The diploma thesis is dealing with transition process in Croatia since the change of communistic regime to the present. It examines the transition from the socialistic economy to the market-oriented economy according to particular parts of the process and describes the progress and implementation of market reforms. The political and macroeconomic evolution is included as well as the current situation. All data is compared with other countries in transition. The thesis can help to understand the Croatian transition and current situation. It can be useful for companies which plan to invest or set up a business in Croatia.

Les problèmes traités et les résultats obtenus dans ce travail s'inscrivent essentiellement dans le domaine de la théorie des automates, la logique mathématique et leurs applications. Dans un premier temps on utilise les automates finis pour démontrer l'automaticité de plusieurs structures logiques sur des mots finis écrits dans un alphabet infini dénombrable. Ceci nous permet de déduire la décidabilité des théories logiques associées à ces structures. On a considéré par exemple la structure $X=(Sigma^*;prec,clone)$ où $Sigma^*$ désigne l'ensemble des mots finis sur l'alphabet infini dénombrable $Sigma$, $prec$ désigne la relation de préfixe et $clone$ désigne le prédicat qui est vrai pour un mot se terminant par deux lettres identiques. On a démontré l'automaticité de la structure $X$ et la décidabilité de sa théorie du premier ordre et de sa théorie monadique du second ordre. On a aussi considéré des extensions de la structure $X$ obtenues en ajoutant des prédicats comme $sim$ qui est vrai pour deux mots de même longueur. Nous avons en particulier démontré la $M$-automaticité de la structure $(Sigma^*;prec,clone,sim)$, d'où la décidabilité de sa théorie du premier ordre. On a par ailleurs étudié des structures qui comportent le prédicat $diff$ qui est vrai pour un mot dont les lettres sont toutes distinctes. En particulier on a démontré l'automaticité de la structure $D=(Sigma^*;prec,clone,diff)$ et la décidabilité de sa théorie du premier ordre et de sa théorie monadique du second ordre. On a également obtenu, par interprétation logique, des résultats de décidabilité et des résultats d'indécidabilité pour plusieurs variantes des structures $X$ et $D$, ainsi que pour des familles de structures appelées emph{structure d'applications exclusives} et emph{structure de décomposition}.Dans un deuxième temps on s'est intéressé au problème de la réduction du nombre de transitions dans les automates finis. On a commencé par étendre le concept de emph{Common Follow Sets} d'une expression régulière aux automates finis homogènes. On a montré comment établir une liaison assez directe entre des systèmes de CFS spécifiques et les arbres binaires complets. Ce lien est prouvé en utilisant un objet combinatoire appelé emph{triangle d'Ératosthène - Pascal}. Cette correspondance permet de transformer la valeur qui nous intéresse (le nombre de transitions) en une valeur assez naturelle associée aux arbres (le poids d'un arbre). En effet, construire un automate ayant un minimum de transitions revient à trouver un arbre de poids minimal. On a montré, d'une part, que ce nombre de transitions est asymptotiquement équivalent à $n(log_2 n)^2$ (la borne inférieure). D'autre part, les tests expérimentaux montrent que pour les petites valeurs de $n$, les automates minimaux en nombre de transitions coïncident (en nombre et en taille) avec ceux obtenus par notre construction. Cela nous mène à suggérer que notre réduction est finalement une minimisation pour les automates triangulaires. Dans un dernier temps on a présenté une étude expérimentale concernant l'application des automates à trous dans le domaine de la recherche approchée de motif dans les dictionnaires de mots. Contrairement aux complexités théoriques, temps de recherche et espace de stockage exponentiels, nos expérimentations montrent la linéarité de l'automate à trous / This work deals mainly with automata theory, mathematical logic and their applications. In the first part, we use finite automata to prove the automaticity of several logical structures over finite words written in a countable infinite alphabet. These structures involve predicates like $pred$, $clone$ and $diff$, where $x pred y$ holds if $x$ is a strict prefix of $y$, $clone(x)$ holds when the two last letters of $x$ are equal, and $diff(x)$ holds when all letters of $x$ are pairwise distinct. The automaticity results allow to deduce the decidability of logical theories associated with these structures. Other related decidability/undecidability results are obtained by logical interpretation. In the second part, we generalize the concept of Common Follow Sets of a regular expression to homogeneous finite automata. Based on this concept and a particular class of binary trees, we devise an efficient algorithm to reduce/minimize the number of transitions of triangular automata. On the one hand, we prove that the produced reduced automaton is asymptotically minimal, in the sense that for an automaton with $n$ states, the number of transitions in the reduced automaton is equivalent to $n(log_2 n)^2$ , which corresponds at the same time to the upper and the lower known bounds. On the other hand, experiments reveal that for small values of $n$, all minimal automata are exactly those obtained by our reduction, which lead us to conjecture that our construction is not only a reduction but a minimization. In the last part, we present an experimental study on the use of special automata on partial words for the approximate pattern matching problem in dictionaries. Despite exponential theoretical time and space upper bounds, our experiments show that, in many practical cases, these automata have a linear size and allow a linear search time

