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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
21

Avaliação de silagens de cereais de inverno com diferentes estratégias de manejo / Evaluation of winter cereal silages with different management strategies

Silveira, Álisson Minozzo da 10 March 2017 (has links)
This research was conducted for evaluating the productivity, nutritional value and fermentative characteristics of winter cereal silages submitted or not to harvest in the Depressão Central do Rio Grande do Sul. So, experimental pastures were established in May 2013, and the treatments were composed by two varieties of white oats (Avena sativa L. cv. UPF 18 and cv. IPR 126) and two of wheat (Triticum sativum L. cv. BRS Tarumã and BRS Umbu), in two management conditions (half of the plots submitted to cuts during the cycle and the other half without cuts), totaling eight treatments, with four replications, in a completely randomized experimental design. Silage was made at the paste grain stage with approximately 30 to 35% dry matter, and after 60 days of fermentation, were opened for evaluation. To evaluate the level of nitrogen fertilization of winter cereal through the critical curve of nitrogen dilution by DM accumulation, five samples were taken per plot, every 21 days from te moment when the forage presented more of one tonne of dry matter per hectare. We used the model of N dilution in plant tissue, proposed by Lemaire and Salette (1984). The UPF 18 oats present higher productivity, with lower protein levels. IPR 126 oats have better nutritional characteristics such as NDFap, NFC and TDN. Fermentative characteristics of different studied silages are similar. As for the in vitro degradability parameters of the silages, wheat cultivars obtained higher gas production and CH4, showing to be more degradable than oats. The UPF 18 oat cultivar presented a lower concentration of SCFA. BRS Umbu wheat presented lower production of propionic acid, thus increasing the C2/C3 ratio. Nitrogen nutrition was deficient in all cultivars and developmental stages, and BRS Umbu wheat pasture was the one that most approached the model in relation to the others in the initial and intermediate phases of the cycle, with a higher NNI, but it was also the hich presented more nitrogen dilution during the cycle. IPR 126 oats had the lowest dilution of nitrogen over time. UPF 18 oats was more productive, however, IPR 126 oats presented best nutritional characteristics. wheat cultivars silage and IPR 126 oats are more digestible than the UPF 18 oats silage. Evaluated pastures presented nitrogen fertilization deficiency in all cultivars and developmental stages. / Esta pesquisa foi conduzida com o objetivo de avaliar a produtividade, o valor nutricional e as características fermentativas de silagens de cereais de inverno submetidos ou não a cortes na Depressão Central do Rio Grande do Sul. Para isso, as pastagens experimentais foram estabelecidas em maio de 2013, sendo os tratamentos compostos por dois genótipos de aveia branca (Avena sativa L. cv. UPF 18 e cv. IPR 126) e dois de trigo (Triticum sativum L. cv. BRS Tarumã e cv. BRS Umbu), em duas condições de manejo (metade das parcelas submetidas a cortes no decorrer do ciclo e a outra metade sem cortes), totalizando quatro tratamentos, com quatro repetições, em um delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado. A ensilagem foi realizada no estádio de grão pastoso com aproximadamente 30 a 35% de matéria seca (MS). Após 60 dias de fermentação, os silos foram abertos para avaliação das silagens. Também para avaliar o nível de adubação nitrogenada de cultura de cereais de inverno através da curva crítica de diluição do nitrogênio (N) em função do acúmulo de MS, foram feitas cinco amostragens por parcela, a cada 21 dias a partir do momento em que a forragem apresentou mais de uma tonelada de matéria seca por hectare. Utilizou-se o modelo de diluição do N no tecido vegetal, proposto por Lemaire e Salette (1984). A aveia UPF 18 apresentou maior produtividade, com menores teores de proteína. A aveia IPR 126 apresentou melhores características nutricionais como FDNcp, CNF e NDT. As características fermentativas das diferentes silagens estudadas são semelhantes. Já para os parâmetros de degradabilidade “in vitro” das silagens, os cultivares de trigo obtiveram maior produção de gás e CH4, mostrando serem mais degradáveis que a aveia. A cultivar de aveia UPF 18 apresentou menor concentração de AGCC. O trigo BRS Umbu apresentou menor produção de ácido propiônico, aumentando assim a relação C2/C3. A nutrição de nitrogênio foi deficiente em todos os cultivares e estádios de desenvolvimento, e a pastagem de trigo BRS Umbu foi a que mais se aproximou ao modelo em relação às demais nas fases iniciais e intermediárias do ciclo, com maior INN, mas também foi a que mais apresentou diluição do nitrogênio no decorrer do ciclo. A aveia IPR 126 foi a que apresentou menor diluição do nitrogênio no decorrer do tempo. A aveia UPF 18 foi mais produtiva, porém, a aveia IPR 126 que apresentou as melhores características nutricionais. A silagem das cultivares de trigo e a aveia IPR 126 são mais digestíveis que a silagem de aveia UPF 18. As pastagens avaliadas apresentam deficiência na adubação nitrogenada em todos os cultivares e estádios de desenvolvimento.
22

