12 meters length and diameter of 400mm, one Omega pile with 12m length and diameter of 370mm and one Concrete Precast pile with 14 meter length and diameter of 180mm. The piles were built at the site for Experimental Studies in Soil Mechanics and Foundations. This experimental area is situated at the State University of Campinas, in the interior region of the state of São Paulo, Brazil. The local subsoil is basically composed by a superficial layer of approximately 6,5m thick composed of high porosity silt-sand clay followed by clayey-sandy silt. The water table is not checked until a depth of 17 meters. The carrying capacity of the studied piles was also provided by means of theoretical methods appropriate for uplift forces. The methods considered were: Method of the Trunk of Cone, Method of Cylinder of Friction, Meyerhoff (1973), Kulhawy (1985), Levacher & Sieffert (1984) and University of Grenoble in according to Martin (1963). The values estimated using the methods under consideration were compared to those obtained by means of the load tests. Methods for "load x settlement" curves extrapolation such as: Van der Veen (1953), Décourt (1998) and NBR 6.122 (1996) and Davisson (1973) were also used to provide the carrying capacity of the studied piles. There were also provided by Van der Veen (1953) and Décourt the ultimate loads for each using 50, 60, 70, 80 e 90% of the ultimate load obtained by means of the load tests. Semi-empirical methods, appropriate for compression forces, were also used considering only the portion of lateral resistance. The methods studied were the following: Décourt & Quaresma (1998); Décourt & Quaresma (1978); Aoki & Veloso (1975 - SPT); Aoki & Veloso (1975 - CPT); David Cabral (1986); P.P Velloso (1981); Teixeira (1996); Antunes & Cabral (1996); FUNDESP (1998) e Monteiro (2000). The obtained values of lateral resistance were compared to the maximum load obtained by means of the load tests. The settlements of the studied piles were also determinate by Vesic (1969, 1975a) and Poulos & Davis (1980). Mathematical correlations between lateral friction values, obtained by means of the load tests, and lateral resistance values obtained by means of field tests like SPT-T and CPT were also provided in this research. / Doutorado / Construções Rurais e Ambiencia / Doutor em Engenharia Agrícola

Orientador: Paulo José Rocha de Albuquerque / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-25T01:37:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MunevarPerez_NurianBibiana_M.pdf: 5528282 bytes, checksum: e5a5f3821f445a373ac23f94b7e64ece (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: Esta Dissertação teve por objetivo analisar o comportamento de estacas escavadas à trado com três diferentes diâmetros, instrumentadas, submetidas a provas de carga estática. Para isto, foram executadas três estacas com diâmetros de 0.25 m; 0.30 m e 0.40 m, com comprimento de 5.0 m, no Campo Experimental da Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo ¿ FEC-UNICAMP. A primeira parte da pesquisa consistiu em uma compilação da teoria da transferência de carga e dos métodos teóricos e semi-empíricos para o cálculo da capacidade de carga; em que se utilizou o banco de dados geotécnicos de resultados de ensaios de campo (SPT, CPT, SPT-T) e resultados de laboratórios realizados no local. A segunda parte consistiu no desenvolvimento experimental da pesquisa, em que foram realizadas três provas de carga estáticas do tipo lentas, instrumentadas com extênsometros elétricos no topo e na ponta de maneira a se obter os dados do mecanismo de transferência de carga em profundidade. A partir da realização das provas de carga verificou-se que os ensaios forneceram um valor de carga de ruptura de 180 kN, 210 kN e 240 kN, para as estacas de 0.25m, 0.30m e 0.40m, respectivamente. De acordo aos resultados da instrumentação, as estacas trabalharam preponderantemente por atrito lateral. Observou-se que os métodos semi-empíricos e teóricos, superestimaram a carga de ponta e subestimaram a carga de atrito lateral. Verificou-se que o método Décourt e Quaresma (1996) com a utilização do coeficiente ?