Text in Afrikaans / Alhoewel die lokvalstelsel as misdaadbekampingsmetode lank reeds bestaan, is die toepassing daarvan nog altyd kontroversieE!I. Hierdie omstredenheid is die laaste paar jaar op die voorgrond gedryf deur 'n Regskommissie-ondersoek, sowel as deur die aanvaarding van 'n Handves van Menseregte. Ondersoek word ingestel na hierdie omstredenheid deur te kyk na die inhoud en toepassing van die stelsel, sowel as na die rol wat private persona, die polisie en die hot by die stelsel speeL Die gevolgtrekking waartoe gekom word, is dat die omstredenheid van die stelsel te danke is aan die feit dat dit verband hou met pro-aktiewe regshandhawing, wat in wese bestaan uit die gebruik van misleiding ten einde die pleging van 'n misdaad teweeg te bring. Die probleem met pro-aktiewe regshandhawing is dat dit 'n geleentheid skep vir die uitoefening van polisiediskresie wat grootliks sonder beheer geskied, met potensiele wanoptrede aan die kant van regshandhawers en die ondermyning van die publiek se vertroue in die billikheid van die strafregspleging. Ondersoek word gevolglik ingestel na metodes om diskresie-uitoefening by die lokvalstelsel te regverdig, aangesien daar wei ruimte is vir diskresionere magte wat behoorlik begrens, gestruktureer en gekontroleer is. Die vernaamste metodes van beheer oor diskresie­ uitoefening by die lokvalstelsel, naamlik die uitsluiting van getuienis en weerstand in 'n strafgeding, word grondig ondersoek met verwysing na die Engelse-, Amerikaanse- en Kanadese reg. Dit is egter die uitgangspunt van hierdie proefskrif dat wetgewende strukturering van diskresie-uitoefening by die lokvalstelsel die mees effektiewe oplossing bied vir meeste van die problema van die stelsel. Die enigste aanvaarbare basis waarop die lokvalstelsel kan funksioneer, is om deur middel van wetgewing die trefwydte van toelaatbare lokvaltegnieke en die beperkinge waarbinne regshandhawers regsonderdane mag beweeg om misdade te pleeg, te definieer. Daar is dus 'n behoefte aan die kodifisering van standaarde waaraan voldoen moet word voordat enige lokvaloperasie behoort te begin. / Although the system of trapping has long been used as a method of preventing crime, its employment has always been controversial. In the recent past, this controversy has come to the front due to an investigation by the South African Law Commission and the acceptance of a Bill of Rights. This thesis investigates this controversy by looking at the contents and application of the system, as well as the role which private persons, the police and the court play in the system. The conclusion arrived at, is that the controversy surrounding the system is due to the fact that it has to do with pro-active law enforcement, which consists of the use of deception to induce the performance of a criminal act. The problem with pro-active law enforcement is that it creates an opportunity for the exercise of police discretion which is mainly uncontrolled, with potentialmisconduct on the part of law enforcement officials and the subversion of public trust in the reasonableness of the criminal justice system. Consequently, methods by which the exercise of discretion in the system of trapping can be justified are investigated, since there is room for discretionary powers which are properly circumscribed, structured and controlled. The main methods of control over the exercise of discretion in the system of trapping, namely the exclusion of evidence and a defence in a criminal proceeding, are fully investigated with reference to English, American and Canadian law. Having considered the above, the conclusion is advanced that legislative structuring of the exercise of discretion in the system of trapping offers the most effective solution for most of the problems underlying the system. The only acceptable basis on which the system can function, is to define the scope of acceptable trapping techniques and the confines within which law enforcement officials may prevail on someone to commit a crime. This must be done by means of legislation. Accordingly, there is a need for codification of standards which have to be complied with before any trapping operation may commence. / Criminal and Procedural Law / LL.D. (Criminal & Procedural Law)