Características das silagens de grãos de milho influenciadas pela reidratação e pela inoculação com L. buchneri sobre o desempenho de bovinos de corte confinados / Characteristics of corn grain silages influenced by rehydration and inoculation with L. buchneri on the performance of feedlot cattle

Silva, Naiara Caixeta da [UNESP] 28 October 2016 (has links)
Submitted by NAIARA CAIXETA DA SILVA null (naiaranoemi@bol.com.br) on 2016-12-21T12:13:24Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese_Naiara_Caixeta_da_Silva.pdf: 1682545 bytes, checksum: ca3b83a01f9c9a072da78273e4da0fca (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Juliano Benedito Ferreira (julianoferreira@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-12-21T12:43:25Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_nc_dr_jabo.pdf: 1682545 bytes, checksum: ca3b83a01f9c9a072da78273e4da0fca (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-21T12:43:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_nc_dr_jabo.pdf: 1682545 bytes, checksum: ca3b83a01f9c9a072da78273e4da0fca (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-10-28 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Foram conduzidos três experimentos com os objetivos de determinar 1) a melhor dose e tipo de inoculante, homo ou heterofermentativo, para grão de milho reidratado; 2) os efeitos do tempo de estocagem e do uso de inoculante sobre o perfil fermentativo, estabilidade aeróbia e degradabilidade in situ de silagem de milho grão úmido e silagem de grão de milho reidratado; 3) as alterações nos parâmetros ruminais, digestibilidade e desempenho de bovinos Nelore, consumindo dietas contendo milho seco moído ou silagem de milho grão úmido ou silagem de grão de milho reidratado sem e com o uso de inoculante. No experimento 1 foi avaliado silagem de grão de milho reidratado sem inoculante (C), com L. plantarum + P. acidilactici (LPPA) e com L. buchneri (LB), ambos nas doses de 1 ×105, 5 ×105 e 1 ×106 ufc/g, estocadas por 124 dias. As silagens inoculadas com LB em relação ao C apresentaram maior (P < 0,01) contagem de bactérias ácido láticas (BAL), concentração de ácido acético, ácido propiônico e 1,2-propanodiol e menor (P < 0,01) pH, leveduras e fungos filamentosos nos 12 dias de exposição ao ar e maior (P < 0,01) estabilidade aeróbica, isso ocorreu já na primeira dose (1 ×105 ufc/g). O uso de LB também aumentou (P < 0,05) a quebra de prolamina e a degradabilidade in situ das silagens. Uso de LPPA não apresentou melhorias na fermentação e piorou a deterioração aeróbia em comparação ao controle. No experimento 2 foi avaliado um esquema fatorial 2 × 2, sendo o primeiro fator dois tipos de ensilagem, silagem de milho úmido (MU) e silagem de milho reidratado (MR); e o segundo fator o uso de inoculante, sem (Controle) e com L. buchneri (LB; 1 × 105 ufc/g), com aberturas aos 15, 30, 60, 90, 120, 180, 240 e 300 dias de estocagem. A MR apresentou maior concentração total de ácidos, enquanto as silagens com LB apresentaram maior concentração de ácido acético e 1,2-propanodiol e menor de ácido lático e ácido butírico. Ao longo dos tempos de estocagem, MU LB e MR LB apresentaram menor contagem de leveduras e maior contagem de BAL e estabilidade aeróbia. A MR com tamanho de partícula original apresentou maior degradabilidade in situ que a MU. O tempo mínimo para atingir ganhos altos de degradabilidade foi entre 30 e 70 dias de estocagem. No experimento 3 foram avaliadas cinco dietas contendo: silagem de milho grão úmido (MU), silagem de milho grão úmido com L. buchneri (MUB), silagem de grão de milho reidratado (MR; 1 × 105 ufc/g), silagem de grão de milho reidratado com L. buchneri (MRB; 1 × 105 ufc/g) e milho seco moído (MSC). No experimento de metabolismo foram utilizados 10 animais fistulados, agrupados em dois quadrados latinos (5 × 5), enquanto