=2, foi o que melhor se aproximou e adequou ao local em estudo / Abstract: The objective of this dissertation is analyze the behavior of three bored piles with different diameters, instrumented, subjected to static load tests. For this, it were executed three piles with diameters of 0.25 m; 0.30 m and 0.40 m, with 5.0 m of length at the Experimental Site of School of Civil Enginering, Architecture and Urban Design at University of Campinas ¿ Unicamp. The first part of this research consisted in a compilation of load transfer theory and the study of theoretical and semi-empirical methods for the calculation of load capacity, which used the geotechnical data results of in situ tests (SPT, CPT, SPT-T) and laboratory results performed on site. The second part consisted in the development of experimental research, where three slow static load tests were performed, instrumented in depth with strain gages on top and at the tip in order to obtain information on the load transfer mechanism in depth. After performed the load tests it was found that the tests provide a value of rupture load of 180 kN, 210 kN and 240 kN, for piles of 0.25 m, 0.30 m and 0.40 m, respectively. According to the results of the instrumentation, the pile¿s behavior were predominantly by skin friction. It was observed that the semi-empirical and theorical methods overestimated the load of tip e underestimated the load skin friction. It was found that the Décourt and Quaresma (1996) method using the coefficient ? = 2, which was approached and best suited to the site under consideration / Mestrado / Geotecnia / Mestra em Engenharia Civil

Orientador: Paulo José Rocha de Albuquerque / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-22T22:52:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Schulze_Tami_M.pdf: 4860643 bytes, checksum: 3184896c9208ecb4e980c04642404cc3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: Esta pesquisa apresenta uma análise dos resultados da aplicação dos métodos semiempíricos para o cálculo da capacidade de carga do sistema solo - estaca por meio do valor de referência obtido por uma prova de carga instrumentada em profundidade. Para tanto, estudou-se uma estaca escavada por trado mecânico, com diâmetro de 0,25m e comprimento igual a 5,0m e executada no solo do tipo laterítico na região de Campinas-SP. Os parâmetros geotécnicos utilizados foram obtidos a partir de ensaios in-situ (SPT-T, CPT, DPL, DMT), realizados no local. Através da análise da curva carga vs. recalque pelo critério de rigidez de Décourt (1998), constatou-se que o sistema solo - estaca apresentou ruptura física e capacidade de carga de 183kN. Os dados da instrumentação revelaram que a estaca em estudo caracterizou-se como uma estaca de atrito. Os resultados dos métodos semi-empíricos foram agrupados de acordo com: tipo de ensaio in-situ utilizado, tipo de ruptura considerada e distribuição da carga de ruptura total nas parcelas de ponta e lateral. Verificou-se que os resultados de aplicação dos métodos de previsão de capacidade de carga apresentaram uma dispersão elevada dos valores. Observou-se que 93% dos métodos semi-empíricos forneceram resultados abaixo da capacidade de carga obtida da prova de carga / Abstract: This research presents a comparative analysis of the results of the bearing capacity of the soil - pile system calculated by the semi-empirical methods, and the reference value obtained by the instrumented static load test. Therefore, it was studied a mechanical bored pile with 0,25m of diameter and 5,0m of length that was constructed in a lateritic soil deposit on the region of Campinas-SP. The soil parameters needed for the calculations were obtained from in-situ tests (SPT-T, CPT, DPL, DMT), executed in the same place. Based on the load vs. settlement curve analysis and on the rigidity criterion of Décourt (1998), it was found that the bearing capacity of the soil-pile system was 183kN, and it presented ultimate failure. The data collected by straingages installed in the pile showed that the studied pile was classified as a friction pile. The results of the semi-empirical methods were grouped according to the type of in-situ test, type of the failure (ultimate failure, settlement limit) and the distribution of the ultimate load in: toe resistance and shaft resistance. It was verified that the results of the methods to predict the bearing capacity showed large dispersion of the values. It was observed that 93% of the semiempirical methods used in this study presented results below the bearing capacity obtained by the static load test / Mestrado / Geotecnia / Mestra em Engenharia Civil

