Seven clover sampes (Trifolium pratense L.) were collected at three different miters I (n = 3), II (n = 3) and III (n = 1) during the growing season from 10th of May to 17th of August. The samples were analyzed for chemical composition, gross energy (BE) content, in vivo sheep digestibility of organic matter (KS OH) and gross energy (KS BE) and in situ rumen degradability of organic matter and neutral detergent fibre (NDF). The contents of ash, crude protein (NL), crude fibre (CF), NDF, acid detergent fibre (ADF), acid detergent lignin (ADL) and BE were significantly (P < 0,05) affected by the date of cutting time. The averaged values were for ash 119,2 g/kg of dry matter, NL 197,7 g/kg of dry matter, CF 214,1 g/kg of dry matter, NDF 400,7 g/kg of dry matter, ADF 296,2 g/kg of dry matter, ADL 73,8 g/kg of dry matter and BE 18,2 MJ/kg of dry matter. KS OH and KS BE generally decreased with higher dates of cutting time. On average KS OH and KS BE amounted 72,4 % and 70,2 %, respectively. The effective ruminal degradability of organic matter (EDOH) was in average 81,7 % for miter I, 79,7 % for miter II and 75,2 % for miter III. In situ organic matter degradability characteristics were in average 41,9 % for the immediately degradable (soluble) fraction (parameter a), 47,1 % for the potential degradable fraction (parameter b) and 0,105 h-1 for the fractional rate of degradation (parameter c). The effective ruminal degradability of NDF (EDNDF) also generally decreased (P < 0,05) with increasing date of cutting time with values of 63,0 % for miter I, 59,7 % for miter II and 51,6 % for miter III. Strong correlation (P < 0,05) was observed between the EDOH and EDNDF (r = 0,979).

Modelos propostos para a previsão da produção forrageira e das características qualitativas da forragem ao longo do ano podem ser ferramentas valiosas no planejamento de sistemas de produção animal baseados em pastagens, desde que englobem as variáveis determinantes do crescimento das plantas para que possam fornecer valores condizentes com os verificados em condições de campo. Esse estudo foi conduzido com o objetivo de avaliar características qualitativas da forragem de cinco cultivares de capins do gênero Panicum em resposta às variações estacionais na temperatura do ar e do fotoperíodo, fazendo uso de modelos baseados em soma calórica (graus-dia) e soma calórica combinada com o fotoperíodo (unidades fototérmicas) acumulados durante períodos de crescimento no inverno e no verão. Cinco capins do gênero Panicum foram utilizados: Atlas, Massai, Mombaça, Tanzânia e Tobiatã, cortados a cada 28 dias (Atlas, Massai e Mombaça) e 35 dias (Tanzânia e Tobiatã) no verão (21 de setembro a 22 de março) e 49 dias (Atlas, Massai e Mombaça) e 63 dias (Tanzânia e Tobiatã) no inverno (23 de março a 20 de setembro) a uma altura de 35 cm (Atlas, Mombaça, Tanzânia e Tobiatã) e 15 cm (Massai), as parcelas eram irrigadas para garantir ausência de déficit hídrico, o intuito foi caracterizar às variáveis da degradabilidade in situ da matéria seca (MS), da fibra em detergente neutro (FDN), e da fibra em detergente ácido (FDA), no verão e no inverno. O cultivar Massai apresentou os maiores valores numéricos de DP. Entretanto, para a DE o cultivar Atlas apresentou maior degradabilidade da MS e FDN. Para a composição dos modelos climáticos de degradabilidade efetiva da MS, FDN e FDA, acompanhou-se semanalmente uma rebrotação de verão e bissemanalmente uma rebrotação de inverno. Os cultivares apresentaram diferentes valores de MS, FDN e FDA, demonstrando que apesar de cada capim apresentar um valor de intercepto distinto para cada característica nutricional avaliada, os padrões de redução dessas características são uniformes dentro da estação. Em todos os modelos gerados para a MS, independente da estação ou da variável climática, os cultivares: Atlas, Massai e Mombaça apresentaram valores de intercepto maiores, demonstrando uma maior DE da MS no início da rebrotação, em relação aos cultivares Tobiatã e Tanzânia. Isso provavelmente está relacionado ao menor intervalo entre cortes submetido a esses cultivares, o que propicia às plantas uma menor maturidade fisiológica. Para as fibras (FDN e FDA) somente o verão foi bem caracterizado pelos modelos. A DE da FDN, modelada para UF durante o período de verão, mostrou o mesmo padrão de resposta que ocorreu para a DE da MS. O capim Atlas apresentou o maior valor de intercepto, mostrando o potencial de produção de forragem de melhor valor nutritivo. Padrão semelhante ao que foi encontrado para DE da MS e FDN, foi observado para a DE da FDA, embora para esta variável os cultivares tenham sido similares. Para que os modelos possam se tornar ferramentas práticas de planejamento de sistemas de produção, há necessidade de que estudos complementares sejam realizados. / Models for predicting forage production and nutritive value over the year can be valuable tools in planning of forage-based animal production systems, provided that they are based upon environmental variables that not only can explain plant, but also are consistend with values of those responses measured in the field. This study it was conducted with the objective of evaluating some qualitative characteristics of the forage of five Panicum grasses in response to variations in air temperature (degree-days) and a combination between temperature and daylength, defined as photothermal units, both accumulated during periods of growth in winter and summer. Five Panicum spp were studied: Atlas, Massai, Mombaça, Tanzânia e Tobiatã, clipped every 28 days (Atlas, Massai e Mombaça) or 35 days (Tanzânia e Tobiatã) in the summer (21 September to 22 March) and every 49 days (Atlas, Massai e Mombaça) or 63 days (Tanzânia e Tobiatã) in the winter (23 March to 20 September) to a stubble of 35 (Atlas, Mombaça, Tanzânia e Tobiatã) or 15 cm (Massai). Plots were irrigated to avoid water deficit, and forage samples were analyzed for in situ dry matter (DM) degradability, plus that of the neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF), using six incubation times: 96, 48, 24, 12, 6, 3 and 0 hours. Massai had the highest potential degradability (PD) and Atlas had the highest effective degradability (ED) both for DM and NDF. For the parameterization of the climatic models of degradability of DM, NDF, and ADF, a summer regrowth was sampled weekly and a winter regrowth was sampled bi-weekly. Grasses showed different degradability values for DM, NDF and ADF, and although model intercepts were distinct across responses, rates of decline in nutritive value with increased maturity were similar, as slopes did not differ. The use of degree-days and photothermal units was efficient in predicting these qualitative characteristics of Panicum grasses. In all models generated for DM degradability, regardless of season or climatic variable, Atlas, Massai and Mombaça had higher model intercepts, indicating higher ED of the DM early in the regrowth phase, compared with Tobiatã and Tanzânia. This can partially explained by the higher clipping frequency and lower forage maturity of the former three cultivars. This, in turn limited the production of stems and the thickening of cell walls. For the fibrous fractions, only the summer was well described by the climatic models. The NDF ED model was similar to that of the DM ED model during the summer. The model for Atlas had the highest intercept, suggesting that this cultivar can produce higher quality forage, compared to the other cultivars studied. A similar trend to that of ED of DM was found for ED of NDF although for this variable cultivars did not differ. In order for these models to become useful tools for systems planning and management, more research is needed in order to increase data libraries, and to include a wider range of environmental and management conditions.

