Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:46:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RodrigoAS_DISSERT.pdf: 1315136 bytes, checksum: 052c6e4c40f8ccffbf0c4123c11c7ad1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-09-29 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / The problematic that gives shape to this research is the question of the historical process of demobilization of the movement of the working classes in your accented contemporary moment. Their object of study, however, and that it particularizes, it relates to a portion this problematic; it relates to set of determinations that comprise a broader set of determinations of this historical process: it is a set of determinations forged and mediated by bourgeois strategies of management for the conformation of the circumstances necessary for the domination and for the conduct of labor force on operations in work processes for the production of surplus value. What we investigated are, because, the strategies of disarticulation that the bourgeoisie utilizes, under the mantle of subsidies conceptual and interventive of its management of work processes and the sieve of class struggles, to obstruct the union of workers; hamper the movements proletarians. Managerial strategies that intentionally or unintentionally, instill in the social relations of production means to produce and reproduce, activate and reactivate conditions of incitement of individualism and competition between the workers themselves. We shall see, thus, by analyzing means, centrally, from some of the fundamentals of disarticulation in the managerial strategies bourgeois and some of the fundamental strategies of management bourgeois hegemonized with the restructuring productive of 1970, that the disarticulation, and also the demobilization, is a concrete condition, is an objective condition, that is beyond a question that can be "solved" only by enlightenment cognitive, only by formation criticism intellectual. In everyday of the work spaces permeated by managerial strategies bourgeois there elements, then, operating as a material force putting difficulties important for the articulation of the workers, the solidarity of the proletariat; elements that constitute obstacle significant to an awareness of class and belonging; elements act in favor of the atomization of the worker - even if engenders, in the same process, as a contradiction, potentiality of resistance and fight the forces of labor / A problem?tica que confere contornos a esta pesquisa ? a quest?o do processo hist?rico de desmobiliza??o dos movimentos das classes trabalhadoras em seu acentuado momento contempor?neo. Seu objeto de estudo, no entanto, e o que lhe particulariza, diz respeito a uma parcela desta problem?tica; diz respeito a um conjunto de determina??es que comp?e um conjunto mais amplo de determina??es desse processo hist?rico: trata de um conjunto de determina??es forjadas e mediadas pelas estrat?gias burguesas de ger?ncia para a conforma??o das circunst?ncias necess?rias ? domina??o e ? condu??o das for?as de trabalho em suas opera??es nos processos de trabalho para a produ??o da mais-valia. O que investigamos s?o, pois, as estrat?gias de desarticula??o de que a burguesia se utiliza, sob o manto dos subs?dios conceituais e interventivos da sua ger?ncia nos processos de trabalho e o crivo das lutas de classes, para obstaculizar a uni?o dos trabalhadores; estorvar os movimentos prolet?rios. Estrat?gias gerenciais que, intencionalmente ou n?o, incutem nas rela??es sociais de produ??o meios de produzir e reproduzir, ativar e reativar, condi??es de incitamento do individualismo e da concorr?ncia entre os pr?prios trabalhadores. Veremos, assim, por meio da an?lise, centralmente, de alguns dos fundamentos da desarticula??o nas estrat?gias gerenciais burguesas e de algumas das estrat?gias fundamentais da ger?ncia burguesa hegemonizadas com a reestrutura??o produtiva de 1970, que a desarticula??o, e tamb?m a desmobiliza??o, ? uma condi??o concreta, ? uma condi??o objetiva, que est? para al?m de uma quest?o que pode ser "resolvida" apenas com o esclarecimento cognitivo, apenas com a forma??o intelectiva cr?tica. No cotidiano dos espa?os de trabalho perpassados pelas estrat?gias gerenciais burguesas existem elementos, ent?o, que operam como uma for?a material colocando importantes dificuldades ? articula??o dos trabalhadores, ? solidariedade do proletariado; elementos que p?em significativos empecilhos a uma consci?ncia e pertencimento de classe; elementos que agem em favor da atomiza??o do trabalhador ainda que engendre, no mesmo processo, como uma contradi??o, potencialidades de resist?ncia e luta ?s for?as do trabalho

As part of the peacebuilding measures in scenarios of transformation from civil conflict to a state of post-conflict, the control of hostile forces constitutes a risky, yet necessary process. In such contexts there is also a concern to generate strong ties and incentives that minimize the recurrence of violence. For this purpose reconciliation emerges as a condition for long-lasting peace. This concept eventually requires that armed actors, victimized subjects and society in general agree on critical points and become able to live together. For former combatants these steps are especially challenging since they are confronted by an adverse environment that requires the assumption of new codes of conduct that are no longer ruled by any sort of weaponry. With this puzzle in mind, this study enquired about the extent to which social contact is likely to influence the perspectives of reconciliation held by demobilized combatants immerse in an institutional scheme of DDR. In order to gather a comprehensive discussion around this question, this thesis observed the Colombian DDR process, gathering unique empirical data from individuals exposed to varying degrees of contact. From the information collected and its qualitative analysis, it was found that inter-group interactions are able to promote deep understanding about out-groups; nonetheless, extended contact along ongoing hostilities does not ensure complete transformation of misperceptions, even among subjects coming to the end of their reintegration process.