Mittels künstlichen neuronalen Netzen wurden die in den rekultivierten Tagebaukippen im Nordraum Lausitz (Tagebaue Schlabendorf und Seese) auftretenden Geländedeformationen infolge Bodenverflüssigung für die Jahre 2009 - 2013 als Zeitreihe modelliert. Das Modell ist in der Lage, grob die zeitliche Entwicklung und exakt die räumliche Lage des in den Kippen auftretenden Gefährdungspotenzials nachzuvollziehen und als Funktion des sich ändernden Grundwasserspiegels und der sich ändernden Oberflächenmorphologie in die Zukunft zu prognostizieren. Das Modell zeigt dynamisch das Entstehen neuer Risikoflächen in bisher scheinbar stabilen Bereichen des Untersuchungsgebietes. Die Korrektheit des Modells wurde mittels verschiedener Tests geprüft sowie anhand einer Prognoserechnung für das Jahr 2014 und des Vergleichs mit den real in 2014/2015 gegangenen Ereignissen nachgewiesen. Folgende Gefährdungsfaktoren wurden ermittelt: Destabilisierend wirken eine möglichst einförmige Lithologie folgender Zusammenset-zung: 31 % Feinsand, 34 % Mittelsand, 31 % Grobsand, 3 % Schluff, < 1 % Kies, < 1 % Kalk, < 1 % Ton, < 1 % Kohle, kf-Werte zwischen 10-4 und 10-4,5 m/s, ein Grundwasserflurabstand bei 3,45 m (Medianwert), möglichst hohe Gradienten der nicht lithologisch kontrollierten Parameter: Tagebauoberfläche, Grundwasseroberfläche, Grundwasserflurabstand und Mächtigkeit der gesättigten Kippe. Stabilisierend wirken vor allem eine möglichst große Heterogenität der Lithologie auf kleinem Raum (möglichst hohe Gradienten der lithologisch kontrollierten Parameter (z.B. Kiesgehalt, Sandgehalt, Tongehalt, Kohlegehalt)), ein möglichst geringer Sandanteil, möglichst hohe Anteile an Kies, Schluff, Ton, Kalk, bzw. Kohle, ein möglichst großer Grundwasserflurabstand sowie möglichst geringe Gradienten der nicht lithologisch kontrollierten Parameter: Tagebauoberfläche, Grundwasseroberfläche, Grundwasserflurabstand, Mächtigkeit der gesättigten Kippe sowie wechselnde kf-Werte 10-7 bzw. >10-2 m/s. Für die Bearbeitung wurden ausschließlich die bei der LMBV vorhandenen bzw. laufend flächendeckend erhobenen Daten genutzt: Lage des Grundwasserspiegels, Relief der Tagebauoberfläche, Liegendes der Kippe, geologische Daten der Vorfeldbohrungen. Das Modell kann als dynamisches Instrument zum Risikomanagement vor bzw. während der Sanierungsmaßnahmen genutzt werden. Mittels der Variation der prozesskontrollie-renden Parameter können die geotechnischen Auswirkungen verschiedener Sanierungsszenarien (z.B. Gestaltung der Tagebauoberfläche, Schüttung der Kippen, Grundwasseranstieg) auf die Stabilität der Kippen prognostiziert werden. / Geotechnical events (terrain deformation due to soil liquefaction) in lignite mining waste rock piles of the northern Lausitz area (opencast pits Schlabendorf and Seese), have been modeled as time series for the years 2009 – 2013 by using artificial neural networks. The model has clearly recognized the influences of various lithological and non-lithological controlled parameters on the occurrence of geotechnical events, and these have been quantified and weighted in terms of their importance. The model is able to predict the tem-poral evolution and the exact spatial location of the events occurring in the dumps as a function of changing groundwater levels and surface morphology. The model shows dynamically the emergence of new risk areas in hitherto seemingly stable areas. The correctness of the model was confirmed by means of various tests and its predictive success was demonstrated through forecasting of events for the years 2014 and 2015 and their comparison with the observed events of those years. The following main risk factors were identified: Important destabilizing factors are a monotonous lithology with the following composition: 31% fine sand, 34% medium sand, 31% coarse sand, 3% silt, <1% gravel, <1% lime, <1% clay, <1% coal, kf-values between 10-4 and 10-4.5 m/s, a surface to groundwater distance of 3.45 meters (median value), high gradients of non-lithological controlled parameters: waste dump surface, groundwater level, depth to groundwater and thickness of saturated dump. 2. Important stabilizing factors are a high heterogeneity of lithology (high gradients of the lithological controlled parameters: e.g. gravel content, sand content, clay content, carbon content), a low proportion of sand in the dump composition, high proportions of gravel, silt, clay, lime, or coal, a high depth to groundwater, low gradients of non-lithological controlled parameters: open pit surface, groundwater surface, depth to groundwater, thickness of saturated dump, strongly changing kf values between 10-7 and 10-2 m/s. The model can be used as a dynamic tool for risk management before and during the re-habilitation of lignite waste dumps, and for constructing stable waste dumps. By means of varying the model parameters (e.g. design of the dump surface, composition of dumped rocks, rising groundwater) the geotechnical effects of dump design and remediation scenarios can be predicted.