Este trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar se há impacto da sinalização de mudanças de procedimentos da auditoria independente sobre as escolhas contábeis feitas pelo agente auditado. Mudanças na natureza, tempo e extensão dos procedimentos de auditoria podem provocar diferentes percepções e consequentes mudanças de comportamento e nas escolhas dos executivos da empresa auditada. Para capturar a mudança de escolha dos executivos, utilizei-me de um quase-experimento com alternativas distintas de arranjos de Unidades Geradoras de Caixa que, ao serem submetidas aos testes de impairment, produziam resultados financeiros antagônicos e, consequentemente, benefícios e riscos diferentes. Os 132 participantes do quase-experimento foram alunos de MBA, de mestrado e doutorado em contabilidade e auditores. Com base nas teorias da dissuasão, da ilusão interpessoal e da atribuição, observei que há evidências de que a sinalização de mudanças na natureza dos procedimentos de auditoria influencia na escolha contábil considerada contra as políticas da firma. Para a análise dos resultados, apoiei-me em conhecimentos de disciplinas, como a psicologia, que discorrem sobre as escolhas dos gestores sob a influência de determinados incentivos e nas teorias expostas acima. / This study aims to evaluate whether the signaling of changes in the independent audit procedures affect the audited agent\'s accounting choices. Changes in the nature, timing and extent of audit procedures can cause different perceptions and consequent changes in behavior and in the choices of executives in the audited company. To capture the change in the executives\' choices, a quasi-experiment is undertaken with different alternative arrangements of cash-generating units which, when subject to impairment tests, produce antagonistic financial results and, hence, different benefits and risks. The 132 participants in the quasi-experiment were MBA students and auditors. Based on the deterrence, interpersonal deception and attribution theories, the evidence shows that the signaling of changes in the nature of the audit procedures influences the accounting choice that is considered as going against the firm\'s policies. The analysis of the results rests on knowledge from disciplines like psychology, which discuss the managers\' choices under the influence of certain incentives and in the theories indicated above.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-17T14:53:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Eduardo Henrique.pdf: 3617295 bytes, checksum: 9340e7d8d280cd0e83cf78ad24f4e7b8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-11-26 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Cloud computing is a new computing paradigm which aims to provide on-demand service. Characteristics such as scalability and availability of infinite resources have attracted many users and companies. As they come along too many malicious users who want to take advantage of this possibility of resource sharing. Also migration networks and servers for cloud means hacking techniques are now destined to cloud-based servers. Attacks can originate until even within the environment, when a virtual machine that is being performed on one of his Vlans is used to probe, capture data or insert server attacks that are instantiated in the cloud. All this combined with a difficult to administer due to the complexity of the infrastructure leaves the safety of the environment to be a critical point. The purpose of this study is to use an autonomic framework with a methodology for disappointment to propose a security model for autonomic computing clouds that assist in the security of servers and instances works against attacks from other instances. / A Computação em Nuvem é um novo paradigma da computação que visa oferecer serviço sob demanda. Suas características como escalabilidade e disponibilidade de recursos infinitos vêm atraindo muitos usuários e empresas. Junto como eles vem também muitos usuários mal intencionados que querem se aproveitar dessa possibilidade de compartilhamento de recurso. Também migração de redes e servidores para nuvem significa que técnicas de invasão estão agora destinados a servidores baseados em nuvem . Ataques podem ser originados ate mesmo dentro do ambiente, quando uma de máquina virtual que esta sendo executada em uma de suas Vlans é utilizada para sondar, capturar dados ou inserir ataques a servidores que estão instanciados na nuvem. Tudo isso aliado a uma difícil administração devido à complexidade da infraestrutura do ambiente deixa a segurança sendo um ponto critico. A proposta desse trabalho é utilizar um framework autonômico juntamente com uma metodologia de decepção para propor um modelo segurança autonômica para nuvens computacionais que auxiliem na segurança de servidores e instâncias works contra ataques oriundos de outras instâncias.

