This study seeks to understand upper limb tremor in subjects with essential tremor (ET). A thorough understanding of tremor distribution will allow for the more effective development of tremor suppression devices, which offer an alternative to current treatments. Previous studies primarily focused on tremor in the hand only. This study seeks to characterize the distribution of tremor throughout the upper limb.We measured tremor in 25 subjects diagnosed with ET using motion capture, which provided displacement information of the limb during multiple postural and kinetic tasks. Inverse kinematics allowed us to analyze the motion capture data in the 7 major degrees of freedom (DOF) of the upper limb. The power spectral density estimate was used to determine: relative tremor magnitude throughout the DOFs, tremor variation between tasks, variation between subjects, and frequency variations between DOFs. Data analysis revealed that tremor increase is roughly proximal to distal. We also show that tremor magnitude in kinetic tasks is significantly higher than in postural tasks. Although we found some variation in tremor distribution between subjects, the roughly proximal to distal increase in tremor severity holds for several subsets of the study population. Finally, we found that tremor frequency doesnt vary significantly (< 1 Hz) between DOFs, in subjects with severe tremor. Our study shows that tremor distribution is quite stereotyped between subjects with ET. Furthermore, we have shown that tremor is greatest in the distal DOFs. This provides a compelling starting point for the development of future tremor suppression devices.

The purpose of this qualitative study was to understand why women from Scott County, Tennessee, left home to attain the baccalaureate degree and returned home to live and/or work. More specifically, understanding (1) the educational aspirations, motivations, and discouragements prior to attending college; (2) the educational persistence, motivations, and discouragements while attending college; (3) and the reasons for returning to Scott County after attaining the baccalaureate degree. The population of this study included all females over the age of 25 who had a bachelor's degree, attended grades 1–12 in Scott County, Tennessee, and returned there to live. The primary form of data collection for the study was in-depth interviews. The interviews were arranged serially. This study also provided a forum for the participants to explain their experiences in their own voices. Data analysis occurred at the same time as the data collection. The open coding system developed into theoretical sampling, whereby the data was examined the emerging relationships and categories. From the data emerged 11 concepts that fit within the boundaries of the research questions and emerged from the collective responses. Participants were motivated to attend college by: (1) Hearing parents and grandparents speak regretfully about their own lack of education and (2) Having parents who viewed education as means of taking care of their daughters. The major deterrent was a lack of community support for higher education. Participants were motivated to persist at college by: (1) Parental influence (fear of displeasure); (2) Need for a job; (3) Developing or continuing a love of learning; (4) Developing self-awareness; (5) Raising self-esteem. Participants reasons for returning home were: (1) Family ties; (2) The need to payback educational assistance; and (3) Belief in life-long learning.

No description available.

Optimizing launcher trajectories is essential for effective mission planning, and specialized software like ASTOS provide an initial, precise overview. However, as launcher development progresses, there is a growing need for the creation of an autonomous flight trajectory software that offers greaterflexibility in adjusting simulation parameters and better represents actual, real-life trajectories. Thisreport introduces an initial version of a comprehensive six-degree-of-freedom launcher trajectory calculation software developed using MATLAB and Simulink. The emphasis is on the development strategy, encompassing discussions on dynamics equations, essential features, and crucial models necessary for accurate simulations. Real-world scenarios often deviate from optimized trajectories, and the software addresses these deviations using sensitivity analysis through Monte Carlosimulations, enabling a thorough examination of uncertainties in input parameters and their impact on trajectories. The article delves into the establishment of the dispersion analysis tool and offers suggestions for further enhancements for both the Simulink model and this dispersion analysis tool. / Optimering av flygbanor är avgörande för effektiv uppdragsplanering, och specialiserad programvara som ASTOS ger en initial, exakt översikt. Men när flygbanans utveckling fortskrider finns det ett växande behov av att skapa en autonom flygbana som erbjuder större flexibilitet när det gäller attjustera simuleringsparametrar och bättre representerar faktiska, verkliga banor. Den här rapporten introducerar en initial version av en omfattande beräkningsprogramvara utvecklad med MATLAB och Simulink för sex frihetsgraders lanseringsbana. Tyngdpunkten ligger på utvecklingsstrategin, som omfattar diskussioner om dynamikekvationer, väsentliga funktioner och avgörande modeller som är nödvändiga för exakta simuleringar. Scenarier i verkligheten avviker ofta från optimerade banor, och programvaran adresserar dessa avvikelser med känslighetsanalys genom Monte Carlo-simuleringar,vilket möjliggör en grundlig undersökning av osäkerheter i inmatningsparametrar och deras påverkan på banor. Rapporten går in i skapandet av spridningsanalysverktyget och erbjuder förslag till ytterligare förbättringar för både Simulink-modellen och detta dispersionsanalysverktyg.