Une inquiétude majeure de notre société moderne est de fournir de l’énergie à une demande mondiale toujours croissante. Les énergies alternatives sont alors un domaine de recherche stimulant et stimulé. Comme technologie prometteuse, les piles à combustible comportant une membrane conductrice de protons montrent des résultats encourageants en simulation et en laboratoire. Ces membranes sont souvent composées de polymères perfluorés, comme le Nafion\textsuperscript{\textregistered}, malgré leur coût et leur faible efficacité à haute température. Une meilleure compréhension de leurs propriétés intrinsèques mènerait à des indices vers de nouvelles membranes stables thermiquement, chimiquement, et plus efficaces. Cette étude concerne alors la simulation de membranes composées de Nafion\textsuperscript{\textregistered} à différents taux d’hydratation. Une des problématiques mentionnées précédemment concerne l’efficacité des membranes à faible taux d’hydratation. La conductivité du Nafion\textsuperscript{\textregistered} décroît fortement lorsque peu de molécules d’eau sont présentes dans le matériau. Ce fait est directement lié aux états de l’eau. En effet, les molécules présentes en faible concentration ne se comportent pas comme l’eau en \textit{bulk} (ex.: un verre d’eau). Celles-ci sont fortement liées au groupement chimique sulfonique, ce qui réduit leur mobilité et, par ailleurs, leur capacité de conduire des protons. À plus haute concentration en eau dans la membrane, trois autres états apparaissent: l’eau normale, un état intermédiaire et l'eau liée au groupement d'acide sulfonnique. La conductivité de la membrane augmente donc drastiquement lorsque la prise d’eau de la membrane atteint un seuil critique. Une fraction élevée d’eau à l'état normale dans une membrane est alors corrélé à une meilleure efficacité de cette dernière. Par ailleurs, ceci explique pourquoi le Nafion\textsuperscript{\textregistered} trône au sommet du palmarès pour les matériaux solides conducteurs: en comparaison avec les autres matériaux, ce polymère perfluoré possède plus d’eau à l'état normal (pour un taux d’hydratation constant). Les résultats font alors objet de l’identification des états de l’eau dans un matériau simulé. Dans un premier temps, la quantification des pourcentages relatifs des états de l’eau au sein d’une membrane perfluorée a été faite. L’état le plus important est l’eau libre, où cette quantité dans une membrane est corrélée avec la conductivité de celle-ci. La performance de cette dernière est alors reliée à l’eau libre qu’elle contient. Pour confirmer les bonnes définitions employées, les molécules d’eau sont alors soumises à des tests pour sonder leur déplacement et rotation dans l’espace. Les données calculées sont ensuite comparées à des expériences en calorimétrie différentielle à balayage, résonance magnétique nucléaire du proton et spectroscopie d’impédance électrique. La validation des résultats étant faite, le transfert des connaissances aux polymères dérivés du norbornène peut être accompli. Ces nouvelles connaissances seront la clé pour l’élaboration d’une procédure de simulation à la prédiction de nouveaux matériaux. Les perspectives à court terme englobent l’étude de différents dérivés du norbornène. Les composés les plus prometteurs seront communiqués à des chimistes spécialistes en synthèse de matériaux fonctionnels. [Symboles non conformes]