This study is about the transition planning of young people with special educational needs (SEN) from secondary mainstream and special schools to post-secondary opportunities. Leaving secondary school is the first task related to the transition to adulthood and it has been identified as a particularly complex task for pupils with SEN. A systematic literature review was undertaken to start to develop a ‘map of transition’, a framework of positive transition practice. Interviews with key professionals, parents and teachers and pupil case studies were used to generate qualitative data. It was used to analyse transition practice in the real world of schools and the involvement of families, pupils and external services. This study was particularly concerned with understanding any barriers or gaps of transition work. Pupil annual reviews, including those adopting a person-centred format were thematically analysed in terms of their ability to address transition planning and future options. Results suggest similarities and differences in transition planning practices between mainstream and special schools. In both settings there was appreciable reliance on the Connexions Service. For pupils with SEN in mainstream schools transition planning could be conceptualised as ‘invisible transition’. It was a not an explicit process, with experiences and access to services likely to be related to schools’ perception of need, option pathways and whether or not pupils had a Statement of SEN. In special schools, transition planning was conceptualised as ‘visible but blurred’. It centred on gaining external service involvement, with limited focus on transition-related education. In both mainstream and special schools there were difficulties with the compilation of distinct transition plans and their implementation. Tensions related to unclear roles and responsibilities, difficulties with access to external services and limited post-secondary opportunities were highlighted. This allowed revision and extension of the ‘map of transition’. The study leads to suggested improvements to service delivery for young people by schools and other stakeholders.

Les phases de transitions entre les différentes stratégies de prise en charge de l'insuffisance rénale chronique terminale peuvent être associées à une augmentation de la morbidité et de la mortalité lorsqu’elles ne sont pas anticipées. Il faut donc pouvoir définir des trajectoires de patient et faire en sorte de maîtriser les changements d’état afin d’améliorer la prise en charge du patient insuffisant rénal chronique. Cela ne peut être atteint sans une phase exploratoire préalable visant à étudier les phases de transition du parcours de soins intégrés. L’objectif de ce travail était donc d’étudier trois transitions présentes dans le parcours de soins du patient atteint d’insuffisance rénale chronique.Nous avons montré que chez le patient qui débute la dialyse péritonéale, le temps passé au préalable dans un autre traitement de suppléance, que ce soit en hémodialyse ou en transplantation rénale, peut précocement impacter son devenir dans la technique. Cette importance du traitement antérieur renforce notre conviction qu’il faut avoir une vision globale et intégrée de la prise en charge du patient insuffisant rénal chronique terminal. De même, la survenue d’une péritonite dans les premiers mois en dialyse péritonéale est associée à l’arrêt précoce de la technique. Il est donc indispensable à la prise en charge initiale et au cours des premiers mois de traitement en dialyse péritonéale de s’interroger sur le risque de transfert précoce en hémodialyse du patient et sur la nécessité de lui créer une fistule artério-veineuse. Nous avons également rapporté le fait que les infections liées à la fistule en dialyse hors centre sont des événements relativement peu fréquents. Cependant, une approche différente de ces infections, en distinguant le risque de première infection et le risque de récidive infectieuse chez un patient, permettra de diminuer la fréquence de ces événements responsables de transition non programmée entre les différentes structures de dialyse. Enfin, nous avons choisi d’étudier la transition entre stade V de l’insuffisance rénale et le traitement par dialyse dans la population des patients atteints de cancer. Nous avons montré que l’incidence de la dialyse dans cette population n’est pas plus importante que dans la population générale. La survie en dialyse de ces sujets semble également comparable à celle des dialysés