Submitted by JÚLIO HEBER SILVA (julioheber@yahoo.com.br) on 2017-12-13T17:25:15Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Lara Rodrigues de Queiroz Carvalho - 2017.pdf: 1395815 bytes, checksum: 2c2714895fbf89e19b7563a18d5ebfb9 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-12-14T10:17:43Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Lara Rodrigues de Queiroz Carvalho - 2017.pdf: 1395815 bytes, checksum: 2c2714895fbf89e19b7563a18d5ebfb9 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-12-14T10:17:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Lara Rodrigues de Queiroz Carvalho - 2017.pdf: 1395815 bytes, checksum: 2c2714895fbf89e19b7563a18d5ebfb9 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-07-31 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Goiás - FAPEG / The present work was carried out with the objective of evaluating the effect of two fermentation periods with bacterial inoculant and/or fibrolytic enzyme addition on the nutritional value of sugarcane silage. The sugar cane was conditioned in minisilos with 5L capacity and average density of 830 kg/m³. The experimental design was completely randomized with three replicates, in a 2 x 3 x 2 factorial scheme. Two fermentation periods (30 and 100 d), three cellulase enzyme doses (0, 3 and 6%) and addition or not of inoculant bacterial (Lactobacillus plantarum + Pediococcus pentosaceus, 2.5 x 1010UFC/g). Chemical composition, total digestible nutrients (TDN), degradability of dry matter (DM) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and stability rate were evaluated. The bacterial inoculant and the cellulase enzyme did not significantly affect pH, DM, organic matter (OM) and hemicellulose, however, these variables were affected by the fermentation period, where DM decreased (P <0.05) from 22 to 17%, OM from 96% to 95% and hemicellulase from 25.8 to 20.9% and the pH increased from 3.3 to 3.4. Titratable acidity and NDF and ADF levels had triple interaction between the studied factors. The treatment with 100 fermentation days without inoculant and 6% of cellulase showed the best response on sugarcane silage titratable acidity (21.6 ml). NDF, ADF and TDN contents were higher in the longer fermentation period (100 days) with addition of 6% cellulase without bacterial inoculant (44.9, 27.2 and 64.0% for NDF, ADF and TDN respectively). The highest potential DM degradability was at 100 fermentation days. The 3% cellulase concentration associated with the inoculant increased the potential DM degradability from 65.9 to 73.1% at 100 fermentation days. There was higher effective DM degradability and NDF degradability decreased in the cellulase inclusion treatments. The inoculant increased the rate of aerobic stability. There was double interaction of the cellulase x fermentation period, in which greater stability was at 30 days without cellulase addition. The addition of a bacterial inoculant or cellulase enzyme was efficient in improving the nutritional value of sugarcane silage, with better results when used independently. / O presente estudo foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito de dois períodos de fermentação junto com inoculante bacteriano e/ou enzima fibrolítica no valor nutricional da silagem de cana-de-açúcar. A cana-de-açúcar foi acondicionada em minissilos com capacidade de 5L e densidade média de 830 kg/m³. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado com três repetições, em esquema fatorial 2 x 3 x 2. Dois períodos de fermentação (30 e 100 d), três doses de enzima celulase (0, 3 e 6%) e aplicação ou não de inoculante bacteriano (Lactobacillus plantarum + Pediococcus pentosaceus, 2,5 x 1010UFC/g). Foram avaliados composição bromatológica, nutrientes digestíveis totais NDT), degradabilidade da matéria seca (MS) e da fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) e taxa de estabilidade. O inoculante bacteriano e a enzima celulase não afetaram significativamente o pH, MS, matéria orgânica (MO) e hemicelulose, no entanto, estas variáveis foram afetadas pelo período de fermentação onde, a MS diminuiu (P<0,05) de 22 para 17%, MO de 96% para 95% e hemicelulase de 25,8 para 20,9% e o pH aumentou de 3,3 para 3,4. A acidez titulável e os teores de FDN e FDA tiveram interação tripla entre os fatores estudados. O tratamento com 100 dias de fermentação sem inoculante e 6% de celulase teve a melhor resposta na acidez titulável (21,6 ml). Os teores de FDN, FDA e NDT tiveram maior resposta no maior período de fermentação (100 dias) com adição de 6% de celulase sem inoculante bacteriano (44,9, 27,2 e 64,0% para FDN, FDA e NDT respectivamente). A maior degradabilidade potencial da MS foi aos 100 dias de fermentação. A concentração de 3% de celulase associada ao inoculante aumentou a degradabilidade potencial da MS de 65,9 para 73,1% aos 100 dias de fermentação. Houve maior degradabilidade efetiva da MS e diminuição da degradabilidade da FDN nos tratamentos com adição de celulase. O inoculante favoreceu a taxa de estabilidade aeróbica. Houve interação dupla da celulase x período em que maior estabilidade foi aos 30 dias sem adição de celulase. A adição de um inoculante bacteriano ou enzima celulase foi eficiente em melhorar o valor nutricional da silagem de cana-de-açúcar, com melhor resultado quando usados de forma independente.

Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2016-10-03T12:52:16Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Daniel Staciarini Corrêa - 2015.pdf: 2943444 bytes, checksum: ec65a7569626c6d99efce36db84b8284 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2016-10-03T12:52:59Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Daniel Staciarini Corrêa - 2015.pdf: 2943444 bytes, checksum: ec65a7569626c6d99efce36db84b8284 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-03T12:53:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Daniel Staciarini Corrêa - 2015.pdf: 2943444 bytes, checksum: ec65a7569626c6d99efce36db84b8284 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-28 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Goiás - FAPEG / The effect of nitrogen doses and pre-cutting heights on dry matter production and nutritional value of millet cultivars were evaluated. Two sources of nitrogen: urea or ammonium sulfonitrate (ASN) treated with nitrification inhibitor were evaluated separately. The cultivars used were ADR 500; BRS 1501 and ADR 8010. Pre-cut heights were 0.70; 0.80 and 0.90 m, with a 0.20 m residual height. Nitrogen rates were 0; 45; 90 or 180 kg ha-1. For each cultivar and nitrogen source, the experiment was designed in randomized blocks in a 4 x 3 factorial scheme (4 doses of N x 3 pre-cutting heights) with three replications (blocks). Data were submitted to analysis of variance and means were compared by Tukey test at 5% probability. Regression analysis was performed for the production of dry matter of each cultivar. The field experiment was conducted in the Department of Animal Production EVZ / UFG, in situ degradability assay and chemical analyzes were carried out at PUC Goiás’ Faculdade de Zootecnia. The dry matter and ashes were determined in greenhouse and muffle, respectively. The crude protein (CP) was determined by the Kjeldahl method, the insoluble neutral (NDF) and acid (ADF) detergent fiber and lignin by sequential method. The ether extract (EE) was determined by the Soxhlet method and total carbohydrates (TC) by the equation proposed by Sniffen (1992). The Orskov and McDonald (1979) degradability equations were used, with adaptations made by Sampaio (1988). The evaluation times were 0; 12; 24; 48 and 96 hours. Related to pre-cut heights one may conclude that millet cut at 0.70 and 0.80 m high showed low dry matter levels, which affect the DM intake of animals while cutting at 0.90 m offered satisfactory content of this parameter. Regarding the use of urea as a nitrogen source, it was observed that the cultivars showed high levels of total carbohydrates and ether extract, indicating high energy density of the forage, which helps to offset the negative effects of high NDF contents presented. Nitrogen fertilization increased the CP content and promoted increased productivity of the cultivars, especially when harvested at 0.90 m. The fertilization with 180 kg ha-1 of nitrogen (urea) improved the nutritional value (composition and degradability) from cultivars except that of the cultivar ADR 500 managed in the pre-cut height of 0.80 m. Pearl millet showed high soluble fraction of NDF, which compensates the intake inhibition effect that this fraction has on the animal consumption. Regarding the use of ammonium sulfonitrate treated with nitrification inhibitor, results showed that there was an increase in productivity, but possible toxic effects were observed at lower doses (45 and 90 kg N ha-1), revealed by the low protein content and high TC and NDF presented under these doses. Nitrogen fertilization with nitrification inhibitor at high doses increased the dry matter, crude protein and neutral detergent fiber degradability of millet handled at 0.90 m. The combination of fertilization with doses of 45 and 90 kg N ha-1 (ASN) with nitrification inhibitor, with the management of millet at 0.70 or 0.80 m did not favor the nutritional quality of forage indicating that in these treatments the relationship between the availability of nitrogen in ammonium and nitrate forms may have been detrimental to the plants. / Avaliou-se o efeito de doses de nitrogênio e alturas pré-corte sobre a produção de matéria seca, e valor nutricional de cultivares de milheto. Foram avaliadas, separadamente, duas fontes de nitrogênio: ureia ou sulfonitrato de amônio (SNA) tratado com inibidor de nitrificação. As cultivares utilizadas foram ADR 500; BRS 1501 e ADR 8010. As alturas pré-corte avliadas foram 0,70; 0,80 e 0,90 m, com altura residual de 0,20 m. As doses de nitrogênio avaliadas foram 0; 45; 90 ou 180 kg ha-1. Para cada cultivar e para cada fonte de nitrogênio, o experimento foi delineado em blocos casualizados em esquema fatorial 4 x 3 (4 doses de N x 3 alturas pré-corte) com três repetições (blocos). Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e as médias comparadas pelo teste Tukey a 5% de probabilidade. Foi feita análise de regressão para a produção de matéria seca de cada cultivar. O experimento de campo foi conduzido no Departamento de Produção Animal da EVZ/UFG, os ensaios de degradabilidade in situ e as análises químico-bromatológicas foram realizadas na Faculdade de Zootecnia da PUC Goiás. Os teores de matéria seca e cinzas foram determinados em estufa e mufla, respectivamente. A proteína bruta (PB) foi determinada pelo método Kjeldhal, a fibra insolúvel em detergente neutro (FDN) e ácido (FDA) e lignina pelo método sequencial. O extrato etéreo (EE) foi determinado pela metodologia Soxhlet e os carboidratos totais (CHOt) pela equação de Sniffen (1992). As equações de degradabilidade utilizadas foram de Orskov e McDonald (1979), com as adaptações de Sampaio (1988). Os tempos de avaliação foram 0; 12; 24; 48 e 96 horas. Em relação à altura pré-corte conclui-se que o milheto cortado aos 0,70 e 0,80 m de altura apresentou baixos teores de matéria seca, o que prejudica o consumo de MS pelos animais, enquanto o corte aos 0,90 m ofereceu teor satisfatório deste parâmetro. Com relação ao uso da ureia como fonte de nitrogênio, observou-se que as cultivares apresentaram altos teores de carboidratos totais e de extrato etéreo, indicando alta densidade energética da forrageira, contribuindo para contrabalancear os efeitos negativos dos altos teores de FDN apresentados. A adubação nitrogenada aumentou o teor de PB e promoveu aumento de produtividade das cultivares, principalmente quando manejadas a 0,90 m. A adubação com 180 kg ha-1 de nitrogênio (ureia) melhorou o valor nutricional (composição e degradabilidade) das cultivares, com exceção da cultivar ADR 500 manejada na altura pré-corte de 0,80 m. O milheto apresentou alta fração solúvel da FDN, o que compensa o efeito de inibição que esta fração exerce sobre o consumo animal. Com relação ao uso do sulfonitrato de amônio tratado com inibidor de nitrificação os resultados mostraram que houve aumento de produtividade, porém foram observados possíveis efeitos tóxicos nas doses mais baixas (45 e 90 kg N ha-1), revelados pelos baixos teores de proteínas e altos de CHOt e FDN nessas doses. A adubação nitrogenada com fertilizante com inibidor de nitrificação, em altas doses elevou a degradabilidade da matéria seca, da proteína bruta e da fibra insolúvel em detergente neutro do milheto manejado a 0,90 m. A combinação de adubação com as doses de 45 e 90 kg N ha-1 (SNA) com inibidor de nitrificação, com o manejo do milheto a 0,70 ou 0,80 m não favoreceu a qualidade nutricional das forrageiras indicando que, nestes tratamentos, a relação entre a disponibilidade de nitrogênio nas formas de amônio e nitrato pode ter sido prejudicial às plantas.

