Personalized advertising represents an emerging trend in online advertising. Using enhanced data collection techniques, marketers can craft seemingly made to order advertisements tailored to specific individuals. In turn, this should lead to advertisements that are more relevant for consumers and more effective for marketers. Therefore, personalized advertising has the potential to benefit both consumers and firms alike. However, consumer acceptance of the technique remains a huge hurdle, as many consumers seem uncomfortable with the practice due in part to privacy concerns over the vast amounts of data collected and analyzed when generating personalized advertisements. Therefore, it is critical to garner a better understanding of consumers’ attitudes towards personalized advertising in order to be able to use those insights to alleviate consumer privacy concerns. The purpose of this research is to work towards developing a more thorough understanding of consumers’ attitudes towards personalized advertising by exploring the antecedents and outcomes of those attitudes. In particular, we examine what factors determine whether personalized advertising is perceived favorably vs. invasively by consumers and what effects those perceptions have on consumers’ attitudes and intentions. The research lends contributions to academicians, marketing practitioners, and consumers by helping to achieve an increased understanding of personalized advertising’s impact on consumers’ perceptions. The empirical study employed in this research utilizes a conceptual framework that integrates privacy calculus theory with previous research on invasiveness, advertising acceptance, and innovation adoption. In addition, this research contributes to the marketing and information privacy literatures by making a theoretical connection between perceived invasiveness and its relationship with privacy concerns, as well as its impact on consumers’ attitudes and behavioral intentions. The results from the empirical research reveal that a number of constructs, such as perceived invasiveness, privacy concerns, perceived usefulness, and consumer innovativeness demonstrate significant relationships with consumers attitudes and behavioral intentions in the context of personalized advertising. Implications for managers, researchers, and consumers are discussed. / Includes bibliography. / Dissertation (Ph.D.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2014. / FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection

Esta pesquisa descreve e analisa a padronização de informações gerenciais em sistemas de informações de uma empresa multinacional. A estratégia de pesquisa adotada foi um estudo de caso único que contou com a triangulação de diversas fontes de evidência: arquivos, documentos, entrevistas e observação direta e participante. O referencial teórico aborda estudos antecedentes ao tema, conceitos sobre empresas internacionalizadas, informações gerenciais, Sistemas Integrados de Gestão (ERP) e Business Intelligence (BI). A migração para um sistema global está contextualizada num cenário de globalização em que está presente a intensificação das transações entre países em termos de investimentos, mercadorias e serviços, entre outras características. Neste cenário, observa-se maior demanda por informações padronizadas e comparáveis tanto para usuários externos quanto internos às organizações. Os avanços na tecnologia de informação, por exemplo, em bancos de dados e comunicação em redes viabilizou as iniciativas das empresas para implementação de sistemas compartilhados por diversos países. Assim como outras empresas na década de 90, as subsidiárias da empresa em estudo adotaram soluções locais de ERP. Já no ano 2000, durante o planejamento de longo prazo, decidiu-se que seria melhor partir para uma solução global de ERP e de BI em vez de prosseguir com melhorias em cada um dos sistemas locais. Em 2001, iniciou-se o projeto global com a primeira implementação e em 2011 o sistema é utilizado em aproximadamente 25 países. O suporte da alta gestão e participação dos usuários mostraram-se relevantes no que se refere a \"implementar com\" em vez de \"implementar para\" os usuários. Com relação à utilização das informações, os relatórios mais acessados no BI são relacionados a vendas e margens, controladoria, contabilidade e ordens de produção. No entanto, os relatórios de vendas e margens não foram os mais padronizados, pois embora as fontes dos dados sejam globais, os relatórios e consultas às informações são predominantemente locais devido à ausência de uma estrutura organizacional de vendas em nível mundial e ao fato de que a maioria dos usuários somente tem permissão de acesso aos dados de suas respectivas regiões. Já os relatórios de controladoria, contabilidade e compras apresentaram maior aderência aos relatórios globais, uma vez que estas áreas possuem responsáveis em nível global que fomentaram o uso e desenvolvimento de informações mundialmente padronizadas. No caso da empresa deste estudo, observa-se que, enquanto o ERP foi mais direcionado à consistência dos processos e com poucos relatórios pré-formatados, o BI foi direcionado aos relatórios e consultas de informações com a flexibilidade da análise multidimensional. Os benefícios identificados do sistema de BI global foram: consolidação de informações das subsidiárias; comparabilidade das informações entre subsidiárias; flexibilidade do BI para conversão de moedas; rastreabilidade e maior controle sobre a qualidade dos dados. Já as principais limitações do BI global foram: adaptação ao fuso horário dos países; equilibrar a necessidade de rapidez