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Ultra-wideband (UWB) communication technology offers inherent advantages such as the ability to coexist with previously allocated Federal Communications Commission (FCC) frequencies, simple transceiver architecture, and high performance in noisy environments. Spread spectrum techniques offer additional improvements beyond the conventional pulse-based UWB communications. This dissertation implements a multiple-access UWB communication system using a surface acoustic wave (SAW) correlator receiver with orthogonal frequency coding and software defined radio (SDR) base station transmitter. Orthogonal frequency coding (OFC) and pseudorandom noise (PN) coding provide a means for spreading of the UWB data. The use of orthogonal frequency coding (OFC) increases the correlator processing gain (PG) beyond that of code division multiple access (CDMA); providing added code diversity, improved pulse ambiguity, and superior performance in noisy environments. Use of SAW correlators reduces the complexity and power requirements of the receiver architecture by eliminating many of the components needed and reducing the signal processing and timing requirements necessary for digital matched filtering of the complex spreading signal. The OFC receiver correlator code sequence is hard-coded in the device due to the physical SAW implementation. The use of modern SDR forms a dynamic base station architecture which is able to programmatically generate a digitally modulated transmit signal. An embedded Xilinx Zynq ™ system on chip (SoC) technology was used to implement the SDR system; taking advantage of recent advances in digital-to-analog converter (DAC) sampling rates. SDR waveform samples are generated in baseband in-phase and quadrature (I & Q) pairs and upconverted to a 491.52 MHz operational frequency. The development of the OFC SAW correlator ultimately used in the receiver is presented along with a variety of advanced SAW correlator device embodiments. Each SAW correlator device was fabricated on lithium niobate (LiNbO3) with fractional bandwidths in excess of 20%. The SAW correlator device presented for use in system was implemented with a center frequency of 491.52 MHz; matching SDR transmit frequency. Parasitic electromagnetic feedthrough becomes problematic in the packaged SAW correlator after packaging and fixturing due to the wide bandwidths and high operational frequency. The techniques for reduction of parasitic feedthrough are discussed with before and after results showing approximately 10:1 improvement. Correlation and demodulation results are presented using the SAW correlator receiver under operation in an UWB communication system. Bipolar phase shift keying (BPSK) techniques demonstrate OFC modulation and demodulation for a test binary bit sequence. Matched OFC code reception is compared to a mismatched, or cross-correlated, sequence after correlation and demodulation. Finally, the signal-to-noise power ratio (SNR) performance results for the SAW correlator under corruption of a wideband noise source are presented.

Innovations in optical communication are expected to transform the landscape of global communications, internet and datacenter networks. This dissertation investigates several important issues in optical communication such as fairness, throughput, blocking probability and differentiated quality of service (QoS). Novel algorithms and new approaches have been presented to improve the performance of optical circuit switching (OCS) and optical burst switching (OBS) for long haul, and datacenter networks. Extensive simulations tests have been conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithms. These simulation tests were performed over a number of network topologies such as ring, mesh and U.S. Long-Haul, some high processing computing (HPC) topologies such as 2D and 6D mesh torus topologies and modern datacenter topologies such as FatTree and BCube. Two new schemes are proposed for long haul networks to improve throughput and hop count fairness in OBS networks. The idea is motivated by the observation that providing a slightly more priority to longer bursts over short bursts can significantly improve the throughput of the OBS networks without adversely affecting hop-count fairness. The results of extensive performance tests have shown that proposed schemes improve the throughput of optical OBS networks and enhance the hop-count fairness. Another contribution of this dissertation is the research work on developing routing and wavelength assignment schemes in multimode fiber networks. Two additional schemes for long haul networks are presented and evaluated over multimode fiber networks. First for alleviating the fairness problem in OBS networks using wavelength-division multiplexing as well as mode-division multiplexing while the second scheme for achieving higher throughput without sacrificing hop count fairness. We have also shown the significant benefits of using both mode division multiplexing and wavelength division multiplexing in real-life short-distance optical networks such as the optical circuit switching networks used in the hybrid electronic-optical switching architectures for datacenters. We evaluated four mode and wavelength assignment heuristics and compared their throughput performance. We also included preliminary results of impact of the cascaded mode conversion constraint on network throughput. Datacenter and high performance computing networks share a number of common performance goals. Another highly efficient adaptive mode wavelength- routing algorithm is presented over OBS networks to improve throughput of these networks. The effectiveness of the proposed model has been validated by extensive simulation results. In order to optimize bandwidth and maximize throughput of datacenters, an extension of TCP called multipath-TCP (MPTCP) has been evaluated over an OBS network using dense interconnect datacenter topologies. We have proposed a service differentiation scheme using MPTCP over OBS for datacenter traffic. The scheme is evaluated over mixed workload traffic model of datacenters and is shown to provide tangible service differentiation between flows of different priority levels. An adaptive QoS differentiation architecture is proposed for software defined optical datacenter networks using MPTCP over OBS. This scheme prioritizes flows based on current network state.