no experimento de desempenho foram utilizados 180 animais Nelore (310±17 kg), sendo 6 animais por baia e 6 baias por tratamento. Os animais que consumiam silagens apresentaram maior (P < 0,05) digestibilidade da MS, MO e PB; maior concentração de propionato e ácidos graxos de cadeia curta totais; menor (P < 0,01) CMS e pH ruminal; e maior (P < 0,01) eficiência alimentar, ELm e ELg da dieta em relação aos animais consumindo MSC. O uso de L. buchneri aumentou a estabilidade aeróbia, e o tempo de estocagem aumentou a degradabilidade das silagens. Recomenda-se o uso de silagens de grãos de milho por propiciar melhor digestibilidade e eficiência alimentar. A silagem de grão de milho reidratado é uma alternativa à silagem de milho grão úmido. / Three trials were conducted with the objective to determine 1) the best dose and type of inoculant, homo or hetero fermentative, for reconstituted corn grain silages; 2) the effects of storage time and the use of inoculant on the fermentation profile, aerobic stability and in situ degradability of high moisture and reconstituted corn grain silages; 3) changes in ruminal fermentation, digestibility and performance of Nellore steers fed diets containing dry ground corn or high moisture or reconstituted corn grain silages without and with inoculant. In trial 1, treatments were: reconstituted corn grain silages without inoculant (C), L. plantarum + P. acidilactici (LPPA) and L. buchneri (LB), both at doses of 1 × 105, 5 × 105 or 1 × 106 cfu/g, stored for 124 days. Silages inoculated with LB compared to C had greater (P < 0.01) count or lactic acid bacterial (LAB), acetic acid, proprionic acid and 1,2-propanediol concentrations and lower (P < 0.01) pH, yeasts and molds for 12 days of exposure to air and higher (P < 0.01) aerobic stability, this occurs already at the first dose (1 x 105 cfu/g). The use of LB also increased (P < 0.05) proteolysis and in situ degradability of silages. The LPPA showed no improvements in fermentation and increased mold counts during the aerobic stability. The trial 2 was designed in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement: two types of silage, high moisture corn (HMC) or reconstituted corn grain silages (RCS); and without (control) or with L. buchneri (LB; 1 × 105). Silos were opened after 15, 30, 60, 90, 120, 180, 240 and 300 days of storage. The RCS showed higher overall concentration of acids, while silages inoculated with LB had greater concentrations of acetic acid and 1,2-propanediol and lower content of lactic and butyric acids. Along the storage time, HMC LB and RCS LB showed lower yeast count and higher BAL count and aerobic stability. The RCS with original particle size showed higher in situ degradability than HMC. The minimum length of storage to reach high degradability of gains is between 30 and 70 days of storage. In trial 3 were evaluated five diets: high moisture corn (HMC), HMC with L. buchneri (HMCLB), reconstituted corn grain silages (RCS), RCS with L. buchneri (RCSLB) and dry ground corn (DGC). We used 10 cannulated bulls in a metabolism experiment, assigned in two latin squares (5 × 5), and 180 Nellore bullocks (310±17 kg) in the performance experiment, with 6 animals per pen and 6 pens per treatment. Animals fed silages had higher (P < 0.05) DM, OM and CP digestibility, greater concentrations of propionato and total short-chain fatty acids, and lower (P < 0.01) DMI, rumen pH and higher (P < 0.01) feed efficiency, NEm and NEg for the diet for the animals consuming DGC. The use of L. buchneri increases aerobic stability and storage time increases the degradability of silages. It is recommended the use of corn grain silages by providing better digestibility and utilization of diet. Reconstituted corn grain silages is an alternative to the high moisture corn silage. / FAPESP: 2013/16720-2
23