O experimento foi conduzido na FZEA/USP, com objetivo de comparar a utilização de fontes orgânicas de enxofre com a flor de enxofre na dieta de bovinos, com base no ganho de peso, conversão alimentar, concentração de enxofre e cobre no sangue, fígado e rim, e características da carcaça (experimento I), além de parâmetros ruminais (experimento II). No experimento I, 32 novilhos Nelore foram confinados e receberam ração total pelo sistema ?calan gate?, sendo divididos nos tratamentos: controle; flor de enxofre; metionina e carboquelatado. A cada 28 dias foram pesados, e foram colhidas amostras de sangue para posterior análise. Após 84 dias, foram abatidos e foram colhidas amostras de fígado e rim. No experimento II, oito novilhos foram canulados e divididos nos mesmos tratamentos já descritos. Durante cinco dias foi amostrado líquido ruminal para contagem de protozoários e análise de pH. Também foram incubados saquinhos de náilon para determinação da degradabilidade da matéria seca, proteína bruta e fibras em detergente neutro e ácido das dietas. Os tratamentos não influenciaram o ganho de peso e a conversão alimentar no período total de confinamento, porém, o carboquelatado proporcionou ganho de peso 11% maior que a flor de enxofre nos primeiros 28 dias de confinamento. Não foram encontradas diferenças entre as fontes para concentração de enxofre e cobre no sangue, porém, no fígado, as fontes orgânicas proporcionaram as menores concentrações de enxofre e a metionina, as menores concentrações de cobre. Não houve efeito das fontes estudadas na concentração de enxofre e cobre no rim, no rendimento de carcaça a na maciez da carne, bem como na degradabilidade e no pH ruminal. Entretanto, o carboquelatado aumentou a quantidade total de protozoários ciliados, sendo uma alternativa interessante para suplementação de bovinos no inicio do período de confinamento. / This research was carried out at FZEA/USP to compare the utilization of organic sulphur sources to elemental sulphur in bovines? diet, through analyses of weight gain, feed conversion, liver and kidney sulphur and copper concentrations and carcass characteristics (experiment I), and ruminal parameters (experiment II). During experiment I, 32 Nellore steers were confined and were fed a total ration through ?calan gate? system. They were divided into the treatments: control; elemental sulphur; methionine and carboquelated. Each 28 days, they were weighted and blood samples were taken to posterior analysis. After 84 days, they were slaughtered and samples of liver and kidney were taken. During experiment II, eight steers were cannuladed and divided into the same described treatments. During five days, ruminal liquid was sampled to protozoa count and pH determination. Also, nylon bags were incubated to determinate the degradability of dietary dry matter, crude protein and acid and neutral detergent fiber. Treatments did not affect weight gain and feed conversion during whole feedlot period, however, carboquelated provided weight gain 11% higher than the elemental sulphur during the first 28 days of feedlot. There were no differences of sulphursources on sulphur and copper blood concentrations, however, in the liver, the organic sources provided lower sulphur concentrations and methionine provided lower copper concentration. The studied sources did not affect kidney sulphur and copper concentration, carcass yield, shear force, ruminal degradability and pH. However, carboquelated increased total amount of ciliate protozoa, and it is an interesting alternative to supplement bovines during the beginning of a feedlot period.