nas consultas com o nível de detalhe e o volume de dados armazenado; pouca flexibilidade para modificações das estruturas de dados já criadas; dificuldade de manter um catálogo de relatórios globais para todos os usuários e concentração da utilização dos relatórios para análises de informações passadas em vez de análises preditivas. A partir das evidências empíricas desta pesquisa, conclui-se que não há o cenário em que o ideal seria tudo sob um padrão mundial ou deixar tudo local, pois as necessidades em nível global e local são ajustadas de forma dinâmica, conforme as características da organização e perspectivas de negócio. / This research describes and analyzes the management information standardization in the information systems of a multinational company. The research strategy adopted was a single case study which involved multiple sources of evidence including: files, documents, interviews, and direct and participant observation. The literature review covers prior studies related to this subject, concepts about international companies, management information, Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) and Business Intelligence (BI) systems. The migration to a global system is part of the overall globalization scenario with an ever increasing number of transactions between countries in terms of both investments and goods and services. In this context, there is a higher demand for standardized information to external and internal users. The breakthroughs in information technology, for example data bases and network communications, make possible corporate initiatives to have systems shared by subsidiaries located in several countries. Like other companies in the nineties, the subsidiaries of the studied company adopted their local ERP solutions. In the year 2000, during the five-year plan, it was determined that a global ERP and BI solution would be better than to continue improving each of the local systems. 2001 was the first roll-out toward the global system and now in 2011 the system is used in approximately 25 countries. The support from top management and involvement from business users was relevant to the success in implementing a global system (\"implement with\" instead of \"implement to\" the users). An analysis of information usage in the BI system showed that, the most accessed reports were related to sales and margins, controlling, accounting and production. However, reports about sales and margins are not standardized across the globe despite sharing the same data sources. These reports are mostly local due to the fact that there is no organization structure in charge of global sales and most importantly that users only have security authorization to their local information. The reports about controlling, accounting and purchasing presented a higher standardization once these areas had a global management structure that fostered the use and development of global reports. In this studied company, it was noticed that the ERP and BI complement each other. While the ERP system was focused on providing and enforcing consistent processes with only a few pre-formatted reports, the BI was focused on giving users the flexibility to retrieve information from reports. The benefits identified from a global BI were: consolidation of subsidiaries data, comparable information between subsidiaries, flexibility to handle currency conversions and better tracking and control over data quality. On the other hand, the main limitations identified were: inability to adapt to different time zones, a challenge in balancing between quicker response time and level of detail and volume of data necessary, little flexibility for changes in the current data storage models and in the creation of new ones, difficulties in the maintenance of a global catalogue of reports available for all users, and that reports are mostly used for analysis of past data and not predictive analysis. From the empirical evidences of this research, the conclusion indicates that there is not a scenario in which the ideal is all management information under a global standard or under a local requirement, because the needs at global and local levels are adjusted dynamically according to the company characteristics and business perspectives.

Este trabalho apresenta a construção de um sistema especialista aplicado ao diagnóstico de doenças cardíacas, usando como ferramenta computacional redes Bayesianas. O trabalho envolveu a interação entre diferentes áreas do conhecimento, engenharia e medicina, com maior foco na metodologia da construção de sistemas especialistas. São apresentados os processos de definição do problema, modelagem qualitativa e quantitativa, e avaliação. Neste trabalho, os processos de modelagem e avaliação foram realizados com o auxílio de um especialista médico e de dados bibliográficos. São apresentados como resultados a rede Bayesiana construída e um software para manipulação de redes Bayesianas denominado iBNetz. / This work presents the construction of an expert system applied to the diagnosis of heart diseases, using Bayesian networks as a modeling tool. The work involved interactions between two different fields, engineering and medicine, with special emphasis on the methodology of building expert systems. The processes of problem definition, qualitative and quantitative modeling, and evaluation are presented here. In this work, the modeling and evaluation processes have been conducted with the aid of a medical expert and bibliographic sources. The work has produced a Bayesian network for diagnosis and a software, called iBNetz, for creating and manipulating Bayesian networks.