Dietas com baixa inclusão de volumoso para cordeiros Dorper x Santa Inês terminados em confinamento / Diets with low bulk inclusion for Dorper x Santa ines lambs finished in a feedlot

Bento, Elis Aparecido 22 March 2013 (has links)
Submitted by Marlene Santos (marlene.bc.ufg@gmail.com) on 2014-12-04T18:22:28Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese- Elis Aparecido Bento - 2013.pdf: 1240390 bytes, checksum: 353acfa530fd79da0d59d4a48a1572c4 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Jaqueline Silva (jtas29@gmail.com) on 2014-12-04T18:46:46Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese- Elis Aparecido Bento - 2013.pdf: 1240390 bytes, checksum: 353acfa530fd79da0d59d4a48a1572c4 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-04T18:46:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese- Elis Aparecido Bento - 2013.pdf: 1240390 bytes, checksum: 353acfa530fd79da0d59d4a48a1572c4 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-03-22 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Goiás - FAPEG / The objective of the present study was to evaluate the performance, carcass characteristics and digestibility of diets with low or no bulk food inclusion in Dorper X Santa Ines lambs finished in a feedlot. The treatments consisted of five complete diets: Commercial Feed Corte Confina® (CCONF), commercial Concentrate Corte 20® plus Bagasse (CB), commercial Concentrate plus Corn and Bagasse (CMB), commercial Concentrate plus Corn, Soybean hulls and Bagasse (CMCSB) and commercial Concentrate plus Soybean hulls and Bagasse (CCSB). The performance study was carried out in the Goat and Sheep Sector at the Federal Institute Goiano - Campus Rio Verde – Goiás - Brazil. Twenty intact F1 Dorper x Santa Ines lambs were used, average age 60 days and average weight 20.34±39 kg at the start of the experiment. A complete randomized design was used. The experiment lasted 85 days and the animals were weighed every 21 days. The digestibility experiment was carried out in the experimental installations at the Food Analysis Laboratory of the Animal Production Department at the Veterinary and Animal Science College of the UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE GOIÁS Goiânia – Brazil. A 5 x 5 Latin square was used to evaluate the apparent digestibility and intake performance. Samples of the diets used in the performance experiment were incubated to evaluate the in vitro dry matter degradability. The means were compared by the Fisher DMS test (α = 0.05). The diet did not affect (P>0.05) either performance, where the mean general weight gain was 232.4 g/day for 4.78 food conversion, or the carcass characteristics. The fatty acid profile of the carcass was altered. The intake performance was not affected and the food conversion was not altered. / O objetivo foi avaliar o desempenho, as características de carcaça e a digestibilidade de dietas com baixa ou nenhuma inclusão de alimento volumoso em cordeiros Dorper x Santa Inês terminados em confinamento. Os tratamentos foram constituídos por cinco rações completas: ração comercial Corte Confina® (CCONF), concentrado comercial Corte 20® mais bagaço de cana (CB), concentrado comercial mais milho e bagaço de cana (CMB), concentrado comercial mais milho, casca de soja e bagaço de cana (CMCSB) e concentrado comercial mais casca de soja e bagaço de cana (CCSB). O estudo de desempenho foi conduzido no Setor de Caprinos e Ovinos do Instituto Federal Goiano – Campus Rio Verde; foram utilizados 20 cordeiros não castrados F1 Dorper x Santa Inês com idade média de 60 dias e peso médio de 20,34±0,39 kg no inicio do experimento. Utilizou-se delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado. O período experimental teve duração de 85 dias. Os animais foram pesados a cada 21 dias. O experimento de digestibilidade foi conduzido no Galpão experimental e no Laboratório de Análise de Alimentos do Departamento de Produção Animal da Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia da Universidade Federal de Goiás. Trabalhou-se com um quadrado latino 5x5 avaliando a digestibilidade aparente e o comportamento ingestivo. Amostras das dietas usadas no experimento de desempenho foram incubadas para avaliar a degradabilidade in vitro da matéria seca. As médias foram comparadas pelo teste DMS de FISHER (α = 0,05). As dietas não promoveram efeitos (P>0,05) tanto no desempenho, em que o ganho de peso médio geral foi 232,4 g/dia para uma conversão alimentar de 4,78, quanto nas características de carcaças. Houve alteração do perfil de ácidos graxos da carcaça. O comportamento ingestivo não foi afetado e a Conversão Alimentar não alterou.
24

Efeito do balanço cátion-aniônico em conjunto com diferentes proporcões de volumoso e concentrado na degradabilidade ruminal / Effects of dietary cation-anion balance (DCAB) associated with different rates of roughage:concentrate ratios in ruminal degradability