Foram estudados os efeitos da flavomicina ou da monensina sobre a fermentação e digestão ruminal e total em bovinos. Doze fêmeas bovinas não gestantes e não lactantes, portadoras de fístula ruminal, pesando em média 736 kg, foram distribuídas inteiramente ao acaso em três grupos experimentais: controle (ausência de antibiótico), tratado com flavomicina (antibiótico não-ionóforo) e outro tratado com monensina (antibiótico ionóforo). Foram administradas doses de 20mg e 300mg/animal/dia, de flavomicina e monensina, respectivamente. Utilizou-se um período experimental de 21 dias, sendo os 16 primeiros destinados à adaptação dos animais à dieta, composta de 60% de concentrado (milho, farelo de soja e mistura mineral) e 40% de volumoso (basicamente de cana-de-açúcar). O 21° dia foi utilizado para avaliação do consumo de MS e colheitas de líquido ruminal, realizadas às 0; 2; 4; 6; 8; 10 e 12 horas após a primeira refeição. Os 10 últimos dias foram destinados à aplicação do marcador (15g de óxido crômico/animal/dia), e os 5 últimos, destinados à avaliação do consumo de MS, colheita de fezes, amostragem dos alimentos e também à avaliação da digestão ruminal (degradabilidade in situ), pela técnica dos sacos de nylon, incubando-se cana-de-açúcar, milho em grãos ou farelo de soja. A monensina diminuiu a proporção molar de ácido acético e aumentou a de propiônico (27,2%), em relação ao grupo controle, e aumentou a degradabilidade efetiva ruminal do amido dos grãos de milho, em relação à flavomicina. A flavomicina diminuiu a taxa de degradação da PB do farelo de soja, em relação ao controle e monensina. Nenhum dos antibióticos testados alterou a concentração total dos AGVs, ácido butírico, pH, concentração ruminal de N-NH3 ou consumo de MS. Tão pouco foram alteradas a degradabilidade efetiva da FDN da cana-de-açúcar, CMS digestível, digestibilidade da MS, PB, EE, EÑN, FB, FDA, FDN, EB, amido ou o NDT da dieta. / The effects of flavomycin or monensin on ruminal fermentation and ruminal and total digestion in bovines were investigated. Twelve non-pregnant and non-lactating rumen-fistulated cows (736 kg of BW) were randomly assigned to three treatment groups: control (no antibiotic), flavomycin-treated (non-ionophore antibiotic) and monensin-treated (ionophore antibiotic). Treatment doses were 20 and 300mg/animal/day of flavomycin and monensin, respectively. Twenty-one day subperiod was used, the first sixteen for diet adaptation. Diet was composed by 60% concentrate (corn, soybean meal and mineral mixture) and 40% roughage (basically sugar cane). The 21st day was used for the evaluation of DMI and for ruminal fluid sampling at 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 hours after the first meal. The last 10 days were used for external marker administration (15g of chromic oxide/ animal/day), and the last 5 days, for DMI evaluation, feces collection, feed sampling and evaluation of ruminal degradability using the nylon bag technique. Bags containing corn grain, soybean meal or sugar cane were incubated through the rumen fistula from the 17th up to the 21st day. Monensin decreased the molar proportion of acetic acid and increased the propionic acid in 27.2%, compared to control group and increased the effective degradability of corn grain starch, compared to flavomycin. Flavomycin decreased the degradation rate of soybean meal crude protein compared to control and monensin groups. Total VFA concentrations, molar proportion of butyric acid, pH, ammoniacal-N concentration or DMI were not influenced by the addition of either antibiotics; neither were the effective degradability of sugar cane NDF, digestible DMI or DM, CP, EE, NFE, CF, ADF, NDF, GE and starch digestibility nor the TDN of the diet.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of including Acacia mearnsii tannin extract in the diet on the flow and amino acid profile in the duodenum of cattle consuming limited amounts of diets containing high degradability protein supplements. Two experiments were conducted in vivo. In trial 1 evaluated the effect of inclusion levels (0, 0.9, 1.8 or 2.7%) of the tannin extract in the diet of four Holstein steers (158 ± 30 kg of body weight (BW )), implanted with cannula in the proximal duodenum and arranged in a randomized 4 × 4 Latin Square. The experimental diets supply was restricted to 2% of BW and consisted of 55% of black oats (Avena strigosa) and 45% of a concentrate containing soybean meal. In trial 2 was evaluated the effect of the inclusion or not of 1.5% of the tannin extract in diet of four Holstein steers (297 ± 56 kg BW), also implanted with cannula in the proximal duodenum and arranged in a randomized 4 × 4 Latin Square. The experimental diets supply was restricted to 2.5% of BW and consisted of 70% of corn silage and 30% of a concentrate containing either soybean meal or canola meal. In both trials the experiment lasted fifteen days, ten days of adaptation diet and five days of sampling. In trial 1 the duodenal flow of the amino acids Ala, Asp, Glu, Ile, Leu, Met, Tyr, Val and all amino acid groups increased (P≤0.05) when tannin extract was added to the diet. However, the profile that arrived in the duodenum was not altered (P>0.05). In trial 2 the duodenal flow of Ala, Arg, Glu, Gly, Leu, Phe, Pro, Thr, Val amino acids and groups of EAA, NEAA, GAA, KAA and TAA increased (P≤0.05) when the tannin extract was added to the diets. An interaction (P≤0.05) was observed between tannin and protein source on the Glu amino acid profile and of GAA group when the mixed soybean meal with tannin increased the percentage these amino acids in the digesta. Moreover, neither the flow nor the amino acid profile of the digesta were affected (P>0.05) by the inclusion of soybean meal or canola meal in the animal diets. A high and significant (P≤0.05) relationship was observed between ingested amino acid profiles and amino acid profiles of duodenal digesta in both trials, and the regression coefficients of the equations of treatments with the inclusion of 1.8 and 1.5% tannin extract (tests 1 and 2, respectively) were statistically equal to 1 (P>0.05). Similarly, the relationships between the EAA profile of duodenal digesta and the EAA profile milk and of muscular tissue were statistically equal (P>0.05) or more next to 1 when added until 1.8% of tannin extract in the diets of trial 1 or when tannin added in the diets in the trial 2. Adding until 1.8% of Acacia mearnsii tannin extract in the diet of animals consuming restricted amounts of foods has the potential to increase the flow of TAA to the duodenum and reduce the difference between the TAA profiles which reaches the duodenum in relation to the ingested TAA profile. Moreover, the inclusion this tannin extract and in this same amount can approximate the EAA profile of duodenal digesta of the EAA profile of the muscular tissue and of milk. / O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito da inclusão de extrato tanífero de Acacia mearnsii na dieta sobre o fluxo e o perfil de aminoácidos no duodeno de bovinos consumindo quantidades limitadas de dietas contendo suplementos proteicos de alta degradabilidade ruminal. Foram conduzidos dois ensaios in vivo. No ensaio 1 foi avaliado o efeito da inclusão de níveis (0, 0,9, 1,8 ou 2,7%) do extrato tanífero na dieta de quatro bovinos machos castrados da raça Holandês (158 ± 30 kg de peso corporal (PC)), implantados com cânula no duodeno proximal e dispostos em um delineamento Quadrado Latino 4 × 4. A