Trends in the construction of deep excavations include deeper excavations situated closer to buildings. This research provides insight into mechanisms of soil-structure interaction for piled buildings adjacent to deep excavations to be used in the design and monitoring of deep excavations in urban areas. Most methods to assess building response have originally been developed for tunnelling projects or buildings with shallow foundations. Monitoring data of the construction of three deep excavations for the North South metro Line in Amsterdam, The Netherlands have been used to validate these methods specifically for piled buildings. In all three of the Amsterdam deep excavations studied, the largest impact on the ground surface and buildings is attributed to preliminary activities instead of the commonly expected excavation stage. The in situ preliminary activities caused 55-75% of the surface settlement and 55-65% of the building settlements. Surface settlements measured behind the wall were much larger than the wall deflections and reached over a distance of 2-3 times the excavated depth away from the wall. The shape of the surface settlements found resembles the hogging shape as defined by Peck (1969). For the excavation stage only, the shape of the displacement fits the profile proposed by Hsieh and Ou (1998). Most prediction methods overestimate the soil displacement at depth. An analytical method has been established and tested for the behaviour of piled buildings near excavations. This method includes the reduction of pile capacity due to lower stress levels, settlement due to soil deformations below the base of the pile and development of negative (or positive) skin friction due to relative movements of the soil and the pile shaft. The response of piles in the case of soil displacements depends on the working load of the pile, the percentages of end bearing and shaft friction of the pile, the size and shape of the soil settlements with depth and the distribution of the maximum shaft friction with depth. A method is derived to determine the level for each pile at which the pile and soil settlement are equal. Buildings in Amsterdam built before 1900 and without basement are most sensitive to soil displacements. For all other buildings, the pile settlement depends mainly on the working load. The actual damage experienced in buildings depends also on the relative stiffness of the building compared to the soil. Cross sections in Amsterdam have been evaluated and it is concluded that the Goh and Mair (2011) method provides a realistic, although rather large range of possible modification factors for the deflection of buildings next to excavations, deforming in hogging shape. For the incidents that happened at Vijzelgracht some well known damage indicators have been evaluated.

The shear strength of soil-structure interfaces is relevant to the stability of energy piles. The thermo-hydro-mechanical processes can have a strong effect on the behaviour of interfaces between unsaturated soils and piles. Temperature changes lead to water movement in the soil. The moisture loss or gain in the soil causes drying or wetting. In addition, water movement influences the heat transfer properties of the soil. Temperature and moisture content changes affect the magnitude of soil suction in unsaturated soils. Changes in soil suction alter the strength and deformation characteristics of the soil mass and soil-structure interfaces. Similar to the effects of temperature changes, the mechanical loading and the changes in hydraulic conditions in the ground would cause changes in the void ratio, degree of saturation, suction, strength and deformation characteristics of soil. The interface behaviour under varying thermo-hydro-mechanical (THM) conditions is classified as a coupled problem and this is the subject of the present research. In the present investigation, laboratory studies and numerical analyses are carried out to evaluate the THM effect on the behaviour of interfaces between an energy pile material and an unsaturated soil. A 3D interface apparatus (Fakharian and Evgin 1996) has been modified (Fu et al. 2013) to allow the behaviour of an interface to be studied under thermo-mechanical loading conditions. In the present study, the experiments are conducted on soil samples with low degree of saturation and high degree of saturation. It is found that in interface tests using soil samples with low degree of saturation, the adhesion increased due to a positive effect of suction on strength than the negative effect of increasing temperatures. However, in interface tests on soil samples with high degree of saturation, the adhesion decreased with increasing temperatures while the positive effect of suction was not large enough to overcome the negative effect of increasing temperatures. This is a new finding that has not been reported anywhere in the literature. The friction angle for both soil samples (with different degrees of saturation) changed slightly with temperature change. Coupled finite