Rodrigo Lemos Meirelles 27 January 2005 (has links)
Os efeitos do balanço cátion-aniônico da dieta (BCAD) na degradabilidade ruminal da MS e PB do farelo de soja, degradabilidade ruminal da MS e amido do fubá de milho, foram estudados em dois experimentos com diferentes proporções de volumoso:concentrado (experimento 1 - 60:40; experimento 2 - 40:60), em 12 bezerros Holandeses (peso médio de 91,55kg e de 117,62kg respectivamente), portadores de cânulas ruminais, realizados no Campus Administrativo de Pirassununga/SP, na FZEA/USP. Os períodos experimentais foram de 35 dias, sendo 14 dias de adaptação dos animais às gaiolas e às dietas e 21 dias de colheita de dados, com 15 dias de descanso. O delineamento foi o inteiramente casualizado, com três tratamentos e quatro repetições em ambos os experimentos. Para a manipulação do BCAD, foram adicionados sulfato de amônio e bicarbonato de sódio, obtendo-se os seguintes tratamentos no experimento 1: -123, +218 e +341 mEq/kg MS; e no experimento 2: -127, +207 e +397 mEq/kg MS. Utilizou-se silagem de milho como fonte de volumoso. Os níveis de BCAD influenciaram as degradabilidades ruminais da MS e PB do farelo de soja com a proporção de volumoso:concentrado de 60:40 (P<0,10). As degradabilidades ruminais da MS e amido do fubá de milho com a proporção volumoso:concentrado de 60:40, não foram afetadas pelos níveis de BCAD (P>0,10), assim como as degradabilidades ruminais da MS e PB do farelo de soja, MS e amido do fubá de milho com a proporção volumoso:concentrado de 40:60 (P>0,10). / The DCAB effects on dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) degradability of soybean meal and DCAB effects on DM and corn meal degradability were investigated in two trials with different rate of roughage:concentrate (experiment 1: 60:40, experiment 2: 40:60). Twelve Holstein calves with ruminal cannula were used in each experiment (91,55 kg and 117,62 kg of mean weight, respectively). Both experiments were conducted at FZEA/USP, Pirassununga/SP. The experimental periods were constituted by 35 days (14 days adaptation and 21 days data collection) with 15 days of interval. It was used completely design, with three treatments and four repetitions. For DCAB manipulation were added ammonium sulfate and sodium bicarbonate in order to achieve the following values: experiment 1: -123, +218, +341 mEq/kg DM, experiment 2: -127, +207, +397 mEq/kg DM. The diet was based on corn silage as forage. The DCAB ratios affected DM and soybean meal CP degradabilities when 60:40 roughage:concentrate ratio were used (P<0,10). DM and corn meal degradabilities were not affected by DCAB ratios (P>0,10), as well as DM and soybean meal CP degradabilities when 40:60 roughage:concentrate ratio were used P<0,10).
25

Valor nutricional do resíduo úmido de cervejaria in natura conservado sob condições aeróbias ou anaeróbias / Nutritional value of brewery s waste in natura stored under aerobic or anaerobic conditions

Souza, Leiliane Cristine de 29 March 2010 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T17:48:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Leiliane_Cristine_de_Souza.pdf: 222815 bytes, checksum: 468f0a094e9f2ec3edfd6604ee72cf3d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-03-29 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The high cost of feed for ruminants is a limiting factor for increasing productivity, boosting the search for alternative sources of food in order to minimize production costs. The brewery s waste (BW) deserves prominence in this situation, because it has high nutritional quality and great potential for livestock production. The BW is the result of the initial processing of the manufacture of beers, however the limitations to effective use of the RUC in animal feed are mainly related with storage and high humidity of the material, hindering the transport and storage. The ensiling of the BW is presented as an efficient alternative in the preservation of the material, paying attention to the quality of the material after the process of anaerobic fermentation. The nutritional evaluation of the BW is of fundamental importance for achieving efficiency in the diets, optimize productive performance and reduce costs. The aim of this study was to evaluate methods of conservation aerobic and anaerobic of brewery s waste, performing microbiological testing and evaluating the quality of silage fermentation, chemical composition, as well the digestibility in vitro and degradability in situ brewery s waste in natura and ensiled. The conservation of the brewery s waste packaged under aerobic conditions was not appropriate because the strong development of filamentous fungi and yeasts; however the storage under anaerobic conditions proved to be an efficient conservation process. The ensilage brewery s waste preserved nutritional quality of the material. The evaluation of chemical composition, in vitro digestibility and in situ degradability of in natura and ensiled BW showed that the material can be characterized as roughage feed with potential use in ruminant feed / Os elevados custos com a alimentação dos ruminantes é um dos fatores limitantes para o aumento da produtividade, impulsionando a busca por fontes alternativas de alimentos a fim de minimizar os custos de produção. O resíduo úmido de cervejaria (RUC) merece destaque neste cenário, pois apresenta elevada qualidade nutricional e grande potencial para a produção animal. O RUC é resultante do processamento inicial da fabricação de cervejas. As limitações encontradas para o uso efetivo do RUC na alimentação animal estão relacionadas principalmente com o armazenamento e elevada umidade do material, dificultando o transporte e a conservação. A ensilagem do RUC apresenta-se como uma alternativa eficiente no processo de conservação do material, atentando-se para a qualidade do material após o processo de fermentação anaeróbia. A avaliação da qualidade nutricional do RUC é de fundamental importância para se obter uma eficiência nas dietas, otimizar o desempenho produtivo e reduzir custos. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar métodos de conservação aeróbios e anaeróbios do resíduo úmido de cervejaria, realizando análises microbiológicas e avaliar a qualidade fermentativa da silagem, a composição química, bem como a digestibilidade in vitro e a degradabilidade in situ do resíduo úmido de cervejaria in natura e ensilado. A conservação do resíduo úmido de cervejaria acondicionado sob condições aeróbias não foi adequada devido ao pronunciado desenvolvimento de fungos filamentosos e leveduras, entretanto o armazenamento sob condições anaeróbias demonstrou ser um eficiente processo de conservação. A ensilagem do resíduo úmido de cervejaria (RUC) preservou qualidade nutricional do material. A avaliação da composição química, digestibilidade in vitro e degradabilidade in situ do RUC in natura e ensilado demonstraram que o material pode ser caracterizado como alimento volumoso com potencial de uso na alimentação de ruminantes
26