oferta das dietas experimentais foi restrita a 2% do PC e constituídas por 55% de Aveia Preta (Avena strigosa) e 45% de concentrado contendo farelo de soja. No ensaio 2 foi avaliado o efeito da inclusão ou não de 1,5% do extrato tanífero na dieta de quatro bovinos machos castrados da raça Holandês (297 ± 56 kg de PC), também implantados com cânula no duodeno proximal e dispostos em um delineamento Quadrado Latino 4 × 4. A oferta das dietas foi restrita a 2,5% do PC e constituídas por 70% de silagem de milho e 30% de concentrado contendo farelo de soja ou farelo de canola. Em ambos os ensaios os períodos experimentais tiveram duração de 15 dias, sendo 10 dias de adaptação às dietas e cinco dias de coleta de amostras. No ensaio 1 o fluxo duodenal de Ala, Asp, Glu, Ile, Leu, Met, Tyr, Val e de todos os grupos de aminoácidos aumentou (P≤0,05) quando adicionado tanino à dieta. Porém, o perfil que chegou ao duodeno não foi modificado (P>0,05). No ensaio 2 o fluxo duodenal dos aminoácidos Ala, Arg, Glu, Gly, Leu, Phe, Pro, Thr, Val e dos grupos de AAE, AANE, AAG, AAC e AAT aumentou (P≤0,05) ao adicionar o extrato tanífero às dietas. Uma interação (P≤0,05) foi observada entre tanino e fonte proteica sobre o perfil do aminoácido Glu e do grupo dos AAG quando a mistura do farelo de soja com tanino aumentou a percentagem destes aminoácidos na digesta. Além disso, nem o fluxo e o perfil de aminoácidos da digesta foram afetados (P>0,05) pela inclusão de farelo de soja ou farelo de canola na dieta. Foi observada alta e significativa (P≤0,05) relação entre os perfis de aminoácidos ingeridos e da digesta duodenal em ambos os ensaios, e os coeficientes de regressão das equações dos tratamentos 1,8 e 1,5% de inclusão de extrato tanífero (ensaios 1 e 2, respectivamente) foram estatisticamente iguais a 1 (P>0,05). Da mesma forma, as relações entre o perfil de AAE da digesta duodenal e o perfil de AAE do leite e do tecido muscular foram estatisticamente iguais (P>0,05) ou mais próximas de 1 quando adicionado até 1,8% de extrato tanífero nas dietas do ensaio 1 ou quando incluído o tanino nas dietas do ensaio 2. A inclusão de até 1,8% de extrato tanífero de Acacia mearnsii na dieta de bovinos consumindo quantidades restritas de alimentos tem o potencial de aumentar o fluxo de AAT ao duodeno e reduzir a diferença entre o perfil de AAT que chega ao duodeno em relação ao perfil de AAT consumido. Além disso, a inclusão deste extrato tanífero e nesta mesma quantidade pode aproximar o perfil de AAE da digesta duodenal do perfil de AAE do leite e do tecido muscular.

L’ensilage de maïs, fourrage principal dans les rations hivernales des ruminants à haut niveau de production, est composé de deux fractions énergétiques : l’amidon et les parois végétales. Les proportions relatives de ces deux fractions varient selon le stade de maturité de la plante à la récolte, la variété cultivée et les conditions de culture. Proposé dans les années 1990, le système de prévision de la valeur nutritive de l’ensilage de maïs, basé sur l’estimation de la digestibilité de la matière organique (dMO) dans le tube digestif total, nécessite d’être amélioré pour prendre en compte de façon explicite la contribution respective de l’amidon et des parois végétales à la MO digérée, et permettre d’estimer la part de l’amidon dégradée dans le rumen. Par ailleurs, la validité des équations actuellement utilisées doit être vérifiée sur les nouvelles variétés de maïs et pour des pratiques de récolte qui ont sensiblement évolué par rapport aux années 1980. Les objectifs de la thèse étaient 1) d’acquérir de nouvelles données de référence de la dMO et des fractions amidon et parois végétales de l’ensilage de maïs mesurées in vivo, 2) de préciser la partition de la digestion de l’amidon et des parois végétales entre le rumen et les intestins et 3) de rechercher de nouveaux critères de prévision du devenir de l’amidon et des parois végétales dans le tube digestif. La digestibilité in vivo chez le mouton a été mesurée pour 36 ensilages de maïs résultant pour 32 d’entre eux de la culture 2 années consécutives en un même site de 4 variétés récoltées à 4 stades de maturité ; 4 ensilages supplémentaires ont été réalisées sur un second site de culture avec 2 variétés et 2 stades de maturité. La dégradabilité ruminale in sacco de l’amidon et des parois a également été mesurée chez la vache pour ces 36 maïs avec une méthodologie mise au point pour les fourrages riches en amidon. Pour les 4 ensilages de maïs cultivés sur le second site, un bilan digestif complet au niveau du rumen et des intestins a été réalisé sur vaches. Par rapport aux données des Tables INRA 2007 issues des mesures réalisées sur le maïs en vert à la fin des années 1980, les maïs utilisés dans cette thèse se caractérisent par une teneur en amidon plus élevée, une teneur en parois végétales plus faible, une dMO comparable, mais une digestibilité des parois végétales plus faible. La relative stabilité de la dMO avec le stade de maturité à la récolte s’explique par un phénomène de compensation entre l’augmentation de la quantité d’amidon digestible et la diminution de la quantité de parois digestibles. Le type de variété et le stade de maturité à la récolte influencent la partition de la digestion avec une dégradabilité ruminale de l’amidon plus faible pour les stades de récolte tardifs, ce qui induit des profils fermentaires différents. Bien que la composition chimique des maïs ait évolué, l’équation de prévision de la dMO proposée par l’INRA en 1996, à partir de la digestibilité pepsine-cellulase mesurée au laboratoire, a pu être validée sur les données in vivo et reste pertinente pour prévoir la dMO en pratique. Les nouvelles données de référence acquises sur animaux qui ont été mises en relation avec des critères chimiques et enzymatiques mesurés au laboratoire et avec des critères agronomiques seront utilisées pour mieux caractériser la valeur nutritive des maïs fourrage dans SYSTALI, le nouveau système d’alimentation proposé par l’INRA. / Maize silage, commonly used in the diet of high-yielding ruminants, provides two energetic fractions: starch and cell wall (NDF). The proportion of the two energetic fractions in the whole plant varies with the stage ofmaturity at harvest, type of hybrid and climatic conditions. The prediction system of maize silage’s nutritive value developed in the 1990s, is based on the estimation of in vivo total tract organic matter digestibility (Omd). This system needs to be revised to better take into account the respective contribution of starch and cell wall in the digested organic matter and therefore to allow the prediction of the starch degradation in the rumen. Moreover, validity of prediction equations requires to be tested with current hybrids of maize and harvest practices which changed compared to 1980s. The aims of the thesis were to 1) obtain new references on Omd and on in vivo digestibility of starch and cell wall, 2) specify partition of starch and cell wall digestion between rumen and intestines, 3) investigate new prediction criteria of starch and cell wall digestion. In vivo digestibility in sheep was measured on 36 maize silages. Thirty-two maize silages were obtained from 4 hybrids that were cultivated for 2 consecutive years in the same location and harvested at 4 stages of maturity. Four additional silages (2 hybrids and 2 maturity stages) were produced in different location. In sacco starch and cell wall degradability in the rumen was measured in cows for