By end of 20th Century, democratization has become a major global phenomenon. In Taiwan, since Democratic Progress Party registered as lawful political party till the period it seized power, serial political democratization had attracted the eyes of the world. Through the 3rd wave of democratization which pushed Taiwan into a democratic country, democratic governance has become the key engineering work for concreting democracy. In Taiwan, though authoritative ruling had been ended and the decision mode of party leading government and administrative superior were collapsed, but there are all kinds of difficult problems in governance emerged, including the boycotting and the confrontation and antagonism between the Executive Yuan and Legislative Yuan, the interactive relationship between elected administrator and bureaucratic system and the disorder in the decision making system in administrative system, malpractice and corruption of government employees, recession of economy and unemployment rate maintaining high together lead to conflict between ethnic groups, corruption and social disorder and moral downgrading, despite the people is nominally the master of the country, and the confusion, disorder and unrest plus the uncertainty toward the future has brought up the core of problem, which is the governing structure under democratic political system need be established and concreted as soon as possible. This paper utilize the material and date obtained in interviews under ¡§ Taiwan¡¦s Election and Democratization Study, 2003 (TEDS 2003)¡¨. It attempts to study the differences in evaluation of democracy, participation in democracy and democratic value as generated from the individual background factors as well as their evaluation of the current democratic governance. It is hope to draw practical suggestion of democratic governance which would serve as a lead for breaking of present difficult situation of Taiwan.

O presente trabalho tem por escopo analisar, de forma crítica e problematizada, o fomento enquanto atividade administrativa, portanto desbordante dos estritos limites do Estado. A obra tem início com o seu exame, conceituação e delineamento, de forma a criar para o leitor suporte seguro para o que adiante virá: seu exercício por meio de uma arena de participação popular, no caso, o Conselho Municipal dos Direitos da Criança e Adolescente de São Paulo. Este, ente despersonalizado apenas burocrático-administrativamente ligado à estrutura estatal tradicional, desponta como um novo lócus de exercício da discricionariedade administrativa, sendo responsável pelo próprio exercício do poder político, pela definição e desenvolvimento de políticas públicas de forma vinculante neste particular, do próprio Executivo. Colocamos o leitor, então, diante de interessante sistemática em que interagem mecanismos de ponta do Direito Administrativo e da lógica constitucional: participação democrática, descentralização e subsidiariedade, horizontalização entre as relações Administração-cidadão, contratualização do agir administrativo, ação pública concertada e sistematizada, com ênfase no planejamento. Delineada a interação objeto do estudo, são analisadas peculiaridades, polêmicas e situações ainda não assentes no Direito pátrio, como a parceirização com entidades do Terceiro Setor e a sua forma de estabelecimento; as possíveis roupagens da concessão de incentivo a essas entidades; o perfil das atividades a serem ofertadas diretamente à população, no caso crianças e adolescentes; a responsabilidade por eventuais desvios ocorridos durante o imbricado processo de construção, desenvolvimento e exaurimento do fomento outorgado por intermédio do Conselho. Buscamos, assim, chamar a atenção para a importância dos mecanismos de mobilização popular e de incentivo à inciativa privada de interesse público como alternativa para a sustentabilidade social e estatal e para a satisfação de interesses e demandas públicas inerentes ao Estado Pós-Social típico deste século XXI. / This paper aims to analyze, in a critic and problematized way, the incentives as an Administrative activity so overflowing the strict limits of the State. The study begins with its exam, conceptualization and definition, in order to create for the reader a secure support for what is to come: its exercise by an arena of participation in case, the Municipal Children and Adolescents Rights Council. This one, depersonalized being only burocratic-administratively related to the State traditional structure, emerges as a new locus for administrative discretion so responsible for the exercise of the political power itself, for the definition and development of public policies in a mandatory way of the Executive. The reader is then placed before an interesting system in which interact cutting edge mechanisms of Administrative Law and constitutional logics: democratic participation, decentralization and subsidiarity, horizontalization of the relations Administration-citizens, contratualization of the administrative action, concerted and systematic public action with emphasis on the planning. Once delineated the interaction object of study, peculiarities, controversies and situations further unsettled in national Law are analyzed, such as parcerization with Third Sector organizations and their form of establishment; possible forms of incentive concession to those organizations; profile of activities to be offered directly to the population (children and adolescents); responsibility for any deviations during the imbricate process of construction, development and depletion of incentives awarded through the Council. The aim is thus to draw attention to the importance of popular mobilization and mechanisms to encourage private initiative of public interest as an alternative for social and the State sustainability, and for the satisfaction of interests and public demands inherent in state post-social.