Variação genética da composição química e digestibilidade do colmo de genótipos de milho colhidos em três estágios de maturidade / Genetic variation of the stalk chemical composition and digestibility of corn genotypes harvested at three stages of maturity

Diego Reynaga Salazar 12 February 2009 (has links)
Atualmente há o reconhecimento de que critérios de seleção que favorecem a produção de grãos podem ser indesejáveis para o valor nutricional de silagens de milho. Híbridos de milho para silagem devem maturar mais lentamente com declínio gradual da umidade da planta, ter grãos macios e colmo com alta digestibilidade da fibra. Assim, objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da idade de corte sobre a qualidade nutricional do colmo de genótipos de milho, permitindo a seleção de materiais de melhor qualidade, com o intuito de definir critérios de seleção em programas de melhoramento de híbridos de milho para ensilagem que visem o aumento da digestibilidade da fibra do colmo. Objetivou-se ainda a classificação dos genótipos em grupos de acordo com suas características produtivas e de qualidade nutricional. Foram avaliados 15 híbridos de milho do programa de melhoramento do Instituto Agronômico de Campinas, em ensaio sob delineamento de blocos ao acaso, com três repetições, colhidos com 90, 120 e 150 dias após a germinação. O 4º e 5º internódios do colmo, acima do solo, foram retirados para determinação da composição bromatológica e digestibilidade in vitro. Houve queda no teor de fibra e aumento na concentração de lignina com avanço da maturidade, em ambos os internódios. Houve aumento na digestibilidade da MS do 5º internódio com o avanço da maturidade, enquanto que não houve efeito sobre o 4º internódio. Ocorreu redução na digestibilidade da fibra do 4º internódio com o avanço da maturidade, enquanto que não houve efeito sobre o 5º internódio. A digestibilidade da fibra do 4º internódio foi negativamente correlacionada com a lignificação, enquanto que esta correlação foi inexistente no 5º internódio, indicando que o 4º internódio do colmo pode ser utilizado como indicador da queda de digestibilidade da fibra da haste de híbridos de milho que ocorre com o avanço da maturidade. Verificou-se entre os 15 genótipos nas três idades de corte, grande variabilidade genética para os parâmetros de qualidade, o que realça a necessidade de seleção criteriosa do material a ser utilizado para silagem e a possibilidade de implantação de programas de melhoramento genético voltados para qualidade nutricional de híbridos de milho para silagem. / Nowadays there is the recognition that selection criteria that favors grain production can be undesirable for nutritional value of corn silages. Corn hybrids for silage should mature slower with gradual decline of plant moisture, have softer grains and stalk with high fiber digestibility. Therefore, it was our objective to evaluate the effect of age of harvest on the stalk nutritional quality of corn hybrids, aiming to define selection criteria in breeding programs focused on improving the stalk fiber digestibility. It was still our objective the classification of genotypes in groups according to their production and nutritional qualities. Fifteen hybrids from the Instituto Agronômico de Campinas breeding program were evaluated in a random block design with three repetitions, harvested with 90, 120 and 150 days after germination. The 4th and 5th above soil stalk internodes were removed to determination of chemical composition and in vitro digestibility. The fiber content decreased and lignin content increased with advanced maturity, in both internodes. The DM digestibility of the 5th internode increased with maturity, while there was no change in the 4th internode. The fiber digestibility of the 4th internode was reduced with advanced maturity while there was no effect on the 5th internode. Fiber digestibility of the 4th internode was negatively correlated with lignifications, while this correlation was inexistent for the 5th internode, indicating that the 4th internode could be used as an indicator of the decrease in stalk fiber digestibility that occurs with advanced maturity of corn hybrids. There was great genetic variability among the 15 genotypes in the three stages of maturity for the quality parameters, highlighting the necessity of careful selection of the material to be used for silage production and the possibility of implementing breeding programs focused on improving the nutritional quality of corn hybrids for silage.
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Impact du déficit hydrique sur la dégradabilité, la biochimie pariétale et la répartition des tissus lignifiés chez l’entrenoeud de maïs et déterminisme génétique de ces caractères / Impact of water deficit on degradability, cell wall biochemistry and lignified tissue distribution in the maize internode, and genetic determinism of these traits