by Tam Chi-Fai. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1999. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 87-88). / abstract --- p.I / table of content --- p.II / list of figures --- p.V / acknowledgments --- p.VII / Chapter chapter 1 --- introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Two Stage Operations Planning --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Iterative Activities in the Two Stage Planning Approach --- p.3 / Chapter 1.3 --- Expert Decision Support System for Two Stage Planning --- p.4 / Chapter 1.4 --- Scope of the Study --- p.5 / Chapter 1.5 --- Organization of the Thesis --- p.6 / Chapter chapter 2 --- literature review --- p.7 / Chapter 2.1 --- Network Design for Air Express Service --- p.7 / Chapter 2.2 --- Integrative Use of Optimization and Simulation Model --- p.8 / Chapter 2.3 --- Expert System & Decision Support System --- p.11 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Expert System --- p.11 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Decision Support System --- p.13 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- ES / DSS Integration --- p.14 / Chapter chapter 3 --- research methodology --- p.19 / Chapter 3.1 --- Review on DSS / ES Integration --- p.19 / Chapter 3.2 --- System Design --- p.20 / Chapter 3.3 --- Prototyping --- p.22 / Chapter 3.4 --- Analysis and Evaluation --- p.23 / Chapter chapter 4 --- system architecture and knowledge modeling --- p.24 / Chapter 4.1 --- Architecture Overview --- p.24 / Chapter 4.1.1 --- System Architecture and Interactions --- p.26 / Chapter 4.1.2 --- Decision Support System --- p.27 / Chapter 4.1.3 --- Expert System --- p.32 / Chapter 4.2 --- System Operations --- p.35 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Operations Flow --- p.35 / Chapter chapter 5 --- case study and prototyping --- p.38 / Chapter 5.1 --- Case Background --- p.38 / Chapter 5.1.1 --- The Service Network --- p.38 / Chapter 5.1.2 --- Objectives of the Project --- p.40 / Chapter 5.1.3 --- Network Design Methodology --- p.41 / Chapter 5.2 --- Iterative Network Planning --- p.49 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- Multi-period Network Planning Feedback --- p.50 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- Feedback in Validation and Evaluation --- p.51 / Chapter 5.3 --- The System Prototype --- p.57 / Chapter 5.3.1 --- Data Management and Model Manipulation --- p.57 / Chapter 5.3.2 --- Intelligent Guidance for the Iterations --- p.65 / Chapter chapter 6 --- evaluation and analysis --- p.75 / Chapter 6.1 --- Test Scenario for Network Planning --- p.75 / Chapter 6.1.1 --- Consultation Process --- p.75 / Chapter 6.1.2 --- Consultation Results --- p.78 / Chapter 6.2 --- Effectiveness of EDSS in Network Planning --- p.81 / Chapter 6.3 --- Generalized Advancement and Limitation --- p.82 / Chapter chapter 7 --- conclusion --- p.85 / bibliography --- p.87 / appendices --- p.89

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-05T17:05:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 30 / Nenhuma / Este trabalho aborda, com o uso de método de pesquisa quantitativo-qualitativo, a aplicação de técnicas de Engenharia de Produção como base para a tomada de decisão em um ambiente hospitalar. As técnicas utilizadas compreendem o mapeamento de processos e a simulação computacional na análise de diferentes configurações de um sistema de atendimento na área da saúde. Após a análise dos cenários alternativos por meio de métodos estatísticos, houve a indicação das ações recomendadas a serem executadas pelo corpo gestor do ambiente estudado. Como resultados, observa-se que os ganhos da aplicação das técnicas vão além do apoio à decisão para os gestores, permitindo também um entendimento da complexidade sistêmica do processo analisado, instigando os profissionais envolvidos a saírem de sua visão funcional e a enxergarem o fluxo do objeto do trabalho e o que é importante para o sistema, não apenas para sua função. Outro benefício constatado foi o aprendizado sobre a importância do trabalho em equipe e de uma visão si / This study discuss about Industrial Engineering’s technique application as a basis to decision making in a hospital system, using quantitative-qualitative research method. The techniques selected are process mapping and computing simulation, analyzing some interesting healthcare system scenarios. After alternative scenarios analysis through statistical methods, some actions were recommended to the hospital managers. This study showed that the benefits of these techniques’ application went beyound managers’ decision support and permitted a comprehension about healthcare process complexity. Besides, it did the hospital workers who participated at the process saw beyound its functional perception of the process. They became to see the object work flow, the process, and what were important to the system, not only to their jobs. Another benefit was the learning about team work importance and of a systemic process perception.