This thesis examines the phenomenon of child-soldiering from a different perspective. It seeks to challenge, using a novel approach, earlier studies on the roles of former child-soldiers in post-war societies. It focuses on the subjectivity of young veterans, that is war veterans formerly associated with armed forces and groups as children during the 14-year gruesome civil war which bedevilled Liberia between 1989 and 2003. This civil war claimed roughly 250,000 lives, and saw the active participation of approximately 21,000 child-soldiers. This thesis departs from previous works which mostly painted an apocalyptic picture of young veterans, and explores the nexus between their self-agency, Foucauldian technologies of the self and their transformation in the post-war society. The majority of previous scholarly works which have dominated the field of child-soldiering dwelt on the impact of armed conflict on the child-soldiers, the negative consequences, the causes of child-soldiering, and the rehabilitation and reintegration of the young veterans after their disarmament and demobilization. What this thesis seeks to do however, is to establish that, rather than considering the young veterans simply as social misfits, distraught and dispirited human beings, it should be noted that young veterans through their agency, are capable of ensuring their reintegration into their war-ravaged societies. Sadly, these young former fighters’ self-agency and technologies of the self in defining their civilian trajectories have often been overshadowed by vaunted humanitarian aid and multilayered war-profiteering. This study is underpinned by interpretive constructivism, symbolic interactionism, social identity theory, sociometer theory and expectancy theory, and sheds light on how young veterans’ self-agency, instrumental coalitions, and decision-making processes, synergistically shifted the negative identities foisted on them as a result of their participation in the war.

This Master's thesis is devoted to the study of Demobilization, Disarmament, and Reintegration programs for children formerly associated with armed groups. Its main task is to critically assess the implementation of child Demobilization, Disarmament, and Reintegration programs, to identify the main challenges of these programs, and to provide recommendations for their future improvement. The theoretical part of the work focuses on the concept of child soldiers and the concept of disarmament, demobilization, and reintegration. The work examines the case study of the Democratic Republic of the Congo closely. It explores the history of the conflict, the history of using child soldiers, and the history of Demobilization, Disarmament, and Reintegration programs in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Furthermore, this work analyzes the phenomenon of child soldiers in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the challenges the current Demobilization, Disarmament, and Reintegration programs are facing and provides recommendations for the Congolese government and for the international actors which are providing the Demobilization, Disarmament, and Reintegration programs for children in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The work concludes that through the implementation of new policies on the national...

This study examines the current socio-economic status of the ex-combatants 10 years after the conflict in Sierra Leone. It examines the job opportunities, political space, relationship with community members, challenges faced, social networks involved in, relationship with former colleagues, access to land and other issues that are significant in the reintegration process of ex-combatants. It further studies the national socio-economic environment and how ex-combatants are faring in the overall post-war recovery process in Sierra Leone. Special focus lies on the Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration of Ex-Combatants (DDR) programme which was part of the Lome Peace Agreement signed in 1999. The study also comes up with recommendations as to how the challenges currently faced by ex-combatants could be overcome.:1. Introduction … 8 2. Theoretical Framework … 11 3. Context … 25 3.1 Origins of the war in Sierra Leone … 25 3.2 Factions involved in the conflict … 31 3.3 Recruitment patterns … 37 3.4 Peace Agreements … 39 3.5 Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration of Ex-combatants … 46 4. Research Methodology … 58 4.1 Research Question … 58 4.2 Conceptual Scheme … 59 4.3 Operationalization of Major Concepts … 60 4.4 Methodology … 62 4.5 Location of the Research ... 63 4.6 Unit of Analysis … 64 5. Findings … 66 5.1.1 Current social status of former male combatants … 71 5.1.2 Current social status of former female combatants … 76 5.1.2 Conclusion … 83 5.2. Current economic status of former combatants … 85 5.2.1 Former Male Combatants … 85 5.2.2 Former Female Combatants … 94 5.2.3 Conclusion … 102 6. Conclusions and recommendations … 105 6.1 Final Conclusions … 105 6.2 Recommendations … 109 7. Bibliography … 116 8. Annex ... 123