El Hage, Fadi 20 December 2018 (has links)
Ce projet de thèse s’inscrit dans un contexte de changement climatique et de remplacement des énergies fossiles, où la réduction des apports en eau et l’optimisation de la valorisation de la biomasse sont deux enjeux majeurs des systèmes de productions durables. La dégradabilité de la biomasse est principalement limitée par la dégradabilité des parois et afin de l’améliorer, il est nécessaire de comprendre quels facteurs sont impliqués dans cette limitation de dégradabilité. Plusieurs études ont montré que la dégradabilité pariétale est impactée par la composition et la structure de la paroi mais aussi par la distribution des tissus lignifiés au sein des organes. Pour faire la part entre l’impact de la biochimie et celui de l’histologie sur la dégradabilité dans différentes conditions d’irrigation, des outils haut-débit de quantifications biochimiques et histologiques ont été développés et dédiés à l’étude d’entrenoeuds portant l’épi principal. Les études ont porté sur un panel de diversité génétique de maïs et d’une population de lignées recombinantes, cultivés durant plusieurs années dans des conditions d’irrigation contrastées dans le sud de la France. Nos résultats mettent en évidence que le déficit hydrique induit une augmentation de la dégradabilité pariétale, accompagnée par une diminution de la teneur en lignines pariétales et par une induction préférentielle d’une lignification corticale, plus p-coumaroylée. De façon originale, nous avons aussi cartographié 90 QTLs de caractères histologiques dans les différentes conditions d’irrigation sur le génome du maïs. Plus particulièrement, une large région entre le bin 1.07 et le bin 1.11 est impliquée dans les variations observées du nombre de faisceaux vasculaires et de la surface de section des entrenoeuds. De façon globale, de nombreux QTLs de composition pariétale de l’entrenoeud co-localisent avec ceux obtenus au niveau de la plante entière sans épis chez la même population. Enfin nous avons pu démontrer que le choix de l’entrenoeud portant l’épi principal est judicieux pour représenter à la fois les caractéristiques histologiques des tiges entières et biochimiques de la biomasse lignocellulosique des plantes entières. Ainsi, les caractéristiques histologiques et biochimiques des entrenoeuds de maïs sont proposées comme des cibles de choix pour sélectionner des lignées de maïs résilientes au déficit hydrique. / This PhD project encompass in a context of global warming and replacement of fossil resources, where both water supply decrease and biomass valorisation optimisation are two major issues for providing sustainable systems of production. Biomass degradability is mainly limited by cell wall degradability and in order to improve it, it is necessary to understand what are the factors involved in the limitation of the degradability. Several studies have shown that cell wall degradability is impacted by the structure and the composition of the cell wall but also by the distribution of the lignified tissues within the organs. To decipher the impact of the biochemistry and from the one of the histology on degradability under different watering conditions, high-throughput quantifications tools for histology and biochemistry have been developed and dedicated to the study of the internode carrying the main ear. The studies were conducted on a maize genetic diversity panel and a recombinant inbred lines population, cultivated during several years under contrasted irrigation conditions in South of France. Our results highlight that water deficit induce an increase of the cell wall degradability, associated to a decrease of the cell wall lignin content and a preferential induction of a cortical lignification, more p-coumaroylated. In original ways, we also detected 90 QTLs for histological traits under the different irrigations scenarios on the maize genome. More particularly, a large region between bin 1.07 and bin 1.11 is involved in the observed variations of the bundle number and the stem section area of the internodes. More generally, numerous QTLs of cell wall composition of the internode co-localised with the ones detected for the whole plant without ear level in the same population. Finally we were able to demonstrate that the choice of the internode carrying the main ear is judicious to represent both histological characteristics from the whole stem and biochemical characteristics from the lignocellulosic biomass of the whole plant. Thus, histological and biochemical traits in maize internode are proposed as particular targets to select lines resilient to water deficit.
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Intenzita bakteriální zátěže v peří a jeho rezistence proti bakteriální degradaci u tropických druhů ptáků afromontánních oblastí Kamerunu / An intensity of plumage bacterial load and resistence against bacteria-caused feather degradation in tropical birds of Afromontane areas of Cameroon