sans cancer diagnostiqué. Nos résultats suggèrent que seuls les patients avec un cancer en bonne condition générale ont la possibilité d’être traité par dialyse chronique. Il existe un réel rationnel scientifique à considérer le parcours de soins du patient insuffisant rénal chronique stade V comme un parcours intégré, comprenant plusieurs états et de nombreuses phases de transition, qui doivent être explorées finement tout en tenant compte de l’ensemble de la trajectoire du patient. / Transitions between treatment strategies in chronic kidney disease are often not prepared and can lead to morbidity and mortality. It is necessary to anticipate these transitions to improve patients outcomes and health care organisation. We aimed at studying three pathways observed in the career of chronic kidney disease patients.We have shown that patients treated by hemodialysis before peritoneal dialysis start and failed transplant patients had a higher risk of early peritoneal dialysis failure. Early peritonitis was also associated with a higher risk of early technical failure. It is therefore important to evaluate the necessity to create an arterio-venous fistula in peritoneal dialysis patients during the first months on dialysis, to avoid transfer in hemodialysis on a central venous catheter.We reported that the rate of arterio-venous fistula infections in satellite dialysis units was low. However, it seems necessary to distinguish the risk for having a first infection and the risk for having a relapse of infection. This consideration can help decreasing the number of fallback between stallite units and hospital dialysis centers.Finally, we studied transition between end-stage renal disease and dialysis in cancer patients. We showed that incidence of chronic dialysis initiation in that population was not higher then the one observed in the general population. Survival in dialysis was not different in cancer patients compared to matched patients without malignancy. We can hypothesise that only cancer patients in good condition are proposed for dialysis programs.It is necessary to consider the chronic kidney disease patients' care as an integrated care program, with transitions between treatment strategies that can be improved and anticipated.

Le packaging sous vide des capteurs résonants (accéléromètres, gyromètres), des oscillateurs à quartz utilisés dans les références de temps ou encore des bolomètres est indispensable pour obtenir de très hautes performances et les maintenir dans le temps. Le faible volume de la cavité sous vide nécessite un pompage in-situ pour compenser les fuites et maintenir le vide pendant toute la durée de vie des dispositifs. Ce pompage peut être réalisé par l'insertion dans la cavité de matériaux getter, qui constituent un système intégré de pompage à l'état solide par adsorption et piégeage des molécules de gaz.Nous avons étudié les phénomènes d’interdiffusion et comparé la capacité de sorption de films getters de titane, vanadium ou zirconium protégés par une couche ultramince d'or. Les propriétés des films ont été analysées en utilisant différentes techniques: mesure de résistivité 4 pointes, XRD, MEB, XPS et SIMS après différents traitements thermiques. Les résultats montrent que le système Au/Zr est le meilleur candidat à la fonction de matériau getter grâce au démouillage de l'or après traitement thermique : 70 nm de Zr est oxydé en ZrO2 après un recuit à 300 °C pendant 1h, ce qui correspond à 7,5 10-7 moles d'oxygène absorbées. Toutefois ce système Au/Zr réagit déjà à 200 °C-1h, une température qui peut s'avérer trop basse pour des applications de packaging sous vide. Ainsi, l'empilement Au/Zr/V/Zr a été proposé pour mieux cibler la température d'activation autour de 300°C tout en gardant une capacité de sorption importante. / The vacuum packaging of resonant sensors (accelerometers, gyroscopes) and quartz oscillators which are used for time references or bolometers is needed in order to reach high performances on a long term. The low volume of the cavity requires an in-situ gas pumping to compensate the leaks and maintain the vacuum during all the lifetime of the device. This pumping can be achieved by the integration of getter materials into the cavity, behaving as an integrated solid state pumping system based on the adsorption and the trapping of the gas molecules.We have studied the interdiffusion phenomena and compared the sorption capacity of titanium, vanadium or zirconium getter film protected by a thin gold layer. The properties of these films were analysed by various techniques: 4 point probe resistivity measurement, XRD, SEM, XPS and SIMS after different thermal treatments. The results show that the Au/Zr system is the best candidate thanks to the gold dewetting after thermal treatment: 70 nm of Zr has been oxidized to ZrO2 after annealing at 300 °C-1h, which is corresponding to the absorption of 7,5 10-7 moles of oxygen. However Au/Zr system already reacts at 200 °C-1h, a too low temperature for packaging applications under vacuum. Thus, the multilayer Au/Zr/V/Zr was proposed to target an activation temperature around 300 °C while keeping a high sorption capacity.