L’application aux civils du concept de « sortie de guerre » offre aux historiens de nouvelles pistes de recherche. Bien que la mobilisation culturelle de l’enfance dans la Grande Guerre ait fait l’objet de plusieurs études depuis les dernières années, le processus de démobilisation reste, quant à lui, peu exploré. Ce mémoire s’intéressera donc à la « sortie de guerre » chez les enfants français, à travers des sources inédites : des lettres adressées au président des États-Unis, Woodrow Wilson, à la fin de 1918. L’analyse met en lumière la perception des enfants sur la paix, la guerre, les Américains, et les changements de leur quotidien depuis l’armistice. Après une première partie historiographique, le deuxième chapitre portera sur la représentation de Wilson, des Américains et de la paix. Dans le dernier chapitre seront analysés le quotidien des enfants dans les mois suivant l’armistice, les représentations de la guerre et le processus de démobilisation. Fin 1918, la guerre tient encore beaucoup de place dans les propos des enfants et peu de signes de démobilisation émergent de leurs lettres. Ainsi, le président américain est représenté comme le sauveur de la France et le grand vainqueur de la guerre plutôt qu’en apôtre de la paix. Le sujet principal des lettres porte ainsi sur la reconnaissance et la gratitude des enfants envers le président et les États-Unis pour leur participation à la guerre et pour l’aide à la victoire. Les valeurs et le passé communs entre les deux pays alliés, exploités par la propagande de guerre, sont soulignés par les enfants. La fin de la guerre commence à peine à se faire ressentir dans le quotidien des enfants. La période est marquée par les célébrations de la victoire. De plus, la peur tend à s’atténuer avec la fin des violences de guerre et des nouveaux deuils. Les perturbations de la guerre demeurent cependant chez plusieurs enfants, particulièrement chez les réfugiés et les orphelins de guerre : la pauvreté, les séparations familiales et les privations alimentaires en affectent ainsi plusieurs. La perpétuation de ce climat de guerre influence la démobilisation des enfants, qui manifestent leur patriotisme et leur haine de l’ennemi. Les représentations de l’ennemi et des combattants du temps de la guerre prévalent donc encore, mais les enfants expriment néanmoins leur lassitude du conflit et leur désir d’un rapide retour à la normale. / Applied to civilians, the study of how French got out of the war (“sortie de guerre”) offers new perspectives to historians. The cultural mobilization of children during the Great War has led to several studies but demobilization is yet overlooked. This master thesis will examine the “coming out of the war” of French children through previously unexamined sources : letters to the American president Woodrow Wilson in late 1918. This analysis highlights the perception of children regarding peace, war, the American people, and the changes in their daily life since the armistice. The first chapter of this dissertation will address historiographical issues. The second will examine the representations of Wilson and the American people in the letters as well as the children perception of peace. The last chapter will focus on the children’s depictions of their daily life in the months following the armistice, their representations of the war and the youth demobilization process. At the end of 1918, the war still takes plenty of room in the children letters and only few signs of cultural demobilization emerges in them. The president is portrayed as the savior of France but, more interestingly as a great man of the war, rather than as an apostle of peace. The main purpose of the children’s letters is to show gratitude to the president for the participation of his country in the victorious war. The common values and shared history between the two allied countries, drawn from the war propaganda, are often highlighted by the children. The end of the war is just beginning to be felt in the lives of children. This period is marked by celebrations of victory, as fear disappears with the end of war violence and of new grieves. However, for several children, the disruption of war remains, particularly among refugees and war orphans. Poverty, food deprivation and family separations affect many children. This outgoing situation influences the demobilization of children, who show their patriotism and their hatred of the Germans through their letters. Although if wartime representations of the enemy and soldiers still prevail, children continue to express their weariness of the conflict and their desire for a rapid return to normalcy.