element analyses conducted in the present study provide the following geotechnical information that would be useful for the design of energy piles: (a) Bearing capacity of the pile with and without the effect of temperature, (b) The effect of degree of saturation (or suction) on the strength and deformation characteristics of both the soil and the soil-structure interface, (c) Temperature effects on the amount of pile head movements (up or down), (d) Temperature induced stresses in the pile, (f) Amount of heat that can be stored or extracted from the ground as a function of time. At the initial stages of this study, THM effects on the behaviour of energy piles under saturated and unsaturated conditions are analyzed by using SIGMA/W and VADOSE/W finite element codes of GeoStudio 2012. Although these codes are not multi-physics FE codes, it is possible to use them sequentially to obtain results that will show the trends in pile behaviour. This numerical approach is used first to analyze the behaviour of an energy pile installed partially in unsaturated soil. The moisture content and temperature distributions around a 10 m long, bored pile are calculated using transient analyses. Changes taking place in the stress state along the pile shaft and the bearing capacity of the pile at different temperatures are calculated. In the second part of the numerical analysis of the present study, THM effects on the behaviour of energy piles under saturated and unsaturated conditions are analyzed by using PLAXIS 2D finite element code. PLAXIS is a fully couples finite element code. In order to enhance present understanding of the behaviour of energy piles and do the analysis correctly, a fully coupled analysis involving thermo-hydro-mechanical processes was carried out. Three simulations (mechanical loading only, thermo-mechanical coupling and thermo-hydro-mechanical coupling) are conducted using case studies that are available in the literature. In addition, the behaviour of a generic energy pile, which is installed in a kaolin-sand mixture, is studied by taking into consideration of thermo–hydro-mechanical processes. The coupled analysis provided the distributions of temperature, degree of saturation, suction and heat flux in the analysis domain. Numerical results of the fully-coupled method are compared with the results of sequential method of analysis.

Le dimensionnement des ponts et viaducs au Canada se base sur la norme CAN/CSA S6-14. Pour le calcul de ces structures sous des charges extrêmes, des cartes d'aléa sismique sont produites par la Commission géologique du Canada selon un taux d'amortissement de 5 %. La norme propose des taux d'amortissement visqueux élastique de 2 % pour le béton et de 1 % pour l'acier. Un nouveau facteur de correction selon l'amortissement est mentionné dans cette norme pour modifier les spectres de réponse provenant des cartes sismiques. Plusieurs études sur des ouvrages d'art quantifient les taux d'amortissement visqueux élastique entre 1 % et 2 %, confirmant ainsi qu'il est nécessaire d'utiliser un facteur de correction des spectres pour éviter une sous-évaluation des déplacements au niveau du tablier. Le projet de recherche consiste à quantifier le taux d'amortissement visqueux élastique des ponts routiers grâce à des essais in situ sur des ouvrages du Québec. Les essais débutent avec l'acquisition de données à l'aide d'accéléromètres alors que le pont est sous vibrations ambiantes. Une fois les propriétés modales extraites, un essai sous vibrations forcées par balayage des fréquences est effectué, en ciblant les fréquences propres. L'interprétation de la réponse de la structure à ce dernier essai permet de trouver précisément l'amortissement. Une étude paramétrique sur le logiciel OpenSees est aussi effectuée pour évaluer l'impact de la variation du taux d'amortissement utilisé sur les déplacements du tablier lors d'un séisme. Les résultats démontrent que le taux d'amortissement visqueux élastique peut être aussi bas que 1 %, ce qui peut doubler la réponse en déplacements aux joints d'un pont par rapport à une analyse avec 5 % d'amortissement. Le mémoire cherche à clarifier l'utilisation de la norme S6-14, à démontrer l'importance d'utiliser un bon taux d'amortissement et à encourager l'utilisation d'un facteur de correction des spectres adéquat pour calculer la réponse sismique des ponts routiers québécois et canadiens. Des recommandations sont proposées dans ce sens.