The percentage of women who receive doctorates has increased by over 300 percent during the past three decades. The consequences of pursuing the Ph.D. degree have always been far reaching and profound, serving as an impetus and springboard for the reconfiguration of one's beliefs, values, and professional life. The purposes of this national study were to ascertain and describe marital and social changes that occurred in the lives of women who were awarded the Ph.D. degree at midlife. A questionnaire was distributed to a sample of three-hundred women who hold the Ph.D. degree and were employed in institutions of higher education in the United States. The study sought to identify the effects of the Ph.D. experience upon the marital relationships, friendships, and social activities of women who completed the degree between the ages of thirty-five and forty-five. Demographic data were collected which were related to their marital status before, during, and after the Ph.D. experience. Both closed and open-ended questions were posed which solicited information pertaining to their post Ph.D. experience. This research reports both quantitative and qualitative findings. The majority of women who complete the Ph.D. experience at midlife undergo and initiate changes in their lives which impact their relationships and activities. Many of these changes are the result of employment which follows the award rather than the degree itself. While some women experience negative effects in some areas of their lives, overall, the findings of this study suggest that changes are perceived positively by the majority of women who receive the Ph.D. at midlife.

The purposes of the study were (a) to examine selected areas of knowledge perceived by collegiate basketball coaches as essential for inclusion within a masters degree curriculum for collegiate basketball coaches, then (b) based upon these findings, to construct a model curriculum for the masters degree preparation of collegiate basketball coaches. A survey instrument, Questionnaire on the Areas of Knowledge Essential to Collegiate Basketball Coaches, was constructed and mailed for the purpose of collecting data from NCAA coaches. There were 252 instruments returned (58%). The coaches were asked to respond to topics which they perceived to belong within a graduate curriculum for intercollegiate coaches. The areas of knowledge were extrapolated from the 1995 National Association for Sport and Physical Education National Standards for Athletic Coaches. Chi-square goodness-of-fit tests and paired t-tests were performed on the data. Major findings of the study led to the conclusion that the areas of knowledge (a) training, conditioning, and nutrition; (b) skills, tactics, and strategies; and (c) teaching and administration mean rankings were not significantly different from one another but were significantly different from mean rankings from all other areas of knowledge. The areas of knowledge (d) social/psychological aspects of coaching; and (e) professional preparation and development mean rankings were not significantly different from one another but were significantly different from mean rankings of the other areas of knowledge. The areas of knowledge (f) injuries: prevention, care, and management; and (g) growth, development, and learning mean rankings were significantly different from all other areas of knowledge mean rankings. Additional conclusions were that perceptions of collegiate coaches concerning the seven areas of knowledge were independent of coaching experience, division of NCAA affiliation, academic degree, gender, or the gender of the team they coach. A model curriculum was proposed for the masters degree preparation of collegiate basketball coaches. This curriculum, if implemented, could provide students with the academic preparation needed for a successful career in collegiate basketball coaching.

The purpose of this study is to determine the extent to which rural nursing content is included in the curricula of baccalaureate and associate degree nursing programs in Texas. Additional purposes include determining the association between the emphasis on rural nursing content perceived by curricular chairpersons as ideal and current content emphasis, examining the difference in rural nursing emphasis between the two program levels, determining variables predictive of rural nursing emphasis and determining efforts to recruit students from rural areas. Data were collected by means of a mailed questionnaire developed by the investigator. Statistical analyses of these data were then conducted. Major findings include the determination of current and perceived ideal emphasis of rural nursing content, the difference in rural nursing emphasis between baccalaureate and associate degree nursing schools in Texas, the association between perceived ideal and actual content emphasis, those variables which are predictive of rural nursing emphasis in undergraduate curricula in Texas and the recruitment efforts from rural areas made by each level of program.