The purpose of this thesis is to analyse unreliable narration and its motivation in the two novels by Kazuo Ishiguro, An Artist of the Floating World (1986) and The Remains of the Day (1989) using the taxonomy of Zuzana Fonioková and James Phelan and Mary Patricia Martin. In its theoretical part, this thesis explores the concept of unreliability in contemporary narratology, furthermore, it studies self-deception and memory, two phenomena essential for understanding the motivations for unreliable narration. The practical part consists of an analysis of the textual signals of unreliability, which proves the complexity of Ishiguro's narrative strategies. The thesis concludes that the climax of both the novels is created through the spelling out of the narrators' self-deception, which is the cause of their unreliability in the first place. KEYWORDS Kazuo Ishiguro, unreliable narration, self-deception, memory, An Artist of the Floating World, The Remains of the Day

(in English): The focus of this diploma thesis is disillusion in the works of the contemporary novelist Ian McEwan, particularly in his twenty-first century novels. The thesis analyses the disillusionment of the reader based on McEwan's work with traditional narratives and the reader's expectations, which is achieved through the employment of the unreliable narrator in Atonement (2001) and Sweet Tooth (2012), depiction of self-deception in Saturday (2005) and Solar (2010), and the misunderstanding on the interpersonal and intrapersonal level in On Chesil Beach (2007) and The Children Act (2014). The analysis uses the method of close reading and critical evaluation through the hermeneutic process in combination with Iser's theory about the reader, Foucault's definition of discourse and some generally accepted ideas based on psychology. The analysis reveals that Ian McEwan uses disillusion in his novels as a device through which he tries to encourage the reader to critically evaluate the reader's preconceptions about the world, the conventional narratives, and the roles the reader ascribes to him/herself and to the society around him/herself. By allowing the reader to build his/her expectations of the story's denouement and then crushing them, McEwan points out the reader's routine regarding a given...

Friedrich Nietzsche’s 1874 essay "On the Use and Disadvantage of History for Life" (HL) presents ideas on how the past ought to be appropriated and how history ought to be written. His 1887 book "On the Genealogy of Morality" (GM) presents an account of the historical development of European morality. Given that Nietzsche appropriates the past through writing in GM, the question arises: does GM put into practice Nietzsche’s earlier ideas from HL concerning how the past ought to be appropriated through the writing of history? I argue that GM does indeed apply some of Nietzsche’s key ideas from HL. In particular, GM remains consistent with HL insofar as it appropriates the past unhistorically, makes use of the monumental and critical modes of history, and appropriates the past in a way that encourages the flourishing of an elite kind of human being. However, Nietzsche’s manner of appropriating the past in GM also diverges from what he espouses in HL. Whereas in HL he emphasizes the usefulness and desirability of forgetting and distorting the past, in GM he exhibits a more notable concern with knowing the truth about the past. I show that this difference in approach is due to the significant change that Nietzsche’s epistemology underwent between the writing of HL and the writing of GM. This difference in approach notwithstanding, the great virtue of illuminating GM through the lens of HL is that it allows us to see more clearly how a lack of concern with truth and knowledge plays a positive role in Nietzsche’s writing of the past in GM. It also helps us to understand why he appropriates the past the way that he does in GM. Just as in HL Nietzsche thought that the past ought to be appropriated in a way that encourages the activity of genius, his writing of the history of European morality in GM is undertaken with the intent to encourage the occurrence and activity of a select kind of human being, a kind of human being that Nietzsche values above all else.