La quantification de l’utilisation des antimicrobiens (UAM) est un élément clé des programmes de surveillance de la résistance aux antimicrobiens. Cette thèse a pour objectif général d’évaluer plusieurs méthodes de quantification de l’UAM dans les fermes laitières québécoises. Plus précisément, elle vise à définir un indicateur adapté au contexte canadien pour rapporter l’UAM chez les bovins, à déterminer le taux d’UAM annuel moyen dans les fermes laitières québécoises et à comparer différentes méthodes de quantification afin d’identifier une méthode potentielle de surveillance de l’UAM dans les fermes laitières québécoises. Une étude observationnelle de cohorte a été menée à partir du recrutement de 101 producteurs laitiers du Québec. Un inventaire des antimicrobiens utilisés a été réalisé pendant un an pour chaque ferme à partir de la collecte (1) des emballages de médicaments utilisés pour traiter les bovins et (2) des factures de meunerie détaillant les quantités d’aliments médicamenteux livrées. Le taux d’UAM a été estimé en nombre de doses définies par 100 vache-années. Les doses définies n’existaient pas pour les bovins au Canada et ont été développées : dose journalière (DDDbovCA) et dose pour un traitement complet (DCDbovCA). Étant donnée l’utilisation de formulations à action prolongée en production laitière (comme les intra-mammaires au tarissement), l’unité DCDbovCA a été privilégiée pour les analyses. Un taux moyen de 537 DCDbovCA/100 vache-années a été observé, soit 537 traitements antibiotiques administrés annuellement dans un troupeau standard de 100 vaches laitières. La voie d’administration intra-mammaire était la plus utilisée. Les antimicrobiens d’importance critique les plus prioritaires en médecine humaine représentaient 17,5% de l’utilisation totale. Une faible proportion de fermes utilisait des antimicrobiens médicalement importants dans l’alimentation des animaux. L’incidence des maladies n’expliquait que partiellement la variance de l’utilisation totale. D’autres facteurs restent à déterminer pour expliquer les pratiques d’UAM dans les fermes laitières québécoises. Les données issues de plusieurs méthodes de quantification ont été comparées aux données de l’étude observationnelle. Pour les médicaments vétérinaires d’une part, le taux d’UAM estimé à partir des factures vétérinaires décrivait de façon presque parfaite le taux d’UAM réel (coefficient de corrélation de concordance, CCC = 0,83) alors que les méthodes utilisant les données du programme gouvernemental « Amélioration de la santé animale au Québec » ou des registres de traitements complétés à la ferme performaient moins bien. Pour les aliments médicamenteux d’autre part, le taux d’UAM estimé à partir des prescriptions vétérinaires pour aliments médicamenteux ou à partir des informations obtenues lors d’une entrevue individuelle avec le producteur corrélait bien le taux d’UAM réel (CCC = 0,66 et 0,73 respectivement). Le projet a permis de quantifier l’UAM annuelle dans les fermes laitières québécoises (par catégorie d’antimicrobiens et voie d’administration) en utilisant un nouvel indicateur de mesure (DCDbovCA). De plus, ce projet démontre la validité des données issues des factures et prescriptions vétérinaires pour quantifier l’UAM dans les troupeaux laitiers québécois. Le logiciel de facturation utilisé par la majorité des médecins vétérinaires praticiens du Québec pourrait servir au développement d’un système provincial de surveillance et de benchmarking de l’UAM. / Quantification of antimicrobial usage (AMU) is a key component of surveillance programs on antimicrobial resistance. The general objective of this thesis was to assess different quantification methods of the AMU in Québec dairy farms. More specifically, the project was designed to define a metric adapted to the Canadian context for AMU reports in cattle, to determine the mean annual AMU rate in Québec dairy herds, and to compare several quantification methods in order to identify a potential method suitable for AMU surveillance in Québec dairy farms. An observational cohort study was conducted from the recruitment of 101 Québec dairy producers. Antimicrobials used to treat dairy cattle were quantified over one year using a garbage can audit involving the collect of (1) veterinary drugs into a receptacle and (2) medicated feed delivered on the farm from feed mills invoices. The AMU rate was estimated in number of defined doses per 100 cow-years. Defined doses were not available in Canada for cattle and were assigned as part of the project: daily doses (DDDbovCA) and course doses (DCDbovCA). Due to usage of long-acting products in dairy cattle (such as intramammary formulations for dry cows), the DCDbovCA unit was preferred for analyses. Overall, an estimated mean of 537 DCDbovCA/100 cow-years was observed, meaning that an average of 537 antimicrobial treatments were administered annually in a standard 100-cow herd. The intramammary route during