the 36 maize silages with an adapted methodology developed in this thesis for high starch content forages. For the 4 maize silages harvested in the second location, the digestion in the rumen and in the intestines was quantified in vivo on cows. Maize silages of this thesis were characterized by higher starch content, lower cell wall content, similar OMd but lower in vivo digestibility of cell walls compared to INRA 2007 data, obtained from measures on fresh plant in 1980s. The relative stability of OMd with stage of maturity was explained by the compensation between the increase in the content of digestible starch and the decrease in digestible cell wall content. Type of hybrid and maturity stage at harvest affected digestive partition with lower starch degradability in the rumen for late maturity stages involving differences in fermentation profiles in the rumen. Although chemical composition of maize has changed, the INRA equation used to predict OMd from laboratory pepsin-cellulase digestibility has been validated on the in vivo data of the thesis and, therefore remains relevant for OMd prediction. New in vivo datas, in relation to chemical, enzymatic and agronomy parameters, will allow better evaluation of the nutritive value of maize silage in the future feed evaluation systems developed by INRA.

Le potentiel de valorisation, aussi bien pour l'alimentation animale que pour la production bioénergétique, du maïs est limité par la lignification et la réticulation des parois. L'amélioration de la dégradabilité enzymatique des lignocelluloses est un objectif important. Nous nous sommes attachés dans ce travail à l'étude approfondie de la mise en place de la lignification dans la paroi chez le maïs ainsi qu'aux facteurs biochimiques et anatomiques pariétaux qui peuvent avoir un impact sur la dégradabilité des parois. Dans la première partie de ma thèse, 8 lignées recombinantes de maïs ont été sélectionnées sur la base d'une teneur en lignine comparable pour évaluer l'impact des facteurs biochimiques sur la dégradabilité des parois et sur les performances agronomiques des maïs. Ces lignées recombinantes et leurs parents ont été analysés biochimiquement de façon approfondie. Le rendement β-O-4 au sein des lignines et la teneur en acide p-coumarique estérifié sont les deux facteurs les plus corrélés négativement et significativement à la dégradabilité des parois. Une analyse par régression multiple a montré que plus de 80% des variations de la dégradabilité de paroi, dans ces dix lignées, sont expliqués par un modèle retenant comme meilleurs régresseurs la teneur en lignines combinée au pourcentage d'unité S acylées par l'acide p-coumarique. L'étude morphologique que nous avons réalisée nous a montré que les facteurs biochimiques limitant la dégradabilité de paroi peuvent par contre s'avérer favorables pour assurer la performance agronomique de la plante via des mécanismes de plasticité pariétale. Cependant et de façon très encourageante, nous avons aussi montré qu'il était tout à fait possible de retenir du matériel amélioré en termes de qualité de paroi et qui conservait de bonnes performances agronomiques. Dans la deuxième partie de ma thèse, nous avons étudié le schéma de mise en place des parois au cours du développement des plantes pour des lignées présentant des teneurs en lignine comparables au stade ensilage mais des dégradabilités de parois contrastées. Nous avons caractérisé biochimiquement les entrenoeuds au cours du développement. En parallèle, nous avons développé une méthode de quantification de la variation de distribution spatiale des lignines au long de la coupe afin de compléter notre étude au cours du développement par une caractérisation histologique détaillée. D'un point de vue temporel, les différentes composantes pariétales sont incorporées graduellement, en fonction du stade de développement. Trois étapes majeures de développement ont été identifiées. D'un point de vue spatial, au sein de l'entrenoeud, le développement des parois est différent selon les régions. Une importante variabilité génétique a été observée pour le développement sur ces deux axes et ces variations sont associées à la variation de la dégradabilité de paroi. L'ensemble des résultats de ce travail est discuté d'une part en termes de contribution à la compréhension de la lignification des parois ainsi qu'à l'impact des différents facteurs biochimiques et histologiques sur la dégradabilité et d'autre part en termes d'application afin de proposer des solutions pour améliorer de la qualité des parois. / Maize potential value, as well as animal feed or as bioenergetics resources, is limited by the lignification of the cell wall and by the cross-linking between cell wall components. Improvement of cell wall enzymatic degradability is an important goal. In the present work we focused on the study of cell wall lignification including its establishment and the biochemical or anatomical cell wall related factors in order to investigate the impact of all these characteristics on cell wall degradability. In the first part of my work, 8 maize recombinant inbred lines were selected on the basis of their comparable lignin content and their contrasted cell wall degradability in order to assess the impact of biochemical traits on both the cell wall degradability and the plant agronomic performances independently of the main “lignin content” factor. These recombinant inbred lines and their parents were analyzed for esterified and etherified p-hydroxycinnamic acid content, for lignin content, composition and structure and for in vitro cell wall degradability. Lignin structure and esterified p-coumaric acid content were highly and significantly correlated with in vitro cell wall degradability. A multiple regression analysis showed that more than 80 % of cell wall degradability variations were explained by a regression model including two main explanatory factors: the lignin content and the estimated proportion of S lignin units esterified by p-coumaric acid. The morphological study showed that the biochemical factors limiting cell wall degradability were on the contrary favorable for ensuring agronomic performances. In the second part of my work, we studied the cell wall developmental pattern during maize internode growth. We compared the developmental pattern of 3 maize lines which presented quite similar lignin content but very different cell wall degradability at silage stage. We first characterized biochemically internodes sampled throughout plant development. Subsequently, we developed a method to quantify the variation of lignin spatial distribution within the whole stem section. At last, we completed our study of cell wall establishment by an anatomical characterization. From a temporal point of view, the different wall components were incorporated gradually during the development and three major steps were identified. From a spatial point of view, in the internode, the development of cell wall is different according to the considered region. Clearly genetic variations were observed for developmental pattern in both the two axes and were found to be associated with the variation of cell wall degradability. The results of this work were discussed firstly in terms of contribution to the understanding of cell wall lignification and of relationships between biochemical and anatomical factors with cell wall degradability variations and secondly in terms of application to propose solutions to improve cell wall quality.