Tant lors de procès en droit criminel que lors de procès en droit administratif, civil ou familial, le mensonge peut contribuer à la mise en place de trames narratives qui embrouillent les faits que les juges devraient connaitre afin d’appliquer adéquatement le droit. De plus, si les juges ne sont pas capables de distinguer le vrai du faux lors des témoignages, la confiance du public indispensable au bon fonctionnement du système de justice pourrait être compromise. Par ailleurs, même si des chercheurs s’intéressent, depuis les années 1960, à la détection du mensonge, en particulier lors d’interrogatoires policiers reproduits en laboratoires, ces expérimentations ignorent plusieurs attributs des systèmes de justice accusatoires (p. ex., les procédures judiciaires, les éléments de preuve incriminante, les déclarations assermentées, les interrogatoires, les contre-interrogatoires et les plaidoiries). Par conséquent, puisque la détection des témoignages mensongers par les juges lors de procès est rarement explorée, les juges des tribunaux municipaux, provinciaux et fédéraux sont pratiquement laissés à eux-mêmes. Dans le cadre de ma thèse, je présente un travail de type descriptif, analytique et explicatif pour observer et mieux comprendre le raisonnement ou, du moins, une partie du raisonnement par lequel des juges, en contexte naturel, en sont venus à déterminer, selon leur point de vue, que des témoins ont menti alors qu’ils témoignaient. Cette recherche vise, entre autres, à bonifier la validité écologique des expérimentations en laboratoire et à s’attaquer plus adéquatement à la problématique des mensonges lors de procès. D’une part, afin d’étudier la détection du mensonge dans le contexte concret où elle a lieu plutôt que dans le cadre d’une représentation expérimentale de cette activité, j’ai fait le choix de me tourner vers des jugements écrits de tribunaux canadiens comme données de recherche, plus spécifiquement, quatre jugements canadiens portant sur une accusation criminelle de parjure résultant d’une déclaration incriminante où les accusés ont été déclarés coupables. D’autre part, afin de décrire, analyser et expliquer de façon minutieuse et approfondie les mécanismes communicationnels sous-jacents aux déclarations de culpabilité pour parjure, j’ai fait le choix de mobiliser une approche contemporaine d’analyse du discours s’inscrivant dans les travaux de l’École de Montréal—l’approche ventriloque de la communication (Cooren, 2013)—dans la mesure où celle-ci permet d’identifier les éléments qui apparaissent comme faisant la différence dans la constitution d’un jugement. Hormis la rareté alarmante des jugements rendus à la suite de procès sur une accusation criminelle de parjure résultant d’un témoignage, les résultats de mes analyses permettent d’observer le rôle substantiel des idées reçues et l’apport considérable des précédents dans le processus décisionnel des juges lors de procès. Comme je le montre dans ma thèse, ces idées reçues peuvent exposer des croyances sur le comportement humain véhiculées ou exprimées, explicitement ou non, par les juges dans leur jugement. Quant aux précédents, ils peuvent avoir l’effet de voiler le rôle substantiel de ces mêmes idées reçues dans le processus décisionnel des juges. De plus, les résultats de mes analyses suggèrent que la détection des témoignages mensongers par les juges lors de procès dépend, entre autres, de nombreux éléments du contexte tels que mis en scène dans le raisonnement des juges et n’a pas grand-chose à voir avec le scénario expérimental typique mis en place pour étudier la détection du mensonge. Finalement, bien qu’ils n’offrent pas de « nouvelle technique » pour distinguer l’honnête justiciable du menteur, les résultats de mes analyses s’inscrivent en continuité avec d’autres travaux de recherche qui démontrent l’utilité a priori limitée des indicateurs comportementaux de mensonge et qui suggèrent que les praticiens du droit, en particulier les juges, devraient être systématiquement formés sur la nature faillible du processus décisionnel lors de procès. / Both in criminal law trials and in administrative, civil or family law trials, deception can lead to the development of narrative patterns that obscure facts that judges should know in order to properly apply the law. In addition, if judges are unable to distinguish truth from falsehood in testimonies, the public trust essential to the proper functioning of the justice system may be compromised. Furthermore, even if researchers have, since the 1960s, been interested in detecting deception, especially during police interrogations conducted in laboratories, these experiments ignore several attributes of adversarial justice systems (e.g., court proceedings, incriminating evidences, sworn statements, examinations, cross-examinations and pleadings). As a result, since the detection of deceptive testimony by judges during trials is hardly ever addressed, judges in municipal, provincial and federal courts are practically left on their own. In my thesis, I present a descriptive, analytical and explanatory work to observe and better understand the reasoning, or at least part of the reasoning, by which judges, in a natural setting, have come to determine, from their perspective, that witnesses have lied while testifying. This research aims, among other things, to improve the ecological validity of laboratory experiments and to address more adequately the problem of deception during trials. On the one hand, in order to study the detection of deception in the actual context in which it takes place rather than in the context of an experimental representation of this activity, I have chosen to turn to written judgments of Canadian courts as research data, more specifically, four Canadian judgments pertaining to a criminal charge of perjury resulting from an incriminating statement in which the accused was found guilty. On the other hand, in order to describe, analyze and explain in a thorough and in-depth manner the underlying communicative mechanisms of