Kyptová, Markéta January 2017 (has links)
Microorganisms are considered to be a significant selective factor affecting bird's life strategies. The body cover, including feather, is occupied by a wide range of bacteria that are in their host in different interactions. Group of microorganisms degradate keratins of feather is still most studied and most species of birds have them in feather. This feather degrading bacteria can disrupt the wear and its function and thus cause great losses to its fitness. Therefore, it seems likely that these feathers degrading bacteria and microorganisms generally play a significant role in creating defence mechanisms against their negative effects. One of the most important defence mechanisms to protect feathers against the action of microorganisms is the deposition of melanin pigments. This diploma thesis deals with the analysis of the total bacterial load in feathers and its resistance against bacterial degradation in 47 species of birds trapped in afromontan areas of western Cameroon. The specific aim of the thesis was to determine differences in the total number of bacteria in plumage in species with different life strategies, especially feeding and reproductive strategies. At the same time, the phtilochronological analysis of the quality of the plumage was performed and in vitro experiments were tested...
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The Effect of Biobased Comonomers (Isosorbide and 2,5-furan dicarboxylic acid) on Alkaline Hydrolysis of Co-polyesters, PEIxT and PETFy

Das, Ananya January 2021 (has links)
No description available.
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Synthesis and Applications of Degradable Thermoresponsive Microgels / Synthesis of Degradable Thermoresponsive Microgels

Sivakumaran, Daryl N 11 1900 (has links)
Microgels are solvent-swollen cross-linked gel particles with sub-micron diameters and have been widely investigated for drug delivery applications. Thermoresponsive microgels based on poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) have attracted particular attention given their potential to enable pulsatile or environment-specific drug release. However, current methods to make thermoresponsive microgels yield functionally non-degradable materials, significantly limiting their utility in vivo. Herein, hydrazone chemistry was applied to cross-link hydrazide and aldehyde-functionalized precursor polymers together to form degradable PNIPAM microgels on different length scales that enable potential use of thermoresponsive microgels in vivo in a way not currently possible. For micron-scale microgels, microfluidics was employed to create monodisperse microgels between 30-90 m. For nano-scale microgels, a temperature-driven aggregation/self-assembly technique was developed that resulted in the formation of microgels with sizes between 200-300 nm. In either case, the microgels can be slowly degraded through hydrazone hydrolysis. Functionalized microgels can be made by incorporating pH-responsive 2-dimethylaminoethylmethacrylate (DMAEMA) or glucose-responsive phenylboronic acid in the precursor polymers. The potential utility of degradable microgels in drug delivery was studied using in situ gelling microgel-hydrogel nanocomposites. Changing the microgel cross-link density and whether or not the microgels were physically entrapped or covalently cross-linked to the bulk hydrogel matrix resulted in significant changes in drug release kinetics, with burst release particularly mitigated by increasing the cross-link density of the microgels. Microgels made via microfluidics were then utilized to make fully degradable microgel-hydrogel composites consisting of chemically identical gel chemistries on both the bulk and micro length scales. Carbohydrates (carboxymethyl cellulose and dextran) and PNIPAM gel phases were oriented in different relative geometries to examine how the phase distribution impacted drug release. Results suggest that drug release can be controlled through the selection of polymer type of each phase, with the deswelling phase transitions of PNIPAM playing a particularly large role in slowing release of the drug. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) / Microgels are solvent-swollen gel particles that have sub-micron diameters and have been widely investigated for a variety of biomedical applications. Temperature-responsive microgels based on poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) hold particular promise given that they can swell and deswell in response to changes in temperature, enabling pulsatile or environment-specific release of a drug. However, current thermoresponsive microgels are not degradable and therefore have limited utility in the body. In this thesis, degradable temperature-responsive microgels were developed on two length scales (micron and nano-sized) to enable their ultimate use in the body. Microgels responsive to changes in solution pH or the presence of glucose (both clinically-relevant stimuli) were made using similar techniques. Combinations of these microgels with injectable hydrogels enabled tuning of the rate of drug release by changing physical microgel and/or hydrogel, as investigated both experimentally and theoretically. The research conducted thus has the potential to impact clinical drug delivery vehicle design.

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