Cette thèse réalisée dans le cadre des projets PIE CNRS AMELI-0Pt et AMEPlas et ANR AMADEUS a regroupé plusieurs entités autour de la thématique des piles à combustible : Dreux Agglomération puis l’Agence Innovation Made In Dreux (MID), le GREMI, le LACCO et initialement l’industriel MHS Equipment. L’objectif de ce travail est l’élaboration par voie plasma et l’optimisation d’électrodes de piles à combustible de type PEMFC et SAMFC dans le but d’obtenir de bonnes performances avec des charges de platine ultra faibles ou sans platine. Le projet a été organisé en quatre étapes : l’étude de la croissance simultanée de platine et de carbone co-pulvérisés par plasma, la dispersion optimale de quantités ultra faibles de catalyseur, le remplacement du platine par un alliage bimétallique à base de palladium, et le dépôt direct du catalyseur sur la membrane par plasma. En utilisant un faisceau synchrotron de rayons X (Synchrotron SOLEIL), en collaboration avec le CRMD, l’étude GISAXS des couches minces Pt-C co-pulvérisés a révélé l’organisation particulière du platine dans ce type de nanostructure. Ces couches minces Pt-C offrent d’excellentes performances (20 kW.gPt-1) avec des charges de platine ultra faibles. Des électrodes PdPt (5 %at Pt) faiblement chargées permettent d’atteindre de bonnes performances en PEMFC quasiment sans platine (12,5 kW.gPd-1 et 250 kW.gPt-1). L’étude de l’activité de catalyseurs PdAu vis-à-vis de l’oxydation du glycérol a révélé l’origine des effets synergiques du palladium et de l’or en milieu alcalin. Le dépôt plasma direct de platine associé ou non au dépôt de carbone sur membrane a été optimisé. Les performances obtenues avec des CCM (Catalyst Coated Membrane) plasma démontrent l’intérêt de ce type d’architecture. / This research work has been achieved in the context of the PIE CNRS AMELI-0Pt and AMEPlas and ANR AMADEUS projects and has gathered several entities around the Fuel Cell research: Dreux Agglomération and Agence Innovation Made In Dreux (MID), the French national research laboratories GREMI and LACCO and initially the company MHS Equipment. The project aims at developing and optimising fuel cell electrodes (anode and cathode) for PEMFC (Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell) and SAMFC (Solide Alkaline Membrane Fuel Cell) entirely by plasma in order to reach effective performances with ultra low platinum loadings or none at all. The project was divided into four stages: the study of the simultaneous growth of platinum and carbon co-sputtered by plasma, the optimum dispersion of a very small amount of catalysts, the replacement of platinum by a palladium based bimetallic alloy, and the direct deposition of the catalyst on the polymer membrane by plasma sputtering. By using an X-ray synchrotron beam light source (SOLEIL Synchrotron), in collaboration with the CRMD, the GISAXS study of co-sputtered Pt-C thin films has revealed the particular organisation of platinum inside this type of nanostructure. These Pt-C thin films offer excellent performances (20 kW.cm-2) with ultra low platinum amounts. Low loaded PdPt (5 %at Pt) electrodes offered good performances almost without platinum (12,5 kW.gPd-1 et 250 kW.gPt-1). The study of the activity of PdAu catalysts (plasma sputtered) on the glycerol electro-oxidation revealed the origin of the synergistic effects of palladium and gold in an alkaline medium. The direct plasma deposition of platinum associated or not with carbon deposition on membrane has been optimised. The performances of the plasma prepared CCM (Catalyst Coated Membrane) demonstrate the potential of this type of architecture.