perjury convictions, I have chosen to use a contemporary approach to discourse analysis that is part of the work of the Montreal School—the ventriloquist approach to communication (Cooren, 2013)—to the extent that this approach allows to identify the elements that appear to make a difference in the constitution of a judgment. Aside from the alarming scarcity of judgments rendered following trials on a criminal charge of perjury resulting from a testimony, the results of my analyses make it possible to observe the substantial role of popular beliefs and the considerable contribution of precedents in the judges’ decision-making process during trials. As demonstrated in my thesis, these popular beliefs may expose assumptions about human behaviour conveyed or expressed, explicitly or not, by judges in their judgments. As for precedents, they may have the effect of veiling the substantial role of these very beliefs in the judges’ decision-making process. Furthermore, the results of my analyses suggest that the detection of deceptive testimony by judges during trials depends, among other things, on several contextual elements as staged in the judges’ reasoning and has little to do with the typical experimental design set up for studying deception detection. Finally, although they do not offer a “new technique” for distinguishing the honest litigant from the liar, the results of my analyses are consistent with other research that demonstrates the a priori limited usefulness of behavioural indicators of deception and suggests that legal practitioners, particularly judges, should be systematically trained on the fallible nature of the decision-making process during trials.

Depuis 2004, les médias sociaux en ligne ont connu une croissance considérable. Ce développement rapide a eu des effets intéressants pour augmenter la connexionet l'échange d'informations entre les utilisateurs, mais certains effets négatifs sont également apparus, dont le nombre de faux comptes grandissant jour après jour.Les sockpuppets sont les multiples faux comptes créés par un même utilisateur. Ils sont à l'origine de plusieurs types de manipulations comme la création de faux comptes pour louer, défendre ou soutenir une personne ou une organisation, ou pour manipuler l'opinion publique. Dans cette thèse, nous présentons SocksCatch, un processus complet de détection et de groupage des sockpuppets composé de trois phases principales : la première phase a pour objectif la préparation du processus et le pré-traitement des données; la seconde phase a pour objectif la détection des comptes sockpuppets à l'aide d'algorithmes d'apprentissage automatique; la troisième phase a pour objectif le regroupement des comptes sockpuppets créés par un même utilisateur à l'aide d'algorithmes de détection de communautés. Ces phases sont déclinées en trois étapes : une étape "modèle" pour représenter les médias sociaux en ligne, où nous proposons un modèle général de médias sociaux dédié à la détection et au regroupement des sockpuppets ; une étape d'adaptation pour ajuster le processus à un média social spécifique, où nous instancions et évaluons le modèle SocksCatch sur un média social sélectionné ; et une étape en temps réel pour détecter et grouper les sockpuppets en ligne, où SocksCatch est déployé en ligne sur un média social sélectionné. Des expérimentations ont été réalisées sur l'étape d'adaptation en utilisant des données réelles extraites de Wikipédia anglais. Afin de trouver le meilleur algorithme d'apprentissage automatique pour la phase de détection de sockpuppet, les résultats de six algorithmes d'apprentissage automatique sont comparés. En outre, ils sont comparés à la littérature où les résultats de la comparaison montrent que notre proposition améliore la précision de la détection des sockpuppets. De plus, les résultats de cinq algorithmes de détection de communauté sont comparés pour la phase de regroupement de Sockpuppet, afin de trouver le meilleur algorithme de détection de communauté qui sera utilisé en temps réel. / Since 2004, online social medias have grown hugely. This fast development had interesting effects to increase the connection and information exchange between users, but some negative effects also appeared, including fake accounts number growing day after day. Sockpuppets are multiple fake accounts created by a same user. They are the source of several types of manipulation such as those created to praise, defend or support a person or an organization, or to manipulate public opinion. In this thesis, we present SocksCatch, a complete process to detect and group sockpuppets, which is composed of three main phases: the first phase objective is the process preparation and data pre-processing; the second phase objective is the detection of the sockpuppet accounts using machine learning algorithms; the third phase objective is the grouping of sockpuppet accounts created by a same user using community detection algorithms. These phases are declined in three stages: a model stage to represent online social medias, where we propose a general model of social media dedicated to the detection and grouping of sockpuppets; an adaptation stage to adjust the process to a particular social media, where we instantiate and evaluate the SocksCatch model on a selected social media; and a real-time stage to detect and group the sockpuppets online, where SocksCatch is deployed online on a selected social media. Experiments have been performed on the adaptation stage using real data crawled from English Wikipedia. In order to find the best machine learning algorithm for sockpuppet's detection phase, the results of six machine learning algorithms are compared. In addition, they are compared with the literature, and the results show that our proposition improves the accuracy of the detection of sockpuppets. Furthermore, the results of five community detection algorithms are compared for sockpuppet's grouping phase, in order to find the best community detecton algorithm that will be used in real-time stage.