Le XXème siècle marque le début de l’étude musicologique sur le chant basque, concept apparu dans le courant du XIXème siècle. La plupart des recherches insistent sur les spécificités de cette pratique. A cette même époque, l’enregistrement de ce répertoire permet la constitution d’archives sonores. Pourtant, musicologues et collecteurs de sources sonores ne se rencontrent pas. Or, l’examen approfondi des études musicologiques publiées sur le chant basque amène à penser que les caractéristiques musicales attribuées à cette pratique tout au long du XXème siècle ne sont pas toutes pertinentes, que ce soit dans les termes employés ou dans la conception même de la musique. Elles renseignent parfois plus sur les auteurs et le contexte d’écriture de l’ouvrage/ article que sur la musique elle-même. Ces descriptionspeuvent de ce fait être nuancées à la lumière de nouvelles analyses. Une comparaison diachronique et synchronique de sources écrites et musicales de la fin du XIXème siècle à la fin du XXème siècle permet d’une part d’observer le lien entre ce qui est « dit » sur le sujet du point de vue musicologique et ce que nous pouvons en entendre, et d’autre part de repérer les caractéristiques musicales communes qui se dégagent de l’ensemble. Nous formulons l’hypothèse qu’il existe dans le chant basque monodique, non des caractéristiques musicales intrinsèques, mais des éléments musicaux mobiles, variés, des « indices », notamment du point de vue de la hauteur, qui peuvent être observés grâce à des outils d’analyse modernes. / The XXth century marks the beginning of the musicological study of the Basque singing, a concept appeared during the course of the XIXth century. Most of these researchs insist on the specificities of such a practice. At the same time, the recording of this repertory allows the setting up of sound archives. Nevertheless, musicologists and collectors of the sound sources do not meet. However, a thorough examination of the musicology studies published about the Basque singing leads to think that the musical characteristics ascribed to this practice throughout the XXth century are not all relevant whether concerning the terms being used or the conception of the very music. They often inform more on the authors and the context of the writing of the work/article than on the music itself. These descriptions may then be qualified in the light of new analyses. A diachronic and synchronic comparison of the written and musical sources from the late XIXth century to the end of the XXth allows us, on the one hand, to observe the link between what is “said” on the topic from the musicology point of view and what we can hear, and on the other hand to spot the common musical characteristics emerging from the whole.We formulate the hypothesis that the monodic Basque singing does not present any intrinsic musical characteristics. Rather, we observe mobile and diverse musical elements, kinds of “clues”, especially as far as pitch is concerned, that can be observed thanks to modern analysis tools.

O fenômeno de vibrações induzidas pelo escoamento em pipelines e dutos próximos ao leito oceânico é de grande importância para a Engenharia Naval e Oceânica. O caso prático do vão livre de duto pode ser considerado um assunto ainda pouco discutido. A presente dissertação encontra motivação na compreensão do fenômeno fluidodinâmico através da abordagem experimental. O sistema físico estudado inclui um longo cilindro, de baixa razão de massa (m*) e de natureza flexível (L/D = 131; 45), disposto próximo à uma placa plana. O comportamento assimétrico do escoamento ao redor de um corpo que se encontra próximo à uma placa plana não é governado apenas pelo número de Reynolds, sendo a distância adimensional, e/D, entre o cilindro e a placa de grande impacto no fenômeno. O objetivo principal desta dissertação é caracterizar o comportamento dinâmico de cilindros flexíveis horizontais na presença de uma placa plana sob os efeitos do fenômeno da vibração induzida por vórtices, bem como a interferência na distância entre as duas estruturas na resposta dinâmica do cilindro. A revisão bibliográfica foi pautada na compreensão do problema e no fornecimento de subsídios teóricos para realização do experimento e posterior análise dos dados. O efeito da proximidade da placa foi analisado para quatro diferentes arranjos, e/D = 0, 0.5, 1.0 e 2.0 e variadas condições de escoamento foram testadas, todas contidas no regime sub-crítico (103 < Re < 104). Adicionalmente, a condição do cilindro isolado, ou seja sem a presença da placa, foi investigada. Obteve-se o deslocamento do cilindro, no tempo e espaço, possibilitando grande diversidade na demonstração dos resultados, destaca-se a análise no domínio da frequência e do tempo e a recuperação da trajetória em todos os instantes ao longo do comprimento do cilindro. Os resultados apresentados evidenciam uma magnitude de oscilação maior para as condições em que o cilindro está distante ou isolado da placa. Para todas as condições a natureza flexível do modelo pode ser identificada e discutida pela análise no domínio da frequência e da trajetória descrita pelo cilindro. Na maior parte dos casos, a amplitude transversal cresceu de maneira pronunciada a partir de VR > 3:50 e alcançou amplitudes nominais da ordem de 0.8D. A resposta na direção horizontal apresentou uma dependência linear com a velocidade do escoamento, atingindo valores próximos a 0.65D. Tal magnitude releva a importância do movimento na direção in-line, diferente dos clássicos casos de VIV, onde a amplitude em X é de pouca significância. / The present work aims at improving the understanding of flow induced vibrations on pipelines near the seabed triggered by the current. The present work aims at improving the understanding of flow induced vibrations on pipelines near the seabed triggered by the current, it is of great importance for Naval and Oceanic Engineering. The physical system includes a long cylinder, with low mass ratio (m*) and flexible (L=D = 131; 45), near a at plate. When a cylindrical body is laying close to a at plate, the asymmetric ow behavior around it is no longer solely dominated by the Reynolds number, but the adimensional distance e/D, between the cylinder and the at plate, play an important role in the phenomenon. The main objective of the research conducted is to characterize the behavior of exible horizontal cylinders under the efect of vortex induced vibrations, highlighting the in fluence of the distance between the two structures in the cylinder dynamic response. The experimental data was collected in a towing tank with a model scaled for e/D= 0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 and >> 2:0 and Reynolds number ranging from 103 to 104. The cylinder\'s response is presented in terms of its amplitude and frequency. The results shown a high magnitude of oscillation for the conditions in which the cylinder is distant or isolated from the plate. For all conditions the exible behavior was identified and discussed through the analysis in the frequency domain and the trajectory described by the cylinder. In most cases, the transverse amplitude grew steeply from VR > 3:50 and reached nominal amplitudes of the order of 0.8D. The response in horizontal direction showed a linear dependence with the flow velocity, reaching values close to 0.65D. Such magnitude highlights the importance of movement in the in-line direction, different from the classical cases of VIV.