Information system is widely used in financial area all around the world today, and businessintelligence systems has draw more and more attention from both academia and businesscircles. Based on this situation, we carried out our research. The main purpose of our researchis to find out how Decision Support System (DSS) is used in China's banks. As there are morethan five hundred banks in China, we choose the four biggest commercial banks(which hascover more than 85% of financial activities in China's banking area) as examples to study. Wesent Emails and made telephone calls to different roles in these four banks, from chiefinformation officer, managers of business to normal staff. Before carried out interviews, wedid literature study to set a scientific background for our interviews. After the collection andanalysis of data from both interview and literature study, the result is presented in threechapters. The theoretical study part introduces the theory background of DSS and how it isused in banks, the framework of the DSS and the basic model of the DSS, also newtechniques in DSS. The Empirical results part introduces the results got from interviews. InAnalysis part the results from the former chapters will be combined and analyzed, in this partwe presents the application situation of DSS in China's banks, the affection of DSS on banksemployees and improvement and drawback DSS brings to China's banks. Also newtechnology of decision support system and its application. And the last part we would drawconclusions for this thesis and summarize results from the interviews and theories andevaluate the whole research process. And the introduction of our research and the methodsused to achieve the research goal will be introduced in the first two chapters.

Decision support systems will be an asset dealing with the complexity involved in many decision situations for companies, organizations and societies by integrating different aspects into a holistic pattern. That creates a close relationship to systems science since systems thinking promote holism as a profitable way to handle complexity. The ideal decision support system should not be used to make automatic decisions but to assist a human being in the decision process. That process is sometimes described as a model consisting of the phases, intelligence, design and choice. Intelligence is needed to understand the situation and find the information that is needed to continue the process. Design means designing different alternatives and in the last phase, choice, the alternatives are evaluated and the best alternative is chosen. A good decision support system should give the user assistance through the whole process. The main purpose of our research is identifying the process of building an efficient Decision Support System. The target groups are the people who are working with multinational companies that are specialized in constructing and delivering decision support systems to end users. The number of target companies involved in this study is only two and is limited Indian Multinational companies. The theoretical study helps in identifying the basic characteristics of a decision support system, exploring the types of decision support systems used in current organizations, resulting if there is any particular standard for constructing DSS today and signifying approach for constructing a user friendly decision support system by analyzing the existing literature related to DSS. At the same time, empirical study advances the research problem from a practical angle. The conclusion for this research is a comprehensive report in relation to the varieties of Decision Support Systems used in today’s organizations, qualities that a decision support system ought to possess and suggested process to be implemented for building an efficient decision support system. / Program: Magisterutbildning i informatik

Motivated by IT evaluation problems identified in a large public sector organization, we propose how evaluation requirements can be supported by a framework combining different models and methods from IS evaluation theory. The article extends the content, context, process (CCP) perspectives of organizational change with operations research techniques and demonstrates the approach in practice for an Enterprise Resource Planning evaluation.