En la vida cotidiana, detectar una falacia puede tener importantes implicaciones en distintas situaciones sociales. Descifrar mentiras, puede ser determinante en situaciones que impliquen consecuencias graves o moderadas; como el caso de investigaciones policiales. El trabajo expuesto en las siguientes paginas tiene como fin la realización de un sistema de detección de mentiras que utilice una cámara web como medio único para la detección. Además de esto, se busca realizar la investigación correspondiente a las subáreas relacionadas al problema. Estas son la de detección de mentiras, Deep learning y visión computacional. En este trabajo expuesto, se asumirá al acto de mentir como cualquier acto que busque comunicar información falsa o trastornada, de forma deliberada con la finalidad de engañar a otros. La investigación realizada, se hará presente en el desarrollo de un proyecto cuyo alcance consiste en la creación de una aplicación capaz de detectar si una persona dice la verdad a partir de su reconocimiento facial. Para ello, se utilizarán técnicas de visión computacional y machine learning con el fin de dar otra opción más económica y accesible ante las otras metodologías (polígrafo, ERPs, fMRI) que se basan en analizar el estado cerebral requieren de maquinaria extremadamente costosa y tienden a tener la misma precisión que el uso de polígrafos. / In everyday life, detecting a fallacy can have important implications in different social situations. Deciphering lies can be decisive in situations that involve serious or moderate consequences, as in the case of police investigations. The work presented in the following pages is aimed at the realization of a lie detection system that uses a web camera as the only means for detection. In addition to this, it seeks to carry out the investigation corresponding to the subareas related to the problem. These subareas are lie detection, deep learning, and computer vision. In this exposed work, the act of lying will be assumed as any act that seeks to communicate false or disturbed information, deliberately with the purpose of deceiving others. The research carried out will be present in the development of a project whose scope consists of the creation of an application capable of detecting if a person is telling the truth from their facial recognition. To do this, computer vision and machine learning techniques will be used in order to provide another cheaper and more accessible option compared to other methodologies (polygraph, ERPs, fMRI) that are based on analyzing the brain state, require extremely expensive machinery and tend to have the same precision as the use of polygraphs. / Trabajo de investigación

(in English) This dissertation explores the notions of guilt and wrongdoing in the context of contemporary analytic ethics. It draws upon the critique, advanced in the second half of the 20th century, of a one-sided interest in episodic action and its rightness or wrongness. Thanks to the revival of virtue ethics during this time, the subject matter of ethics was extended to take account of human character and human life as such. As a result, the domain of moral psychology and of contingent aspects of moral experience started to be explored again. This development in ethics is outlined in the first chapter and the second chapter addresses the impact of this changed understanding of ethics upon our conception of moral judgment and responsibility. I suggest that the concept of responsibility divides in two: responsibility for the agent's (inner) fault and responsibility for the wrongdoing itself. Whereas the remainder of chapter two deals with the former, the rest of the thesis focuses upon the latter i.e. upon responsibility for the wrongdoing and upon two problems which are generated by the intricate bearing of luck and contingency on the concept of responsibility. The first of these problems concerns the relation of the person to her guilt. Guilt arises through a condemnable action for which the...