Com o objetivo de estudar a espécie bubalina quanto ao desempenho de machos bubalinos do nascimento ao abate em regime de pastejo e as características de carcaça em dois pesos de abate, assim como o metabolismo ruminal de dietas com diferentes níveis de proteína e energia e a produção de gases in vitro, o presente trabalho apresenta-se avaliações feitas em quatro partes. A parte 1 foi realizada com búfalos em crescimento criados à pasto, do nascimento até atingirem dois pesos distintos de abate (517 e 568 kg). Avaliações do desempenho foram realizadas com medição do peso vivo, perímetro torácico, altura de cernelha e comprimento corporal e as avaliações das características da carcaça e carne com determinação do rendimento de carcaça quente e fria, perda no resfriamento, peso da gordura, peso do fígado, temperatura e pH da carcaça, área de olho de lombo, espessura de gordura subcutânea, marmorização, maciez e coloração. A segunda parte avaliou dietas com três níveis de proteína (9%, 12% e 15%) no metabolismo ruminal. Os Itens analisados foram: consumo de nutrientes, pH, amônia e ácidos graxos voláteis no rúmen e degradabilidade in situ. Na parte 3, foram avaliadas dietas com dois níveis de proteína (9 e 15%) e dois de energia (65 e 69% NDT) no metabolismo ruminal. Além dos Itens avaliados na parte 2 foram ainda analisados a digestibilidade com uso de marcador, taxa de passagem de liquido ruminal e volume do rúmen e síntese de proteína microbiana. Na última parte foi realizada avaliação de produção de gases in vitro com estudo da cinética da degradabilidade in vitro no tempo de 72 horas. Animais abatidos com diferentes pesos apresentaram desenvolvimento ponderal diferenciado desde o início do crescimento. Não houve diferença entre os dois grupos de animais nas características de carne e carcaça, mas os búfalos abatidos mais pesados (568 kg) apresentaram maior deposição de gordura interna. Níveis de proteína de 9%, 12% e 15% não influenciaram na degradabilidade in situ dos nutrientes e no pH ruminal. A concentração de amônia e AGV foram maiores com níveis de 15% de proteína na dieta. Os níveis de energia (alta ou baixa) combinados com teores de proteína (alto ou baixo) e as correlações entre os níveis de energia e proteína não promoveram efeitos significativos sobre o pH ruminal concentração de amônia, taxa de passagem de líquido e volume ruminal em búfalos, entretanto, dieta com teor de 15% de proteína bruta, independente dos níveis de energia na dieta apresentaram melhores degradabilidades efetivas dos nutrientes. Os níveis de energia não influenciaram significativamente na concentração amônia ruminal ao contrário dos níveis de proteína em que a maior quantidade de proteína na dieta produziu maior concentração de amônia. Não houve diferença significativa na taxa de passagem e volume ruminal entre as quatro dietas fornecidas aos animais. Dietas com diferentes níveis de energia e proteína não influenciaram na qualidade do inóculo para a produção de gases in vitro. / With the aim of studying the buffalo on the performance of males from birth to slaughter in buffalo grazing and carcass characteristics in two slaughter weights, as well as the metabolism of diets with different levels of protein and energy and the production of gases in vitro, this work presents evaluations conducted in four parts. Part 1 was performed with buffalo raised in pasture from birth until they reach two different slaughter weights (517 and 568 kg). Performance assessments were performed with measurement of body weight, chest girth, height and body length and evaluations of carcass characteristics and meat with determining the hot and cold carcass, the cooling loss, fat weight, liver weight, temperature and pH of the carcass, ribeye area, fat thickness, marbling, tenderness and color. The second part evaluated diets with three protein levels (9%, 12% and 15%) on rumen metabolism. Items discussed were the amount of nutrients, pH, ammonia and volatile fatty acids in the rumen and degradability in situ. In Part 3, were evaluated diets with two protein levels (9 and 15%) and two energy (65 and 69% of TDN) on rumen metabolism. Besides the items evaluated in Part 2, were also analyzed the digestibility, passage rate and ruminal volume and rumen microbial protein synthesis. In the last part was done evaluation of gas production in vitro with study of the kinetics of degradation in 72 hours. Animals slaughtered at different weights showed differential weight performance since the beginning of growth. There were no differences between the two groups of animals on meat and carcass characteristics, but the buffaloes slaughtered heavier (568 kg) had higher deposition of internal fat. Protein levels of 9%, 12% and 15% did not influence the in situ degradability of nutrients and rumen pH. The concentration of ammonia and VFA levels were higher with 15% protein diet. Energy levels (high or low) combined with protein levels (high or low) and the correlations between the levels of energy and protein did not cause significant effects on rumen pH, ammonia concentration, liquid passage rate and ruminal volume in buffalo, however, dietary content of 15% crude protein, independent of the energy levels in the diet showed better effective degradability of nutrients. Energy levels did not significantly modify the rumen ammonia concentration unlike the protein levels where in the higher protein diet resulted in higher ammonia concentration. There was no significant difference in passage rate and ruminal volume between the four diets fed to the animals. Diets with different levels of energy and protein did not influence the quality of inoculum for the gas production in vitro.