Os modelos simplificados de veículos são importantes em fases iniciais do projeto de um veículo, quando muitas características geométricas ainda não estão definidas. No caso de ônibus com sistema de suspensão a ar, os modelos encontrados na literatura não levam em conta efeitos da válvula niveladora de altura. Dois modelos de um ônibus foram desenvolvidos: um modelo não linear de veículo com três graus de liberdade e um modelo em sistema multicorpos com 109 graus de liberdade. Os dois modelos possuem sistema de suspensão a ar com a modelagem termodinâmica do bolsão com a válvula niveladora de altura. As equações do modelo não linear de três graus de liberdade foram construídas utilizando o conceito de derivativos de estabilidade. Para a validação dos modelos, foram realizados ensaios experimentais com o veículo e as seguintes grandezas foram medidas: aceleração lateral, velocidade em guinada, velocidade lateral, ângulo de escorregamento do veículo e ângulo de rolamento. Os resultados obtidos com os modelos foram validados experimentalmente. O comportamento do ângulo de rolamento do veículo devido ao sistema de suspensão a ar foi reproduzido nos dois modelos. Foi desenvolvida uma interface gráfica dentro do ambiente ADAMS para a geração automática de modelos simplificados. Os dados do veículo são inseridos através de uma interface gráfica com caixas de diálogo. Modelos simplificados de veículos são utilizados no controle da dinâmica do veículo. Neste tipo de aplicação, as equações do modelo não linear de três graus de liberdade são resolvidas em tempo real e podem servir como um modelo de referência para sistemas adaptativos de controle. / Simplified vehicle models are very important at the initial stages of vehicle development when all geometric data are not yet available. In the case of a bus with an air suspension system, the models you find in the literature does not taken into account the control leveling valve effects. Two bus models were developed: a nonlinear three degrees of freedom model and a multibody model with 109 degrees of freedom. Both models have thermodynamic air suspension system model with control leveling valve. The three degrees of freedom equations were built using the stability derivative concept. In order to validate the models, experimental tests were carried out and the following variables were measured: lateral acceleration, yaw velocity, sideslip angle and roll angle. The model results were validated against actual data. The roll angle behavior due to air suspension system was reproduced in both models. A graphic user interface for developing simplified vehicle model, based on the nonlinear three degrees of freedom model equations, was built using the ADAMS interface. All the data necessary for the model are introduced via dialog boxes. Simplified vehicle models can be used in vehicle dynamics control. In this kind of application, the three degrees of freedom equations can be solved in real time simulation and can be used as a reference model in adaptive control system, for instance.