Le thème de l’individuation et de la persistance des entités vivantes constitue l’une des problématiques centrales de la philosophie de la biologie. Dans les sciences du vivant, l’organisme représente traditionnellement l’exemple paradigmatique de l’individu biologique. Toutefois, malgré le lien intuitif entre l’organisme et l’individu, la biologie contemporaine a su faire un usage plus large du concept d’individu. Ainsi, la circonscription de ce qui était appréhendé comme appartenant au vivant a été élargie par la reconnaissance de plusieurs types d’individus biologiques, parmi lesquels nous trouvons non seulement les organismes dits « traditionnels », mais également toute une variété d’entités telles que des protistes, des molécules d’ARN, des prions, des virus et des bactéries de toutes sortes. Par ailleurs, cette nouvelle vision de l’individu biologique a été utilisée afin d’illustrer les différents niveaux de l’organisation biologique. En ce sens, la discussion porte principalement sur le niveau – gènes, cellules, organismes, superorganismes, espèces, écosystèmes – où la sélection agit, dans lequel l’organisme, en tant qu’exemple paradigmatique d’individu, peut être considéré comme un simple niveau entre une diversité de niveaux de sélection. Par conséquent, l’extension des limites de l’ontologie biologique a permis, d’une part, d’interroger le concept d’individu en le libérant de la référence à l’organisme, et d’une autre, de relativiser l’importance de l’organisme au sein du discours biologique. Pourtant, nous soutenons que, pour contribuer au développement de la thématique de l’individu biologique, il faut donner voix à un autre discours sur l’individualité, qui émerge des discussions sur l’ontologie des organismes. C’est vers la tradition systémique qu’il convient de tourner le regard, dans le but d’étendre les recherches sur la nature de l’individualité biologique sous l’angle d’une définition renouvelée de l’organisme. Notre démarche suppose d’établir une distinction importante entre deux tendances biologiques à propos du problème de l’individu biologique : l’individu darwinien et l’individu ontogénétique. Dans une approche ontogénétique, un individu correspond à l’entité qui s’autodétermine au cours de son temps de vie individuel. Ainsi, cette position repose sur une conception davantage physiologique, centrée sur l’organisation biologique. / The theme about individuation and persistence of living entities is one of the central issues in the philosophy of biology. In the life sciences, the organism represents traditionally the paradigmatic example of the biological individual. However, despite the intuitive connection between the organism and the individual, contemporary biology has been able to make wider use of the concept of the individual. Thus, the contours of what was apprehended as belonging to the living world has been enlarged by the recognition of several types of biological individuals, among which we find not only so-called "traditional" organisms, but also a variety of entities such as protists, RNA molecules, prions, viruses and bacteria of all kinds. In addition, this new vision of the biological individual has been used to illustrate the different levels of biological organization. In this sense, the discussion focuses on the level - genes, cells, organisms, superorganisms, species, ecosystems - where selection acts, in which the organism can be considered a simple level between a variety of levels of selection. Consequently, the extension of the limits of biological ontology allowed, on the one hand, to question the concept of the individual by releasing it from the reference to the organism, and on the other hand, to relativize the importance of the organism within the biological discourse. However, we argue that, to contribute to the development of biological individuality theme, we must give voice to another discourse on individuality, which emerges from discussions on the ontology of organisms. It is towards the systemic tradition that we must turn our attention, in order to extend research on the nature of biological individuality in the light of a renewed definition of the organism. Thus, we assumes an important distinction between two non-exclusive biological tendencies about the problem of the biological individual: the Darwinian individual and the ontogenetic individual. In an ontogenetic approach, an individual corresponds to the entity that self-determines during its individual life time. Thus, this approach is on a physiological conception, centered on biological organization.