Os avanços na Tecnologia da Informação e a proliferação de itens de consumo, entre outros aspectos, mudaram o cenário e o desempenho das previsões. Os processos de previsão devem ser reexaminados, estabelecendo mecanismos de comunicação formais que compartilhem a informação entre os diferentes níveis hierárquicos dentro da organização, eliminando ou reduzindo o desconforto das previsões paralelas e desconexas oriundas de níveis hierárquicos diferentes. O objetivo deste trabalho é propor um sistema de apoio à decisão baseado em métodos matemáticos e sistemas de informação, capaz de integrar as previsões de vários níveis hierárquicos de uma empresa por um repositório de dados (Data Warehouse ou DW) e um Sistema de Apoio à Decisão (SAD) com sistema Business Intelligence (BI), onde os níveis hierárquicos acessem as informações com o nível de detalhe apropriado dentro do processo de decisão, alinhado às expectativas corporativas de crescimento. Assim, a modelagem realizada neste trabalho teve como foco a geração de cenários para criar um sistema de apoio à decisão, prevendo demandas agregadas e individuais, gerando uma estrutura de integração entre as previsões feitas em diferentes níveis e alinhando valores oriundos de métodos quantitativos e julgamento humano. Uma das maiores preocupações foi verificar qual método (séries temporais, métodos causais) teria destaque em um processo integrado de previsão. Entre os diferentes testes efetuados, pode-se destacar os seguintes resultados: (1) a suavização exponencial tripla proporcionou melhor ajuste (dos dados passados) de séries históricas de demandas mais agregadas e proporcionou previsões mais precisas de representatividades agregadas. Para séries históricas de demanda individual e representatividade individual, os outros métodos comparados apresentaram desempenho muito próximo; (2) a criação de diferentes cenários de previsão, fazendo uso de um repositório de dados e sistema de apoio à decisão, permitiu análise de uma gama de diferentes valores futuros. Uma forma de simulação para apoiar a formulação das expectativas da diretoria foi adaptada da literatura e sugerida; (3) os erros de previsão nas abordagens top-down ou bottom-up são estatisticamente iguais no contexto desta pesquisa. Conclui-se que o método de suavização exponencial tripla traz menos erros às previsões de séries mais agregadas, se comparado com outros métodos abordados no trabalho. Esse fato está de acordo com asserções encontradas na literatura pesquisada de que o método de suavização exponencial é cada vez mais utilizado na previsão, em detrimento dos métodos causais como a regressão múltipla. Conclui-se, principalmente, que os sistemas SAD e BI propostos deram suporte aos vários níveis hierárquicos, proporcionando variedades de estilos de decisão e que podem diminuir o hiato entre o raciocínio qualitativo adotado em nível estratégico e o aspecto quantitativo mais comum em níveis operacionais em qualquer empresa. / Advances in Information Technology (IT), and the increase of consumption items, among other things, changed the performance in the forecasts predictions. It is not uncommon that organizations will perform parallel forecasts within the various hierarchical levels without communicating with each other. The objective of this work is to build an integrated \"infrastructure\" for forecasting through a repository of data (Data Warehouse or DW) and a Decision Support System (DSS) with Business Intelligence (BI) where the hierarchical levels have access to the information with the appropriate level of detail within the process, aligned to the corporate growth expectations. The modeling in this work focused in the generation of scenarios to create a decision support system, predicting individual and aggregate demand, create a structure for integrating and aligning the estimated forecast generated by quantitative and qualitative methods. After a series of experimental tests, main results found were: (1) triple exponential smoothing provided the best fit using historical aggregated demand, and provided a more precise estimate of aggregate representation. For historical series of individual demand and individual representation, the other methods used for comparison performed similarly; (2) the creation of different scenarios for prediction, using data repository and decision support system, allowed for analysis of a range of different future values. The simulation to support management expectations has been adapted from the literature; (3) the prediction errors in the top-down and bottom-up approaches are statistically the same in the context of this research. In conclusion, the method of triple exponential smoothing has fewer errors in the forecasts of aggregated series when compared to other methods discussed in this work. Moreover, the DSS and BI systems provided decision-making support to the various hierarchical levels, reducing the gap between qualitative and quantitative decision processes thus bridging the strategic and operational decision making processes.