lactation was the most frequently observed. Highest priority critically important antimicrobials accounted for 17.5% of the total usage. A low proportion of farms used medically important antimicrobials in animal feed. Incidence of diseases explained only partially the variance in total AMU rate. Other factors have to be determined to explain the AMU in Québec dairy farms. Data from several quantification methods were compared to the observational study data. First, for veterinary drugs, the AMU rate estimated from veterinary sales described almost perfectly the actual AMU rate (concordance correlation coefficient, CCC = 0.83), whereas other methods using data from the governmental program “Amélioration de la santé animale au Québec” or from treatment records completed on the farm were not as reliable. Second, for medicated feed, the AMU rate estimated from veterinary prescriptions for medicated feed or from information obtained by individual interviews with producers were well correlated with the actual AMU rate (CCC = 0.66 and 0.73, respectively). Quantification of AMU was successfully performed by antimicrobial category and by route of administration in Québec dairy farms over one year using a newly defined unit of measure (DCDbovCA). This project demonstrates the validity of the data extracted from veterinary invoices and prescriptions to quantify the AMU in Québec dairy herds. The billing software used by most of Québec veterinary practitioners could be used to develop a monitoring and benchmarking system of the AMU at the provincial level.

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As computer networks grow more complex as the number of connected devices increases, the monitoring and management of such networks also increases in complexity. Current network monitoring tools such as NetFlow, sFlow, ping, traceroute, and tcpdump prove to be both tedious and offer low accuracy when reporting the network state. With the recent emergence in programmable data plane switches, a new framework was created by the P4 Applications Working Group named In- Band Network Telemetry (INT). INT enables network programmers to obtain fine- grained telemetry information directly from the data plane without involvement from the control plane. This project implements INT in hardware Intel Tofino switches and provides a comparison between the three different INT modes of operations (INTXD, INTMX and INTMD) as defined in the framework specifications. The results show the effects of INT when implemented in the data plane, providing the ability to monitor the path a packet took through the network (switch ingress and egress ports), the hop latency, queue occupancy and queuing latency. However, INT can increase the overhead in both the packet and the bandwidth of the network, reducing application throughput. Measures to counteract this are discussed. An earlier implementation of a standalone telemetry report monitoring system was used and analysed, and it allowed for telemetry reports to be reported and visualised at a rate of up to 50 Kpps without any event detection. The results are applied to a Saab 9LV CMS network, and it is concluded that INT allows network operators to obtain a precise overview of the network state, allowing for easier network troubleshooting. / När datornätverk växer sig i komplexitet när antalet anslutna enheter ökar, metoder för övervakningen och hanteringen av sådana nätverk ökar också i komplexitet. Nuvarande nätverksövervakningsverktyg som NetFlow, sFlow, ping, traceroute och tcpdump visar sig vara både besvärliga och ger låg noggrannhet när man rapporterar nätverkstillståndet. Med den framväxten av programmerbara dataplan och programmerbara switchar skapades ett nytt ramverk av P4 Applications Working Group som heter INT. INT gör det möjligt för nätverksprogrammerare att erhålla finkornig telemetriinformation direkt från dataplanet utan inblandning från kontrollplanet. Detta projekt implementerar INT i Intel Tofino- switchar och ger en jämförelse mellan de tre olika INT- driftsätten (INTXD, INTMX och INTMD) enligt definitionen i specifikationerna. Resultaten visar effekterna av INT när det implementeras i dataplanet, inklusive möjligheten att övervaka vägen som ett paket tog genom nätverket (både ingångs- och utgångsportar på switcharna), hop- latens, köbeläggning och kö- latens. Dock kan INT öka overhead i både paketet och bandbredden i nätverket, vilket minskar applikationsgenomströmningen. Åtgärder för att motverka detta diskuteras. En tidigare implementering av ett fristående övervakningssystem för telemetrirapporter användes och analyserades, och det var möjligt att rapportera och visualisera telemetirapporter med en hastighet på upp till 50 Kpps utan någon händelsedetektering. Resultaten tillämpas på ett Saab 9LV CMS- nätverk och man drar slutsatsen att INT tillåter nätoperatörer att få en noggrann översikt över nätverkstillståndet, vilket möjliggör enklare nätverksfelsökning.