Bakgrund En amputation innebär att en kroppsdel avlägsnas kirurgiskt, vilket medför en oåterkallelig förändring. I Sverige genomförs årligen omkring 2250 benamputationer, där underbensamputation är den vanligaste. Vanliga orsaker är perifer vaskulär sjukdom, infektion eller trauma. En amputation medför en transition då den påverkar personens liv fysiskt, psykiskt och socialt. Syfte Syftet var att få en djupare förståelse för personers upplevelser av att leva med underbensamputation. Metod Litteraturöversikten innehåller 12 vetenskapliga artiklar, med både kvalitativa och kvantitativa metoder. Artiklar har sökts fram via databaserna Cinahl Complete och PubMed med sökord som: amputation, experience, living with och lower limb. Datan har analyserats utifrån Fribergs analysmetod. Resultat I resultatet framkom att upplevelsen av livet med underbensamputation påverkades av faktorer relaterat till följande huvudteman: Den förändrade kroppen, Att leva med smärta, Anpassning till det nya livet och Stöd av omgivningen. En positiv inställning och copingstrategier påverkade personernas upplevelse av den förändrade kroppen och smärtan. Stöd från omgivningen var det mest centrala för att känna delaktighet i samhället. Sammanfattning Ett individanpassat stöd var betydande för att ta reda på personernas behov utifrån deras resurser. Psykosociala insatser, som stödgrupper och terapeutiskt stöd förbättrade anpassningsförmågan och transitionsprocessen för personerna. / Background An amputation implies a surgical removal of a body part, which results in an irreversible change. In Sweden, about 2250 leg amputations are performed annually, where lower limb amputation is the most common. Common causes are peripheral vascular disease, infection, or trauma. An amputation results in a transition as it affects the person's life physically, mentally, and socially. Aim The aim was to gain a deeper understanding of people's experiences of living with lower limb amputation. Method This literature review includes 12 scientific articles, utilizing both qualitative and quantitative methods. All articles have been retrieved through the databases Cinahl Complete and PubMed using search terms such as amputation, experience, living with, and lower limb. The data has been analyzed using Friberg's analysis method. Results In the results, it was found that the experience of living with lower limb amputation was influenced by factors related to the following main themes: The altered body, Living with pain, Adaptation to the new life and Support from the environment. A positive attitude and coping strategies affected people's experience of the altered body and pain. Support from the environment was the most crucial factor in feeling participation in society. Summary Individual support was significant in identifying people's needs based on their resources. Psychosocial interventions, such as support groups and therapeutic support, improved the adaptability and transition process for individuals.

The most recent revision of the Individuals with Disabilities in Education Act (IDEA) mandates that students’ strengths be considered in the transition planning process for students with disabilities; however, there is evidence that individuals’ strengths are not being utilized to support their transition to adulthood (Shogren & Plotner, 2012; Landmark & Zhang, 2012). Strengths refer to all of an individual’s assets, both personal and contextual, that improve that individual’s ability to function (Davis et al., 2007; McCammon, 2012). Parents have unique perspectives of their sons’ and daughters’ strengths (Carter, Brock, & Trainor, 2014) and have the potential to influence the transition planning process in a positive way. This study used qualitative methods to understand how parents describe their son or daughter’s strengths, both personal and contextual, in relation to transition planning. Findings indicated that parents identify equal amounts of personal and contextual strengths for their children. However, strengths were described as being context dependent; the trait or resource described as an asset in one aspect of transitioning to adult life was also described as a barrier to another aspect. These findings highlighted the value of including parents in the transition planning process and that students have many strengths available for consideration as they enter adult life.