Esta tese desenvolveu um Sistema de Suporte a Decisão para auxiliar na concessão de outorga de lançamento de efluentes, através do qual é possível avaliar estratégias de outorga visando facilitar o processo de análise e a efetivação do instrumento. O SSD utiliza em seu processo de análise algoritmos evolucionários para a otimização do processo de alocação de demanda e de carga efluente, visando a maximização dos usos e a minimização dos custos das medidas de tratamento de efluentes, respeitando os limites estabelecidos pela classe de enquadramento dos corpos dágua. Os algoritmos evolutivos analisados foram os Algoritmos Genéticos, Particle Swarm Optimization e o Differential Evolution. Entre as estratégias de outorga consideradas estão o atendimento da legislação ambiental para o lançamento de efluentes, a isonomia entre os usuários, o atendimento aos padrões de qualidade estabelecidos pelo enquadramento dos corpos hídricos e as restrições impostas pelo órgão gestor aos usuários ou as finalidades de uso. Para avaliar o desempenho do SSD foi realizado um estudo de caso na Bacia Hidrográfica do Rio Atibaia, no Estado de São Paulo. O Rio Atibaia foi escolhido por apresentar problemas de disponibilidade hídrica e conflitos pelo uso da água, o que permite avaliar os resultados do SSD para as diferentes estratégias em um caso real. Os resultados obtidos pelos três algoritmos para as estratégias analisadas foram satisfatórios atendendo as restrições e penalidades impostas à função objetivo. Observou-se que a estratégia de outorga que não considerou a Legislação Ambiental para lançamento de efluentes e a questão da isonomia entre os usuários apresentou o menor custo global das medidas de tratamento de efluentes. Este resultado se deve ao fato desta estratégia ser menos restritiva que as demais analisadas, e pelo melhor aproveitamento da vazão disponível no trecho para diluir os efluentes. As estratégias propostas neste estudo tiveram como principal objetivo avaliar o comportamento do SSD na obtenção das análises, assim como analisar a flexibilidade dos algoritmos na introdução de restrições e penalidades. Para a escolha das estratégias de outorga, destaca-se o importante papel do Comitê de Bacia e do órgão gestor para definir as prioridades, tendo em vista que os critérios de outorga, a legislação ambiental e a isonomia, podem acarretar em investimentos mais elevados para a implementação das medidas de tratamento. O Sistema de Suporte a Decisão proposto nesta tese representa um avanço no processo de gestão de recursos hídricos, uma vez que envolve importantes critérios e estratégias na análise da outorga de direito de uso da água, sem dissociar os aspectos de quantidade e qualidade da água e aspectos econômicos para sua efetivação. / This study presents a Decision Support System (DSS) to assist in the issuing of wastewater discharge and water abstraction rights, including the evaluation of alternative pollution control strategies used to facilitate the analysis and implementation of the instrument. The DSS substantiates its analysis with the use of evolutionary algorithms for the optimization of water demand and wastewater discharge allocation. It intends to maximize the uses and minimize the costs of wastewater treatment measures, according to the limits imposed by the water quality standards. The evolutionary algorithms investigated in this study include Genetic Algorithms, Particle Swarm Optimization and Differential Evolution. Among the strategies considered for the issuing of water rights were the compliance with environmental legislation for wastewater discharge, the equality between water users, the water quality standards et by the water bodies classification, and the restrictions imposed by the responsible controlling agency. The SSD was evaluated on a case study area, at Atibaia River, located in the State of Sao Paulo. The Atibaia River was chosen because of the existence of innumerous conflicts of over water use and availability. It allows the assessment of the SSD performance, to different strategies, in a real case scenario. The SSDs results, using all three introduced algorithms, were satisfactory to the strategies analyzed, as they complied with the restrictions and penalties imposed to the objective function. Strategy one, with no restrictions or penalties, had the lowest overall cost of wastewater treatment measures, in comparison to strategy two, equity between water users, and three, compliance with Environmental Laws. This result is due to the fact that strategy one is less restrictive than the two others, and because of the best use of the available flow, in each respective reach, to dilute the wastewater discharge. The main objective of the proposed strategies is to evaluate the performance of the SSD in getting the results, as well as to analyze the flexibility of the algorithms when new restrictions and penalties are introduced in the decision making process. Water users, other stakeholders and the responsible controlling agency have an important role in the selection of suitable strategies and priorities of uses. Higher investments to implement water treatment measures may become necessary according to the strategy chosen. In addition, when a strategy is not well defined, it may cause unnecessary investments. The DSS proposed in this study represents an advance in water resources management. It involves important criteria and strategies used in the analysis of wastewater discharge and water abstraction rights, without disassociating water quality and quantity aspects as well as economic factors for its implementation.