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[ES] La presente tesis aborda el problema del encaminamiento en las redes definidas por software (SDN). Específicamente, aborda el problema del diseño de un protocolo de encaminamiento basado en inteligencia artificial (AI) para garantizar la calidad de servicio (QoS) en transmisiones multimedia. En la primera parte del trabajo, el concepto de SDN es introducido. Su arquitectura, protocolos y ventajas son comentados. A continuación, el estado del arte es presentado, donde diversos trabajos acerca de QoS, encaminamiento, SDN y AI son detallados. En el siguiente capítulo, el controlador SDN, el cual juega un papel central en la arquitectura propuesta, es presentado. Se detalla el diseño del controlador y se compara su rendimiento con otro controlador comúnmente utilizado. Más tarde, se describe las propuestas de encaminamiento. Primero, se aborda la modificación de un protocolo de encaminamiento tradicional. Esta modificación tiene como objetivo adaptar el protocolo de encaminamiento tradicional a las redes SDN, centrado en las transmisiones multimedia. A continuación, la propuesta final es descrita. Sus mensajes, arquitectura y algoritmos son mostrados. Referente a la AI, el capítulo 5 detalla el módulo de la arquitectura que la implementa, junto con los métodos inteligentes usados en la propuesta de encaminamiento. Además, el algoritmo inteligente de decisión de rutas es descrito y la propuesta es comparada con el protocolo de encaminamiento tradicional y con su adaptación a las redes SDN, mostrando un incremento de la calidad final de la transmisión. Finalmente, se muestra y se describe algunas aplicaciones basadas en la propuesta. Las aplicaciones son presentadas para demostrar que la solución presentada en la tesis está diseñada para trabajar en redes heterogéneas. / [CA] La present tesi tracta el problema de l'encaminament en les xarxes definides per programari (SDN). Específicament, tracta el problema del disseny d'un protocol d'encaminament basat en intel·ligència artificial (AI) per a garantir la qualitat de servici (QoS) en les transmissions multimèdia. En la primera part del treball, s'introdueix les xarxes SDN. Es comenten la seva arquitectura, els protocols i els avantatges. A continuació, l'estat de l'art és presentat, on es detellen els diversos treballs al voltant de QoS, encaminament, SDN i AI. Al següent capítol, el controlador SDN, el qual juga un paper central a l'arquitectura proposta, és presentat. Es detalla el disseny del controlador i es compara el seu rendiment amb altre controlador utilitzat comunament. Més endavant, es descriuen les propostes d'encaminament. Primer, s'aborda la modificació d'un protocol d'encaminament tradicional. Aquesta modificació té com a objectiu adaptar el protocol d'encaminament tradicional a les xarxes SDN, centrat a les transmissions multimèdia. A continuació, la proposta final és descrita. Els seus missatges, arquitectura i algoritmes són mostrats. Pel que fa a l'AI, el capítol 5 detalla el mòdul de l'arquitectura que la implementa, junt amb els mètodes intel·ligents usats en la proposta d'encaminament. A més a més, l'algoritme intel·ligent de decisió de rutes és descrit i la proposta és comparada amb el protocol d'encaminament tradicional i amb la seva adaptació a les xarxes SDN, mostrant un increment de la qualitat final de la transmissió. Finalment, es mostra i es descriuen algunes aplicacions basades en la proposta. Les aplicacions són presentades per a demostrar que la solució presentada en la tesi és dissenyada per a treballar en xarxes heterogènies. / [EN] This thesis addresses the problem of routing in Software Defined Networks (SDN). Specifically, the problem of designing a routing protocol based on Artificial Intelligence (AI) for ensuring Quality of Service (QoS) in multimedia transmissions. In the first part of the work, SDN is introduced. Its architecture, protocols and advantages are discussed. Then, the state of the art is presented, where several works regarding QoS, routing, SDN and AI are detailed. In the next chapter, the SDN controller, which plays the central role in the proposed architecture, is presented. The design of the controller is detailed and its performance compared to another common controller. Later, the routing proposals are described. First, a modification of a traditional routing protocol is discussed. This modification intends to adapt a traditional routing protocol to SDN, focused on multimedia transmissions. Then, the final proposal is described. Its messages, architecture and algorithms are depicted. As regards AI, chapter 5 details the module of the architecture that implements it, along with all the intelligent methods used in the routing proposal. Furthermore, the intelligent route decision algorithm is described and the final proposal is compared to the traditional routing protocol and its adaptation to SDN, showing an increment of the end quality of the transmission. Finally, some applications based on the routing proposal are described. The applications are presented to demonstrate that the proposed solution can work with heterogeneous networks. / Rego Máñez, A. (2020). Intelligent multimedia flow transmission through heterogeneous networks using cognitive software defined networks [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/160483