The transition to high school is a critical juncture of a student's educational career. The type of ninth grade transition program a high school has in place can be a deciding factor regarding whether students 'make it or break it' during their first year and, ultimately, have success throughout all of high school. Currently, resources are available about different aspects of the ninth grade transition, but nothing provides principals with a research-based and practitioner-endorsed comprehensive approach to designing and implementing a ninth grade transition program. A comprehensive approach starts with proper goals and objectives, includes essential specific components and ingredients needed in a ninth grade transition program, and requires data or measures to judge the effectiveness of the program. Therefore, a Delphi study was undertaken to answer the following research question: What should be the goals/objectives of a comprehensive ninth grade transition program (i.e., academic success alone or are there other things that also are important)? The secondary questions focused on the components or ingredients that are essential and how to evaluate the success of a ninth grade transition program. This Delphi study included three rounds during which data were gathered from a 20-member panel of experts that included both national leaders and education practitioners. The panel produced 21 consensus items on goals/objectives of a ninth grade transition program, 10 consensus items on essential components of a ninth grade transition program, and 15 consensus items on the data/measures to evaluate the success of a ninth grade transition program. Results indicated that transition programs need to address both academic and social/emotional needs of students. The data provided evidence that principals need to take great care in teacher quality, instructional practices, and a systematic approach to monitoring the performance of ninth grade students as well as ensuring students make a positive connection with an adult in the school. / Ed. D.

Organoboron compounds are highly valued synthetic intermediates due to their diverse array of reactivity, which is often utilized in the synthesis of valuable organic molecules. For this reason, there is significant interest in the development of novel borylation protocols, especially those whose products are suitable for further synthetic transformations towards valuable classes of compounds. Research in organoboron synthesis has been geared heavily toward transition metal-catalyzed addition to double and triple bonds, though an increasing number of publications detail transition metal-free borylation techniques involving substrate-mediated activation of a diboron reagent. This dissertation describes the author's contributions to the development of both a transition metal-catalyzed diboration and a transition metal-free protoboration. A transition metal-free diboration of alkynamides is described in Chapter 1 which uses the unsymmetrical, differentially protected diboron reagent, pinBBdan. The method installs both boron moieties in a regio- and stereoselective fashion. The products have synthetic value because they are shown to have chemoselectivity in downstream cross-coupling reactions; chemoselectivity is made possible by to the significant difference in Lewis acidity of the pinacol and diaminonapthalene-protected boron centers. This method allows for facile synthesis of tetrasubstituted alkenes with a set geometry about the double bond. A protoboration of allenes employing a Cu(II) catalyst under aqueous and atmospheric conditions is described. Though Cu(I)-catalyzed allene protoboration is well-described in the literature, this is the first report of an analogous Cu(II)-mediated process. The selectivity of the reaction is ligand-controlled, and moderate to good regioselectivities and yields can be achieved through use of a triphenylphosphine as ligand. The method is an environmentally friendly and facile means by which to borylate a challenging cumulated substrate. / Ph. D. / Organoboron compounds are valuable because of their ability to undergo a wide variety of chemical transformations, and they are often used as intermediates in the synthesis of challenging target molecules. In order for this reactivity to be exploited, methods must exist for the efficient synthesis of the desired boron-containing compound. This dissertation describes the author’s contributions to the development of two new methods by which to synthesize organoboron products. The first method involves installation of two differently ligated boron moieties onto an alkynamide substrate to produce a single, uncommon trans isomer as product. A synthetic application of these diboration products is described. The second method involves installation of a single boron moiety into allenes. Though the same overall transformation has been achieved in the literature with use of highly air-sensitive catalysts and organic solvents, the described method entails use of air-stable CuSO4 as catalyst and water as solvent. Therefore, the method is operationally simple and environmentally friendly relative to previously described methods.