L’application aux civils du concept de « sortie de guerre » offre aux historiens de nouvelles pistes de recherche. Bien que la mobilisation culturelle de l’enfance dans la Grande Guerre ait fait l’objet de plusieurs études depuis les dernières années, le processus de démobilisation reste, quant à lui, peu exploré. Ce mémoire s’intéressera donc à la « sortie de guerre » chez les enfants français, à travers des sources inédites : des lettres adressées au président des États-Unis, Woodrow Wilson, à la fin de 1918. L’analyse met en lumière la perception des enfants sur la paix, la guerre, les Américains, et les changements de leur quotidien depuis l’armistice. Après une première partie historiographique, le deuxième chapitre portera sur la représentation de Wilson, des Américains et de la paix. Dans le dernier chapitre seront analysés le quotidien des enfants dans les mois suivant l’armistice, les représentations de la guerre et le processus de démobilisation. Fin 1918, la guerre tient encore beaucoup de place dans les propos des enfants et peu de signes de démobilisation émergent de leurs lettres. Ainsi, le président américain est représenté comme le sauveur de la France et le grand vainqueur de la guerre plutôt qu’en apôtre de la paix. Le sujet principal des lettres porte ainsi sur la reconnaissance et la gratitude des enfants envers le président et les États-Unis pour leur participation à la guerre et pour l’aide à la victoire. Les valeurs et le passé communs entre les deux pays alliés, exploités par la propagande de guerre, sont soulignés par les enfants. La fin de la guerre commence à peine à se faire ressentir dans le quotidien des enfants. La période est marquée par les célébrations de la victoire. De plus, la peur tend à s’atténuer avec la fin des violences de guerre et des nouveaux deuils. Les perturbations de la guerre demeurent cependant chez plusieurs enfants, particulièrement chez les réfugiés et les orphelins de guerre : la pauvreté, les séparations familiales et les privations alimentaires en affectent ainsi plusieurs. La perpétuation de ce climat de guerre influence la démobilisation des enfants, qui manifestent leur patriotisme et leur haine de l’ennemi. Les représentations de l’ennemi et des combattants du temps de la guerre prévalent donc encore, mais les enfants expriment néanmoins leur lassitude du conflit et leur désir d’un rapide retour à la normale. / Applied to civilians, the study of how French got out of the war (“sortie de guerre”) offers new perspectives to historians. The cultural mobilization of children during the Great War has led to several studies but demobilization is yet overlooked. This master thesis will examine the “coming out of the war” of French children through previously unexamined sources : letters to the American president Woodrow Wilson in late 1918. This analysis highlights the perception of children regarding peace, war, the American people, and the changes in their daily life since the armistice. The first chapter of this dissertation will address historiographical issues. The second will examine the representations of Wilson and the American people in the letters as well as the children perception of peace. The last chapter will focus on the children’s depictions of their daily life in the months following the armistice, their representations of the war and the youth demobilization process. At the end of 1918, the war still takes plenty of room in the children letters and only few signs of cultural demobilization emerges in them. The president is portrayed as the savior of France but, more interestingly as a great man of the war, rather than as an apostle of peace. The main purpose of the children’s letters is to show gratitude to the president for the participation of his country in the victorious war. The common values and shared history between the two allied countries, drawn from the war propaganda, are often highlighted by the children. The end of the war is just beginning to be felt in the lives of children. This period is marked by celebrations of victory, as fear disappears with the end of war violence and of new grieves. However, for several children, the disruption of war remains, particularly among refugees and war orphans. Poverty, food deprivation and family separations affect many children. This outgoing situation influences the demobilization of children, who show their patriotism and their hatred of the Germans through their letters. Although if wartime representations of the enemy and soldiers still prevail, children continue to express their weariness of the conflict and their desire for a rapid return to normalcy.

This thesis examines the experiences of girl child soldiers in Uganda in order to explore the gender gaps that exist in post-conflict programming and to engender meaningful policy solutions that target these gaps. This thesis uses a gender lens to analyze the challenges faced by Ugandan girls and to explore how entrenched gender norms feed into a singular narrative of conflict – dangerous boys and traumatized girls – that renders particular combatants – and their unique needs – invisible. Adopting a feminist methodology that prioritizes the importance of girls’ narratives and self-perceptions, the author argues that girl child soldiers must be meaningfully included in the design and implementation of programming aimed at serving their needs. A participatory action research methodology is presented as a promising way forward. It can help address specific gendered challenges in the post-conflict environment, while also recognizing and drawing upon the resiliency and strengths of the girl child soldiers themselves.

This thesis examines the experiences of girl child soldiers in Uganda in order to explore the gender gaps that exist in post-conflict programming and to engender meaningful policy solutions that target these gaps. This thesis uses a gender lens to analyze the challenges faced by Ugandan girls and to explore how entrenched gender norms feed into a singular narrative of conflict – dangerous boys and traumatized girls – that renders particular combatants – and their unique needs – invisible. Adopting a feminist methodology that prioritizes the importance of girls’ narratives and self-perceptions, the author argues that girl child soldiers must be meaningfully included in the design and implementation of programming aimed at serving their needs. A participatory action research methodology is presented as a promising way forward. It can help address specific gendered challenges in the post-conflict environment, while also recognizing and drawing upon the resiliency and strengths of the girl child soldiers themselves.

In a broader sense, this thesis examines the extent to which the international community decides on the application and shape of standard security templates in post-conflict environments. These standard templates are increasingly criticized for their inflexibility and inability to adapt to the actual conditions and needs on ground. In order to alleviate this criticism, as well as improve the success of these programs, the international community recently embraced the concept of national ownership. Whether it is a rhetorical concept and political tool and how its understanding differs between theory and reality are the main topics of this thesis. Specifically, the paper analyzes the concept of national ownership in the process of Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration (DDR) of ex-combatants on the example of Sudan from 2003 until 2013. Sudanese DDR process has been defined as nationally owned, but nevertheless criticized for the blind following of international standards and overall inability to adapt to the context. The objective of the thesis was set out to establish what the interpretation of national ownership was in theory and compare it with the type of ownership that had taken place in practice. The main part of this study is the analysis of the control exercised by national and...