<p>The Peruvian society is one of the most unequal in the world and despite the growing economy the centralised political tradition impedes the trickling-down of wealth down to the people who need it the most. In Arequipa in southern Peru an initiative called the Programme for Rural Development (PRD) was commenced in the beginning of 2007 with the purpose of consolidating democracy and promote economic development, foremost for women. The programme was developed by Svalorna together with their cooperation organisations at location in Arequipa.</p><p>This investigation is both descriptive and explorative with a purpose of both describing the current economic and social situation in these departments as well as in a more normative manner explore the possible ways to go forward and issues that need further attention in regard to the PRD. The investigation has been realised as a qualitative field based study with the aim of emphasising on the views and opinions of the women in the different departments with the purpose of putting the women at a grass root level in focus. Therefore the methodological approach which permeates the entire study is a ‘bottom-up’ implementation analysis. The process of collecting information has implied field studies, where observation, interviews and interaction has been used as techniques, as well as a vast collection of background to the current socioeconomic situation which also has been necessary.</p><p>Conducting this investigation has lead to many interesting and useful conclusions regarding the contemporary and future sustentation situation for women and youth in the rural parts of Arequipa. This study will emphasise the importance of invisible actions within rural development, such as strengthening the common identity and objectives, considered to be the foundation to organising, both in regard to democratic participation as well as economic activities. In regard to entrepreneurship or the initiation of small scale businesses, components such as involvement from the rest of the family, sharing of skills and experiences within the group, access to capital, follow up and evaluation, are vital. Overall, the inhabitants need to participate in their own development process and receive assistance from a holistic programme that takes in consideration all elements in the life of the women.</p> / <p>Klyftorna i det peruanska samhället är några av de största i världen och trots att ekonomin för tillfället växer så att det knakar, så hindrar den starka traditionen av politisk centralisering att överskottet kommer alla människor tillgodo. I staden Arequipa i södra Peru inleddes i början av 2007 Programmet för landsbygdsutveckling (PRD) med syfte att förstärka demokratiska processer och främja ekonomisk utveckling, framförallt för kvinnor. Programmet utvecklades av Svalorna tillsammans med deras samarbetsorganisationer på plats i Arequipa.</p><p>Denna undersökning är både deskriptiv och explorativ. Den har som syfte att både beskriva den nuvarande ekonomiska och sociala situationen i de aktuella områdena kring Arequipa samt att mer normativt beskriva möjliga vägar framåt och problem som behöver ytterligare uppmärksamhet från PRD. Studien genomfördes genom en kvalitativ fältstudie med målet att vara lyhörd för, samt främhäva, kvinnornas egna åsikter och synpunkter som grund för resultat och analysdel. Detta för att sätta kvinnan på gräsrotsnivå i fokus och därav har det övergripande metodiska angreppssättet bestått av en botten-upp implementationsanalys. Insamlingsprocessen av information har inneburit både en fältstudie där observationer, intervjuer och interaktioner har använts som tekniker, men också en omfattande litteraturstudie har varit nödvändig. Detta för att erhålla bakgrundsmaterial till den nuvarande socioekonomiska situationen i landet.</p><p>Genomförandet av denna studie har inneburit många intressanta och användbara slutsatser vad gäller den nuvarande och framtida försörjningssituationen för kvinnor och ungdomar på landsbygden i Arequipa. Undersökningen betonar betydelsen av osynliga handlingar inom landsbygdsutvecklingen, så som stärkandet av den gemensamma identiteten och sammanställandet av gemensamma mål att sträva efter, både gällande demokratisk deltagande och ekonomiska aktiviteter. Vad gäller entreprenörskap och uppstartandet av småskaliga affärsverksamheter så är komponenter som engagemang från resten av familjen, delandet av kunskaper och erfarenheter inom gruppen, tillgång till kapital, uppföljning och utvärdering helt avgörande för projektets framgång. För att konkludera så behöver invånarna delta i sin egen utvecklingsprocess och delta med assistens från ett holistiskt sammansatt program som tar alla delar av kvinnornas liv i betraktande.</p>

ABREU, Henriqueta Rocha de. O desafio de promover a participação democrática: avaliação do Programa Nacional de Fortalecimento dos Conselhos Escolares. 2016. 99f. – Dissertação (Mestrado) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Programa de Pós Graduação em Avaliação de Políticas Públicas, Fortaleza (CE), 2016. / Submitted by Gustavo Daher (gdaherufc@hotmail.com) on 2017-03-14T12:24:50Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2016_dis_hrabreu.pdf: 1032023 bytes, checksum: 881d681cede21fd3abdbd2267e3ab75c (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Márcia Araújo (marcia_m_bezerra@yahoo.com.br) on 2017-03-14T16:59:04Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2016_dis_hrabreu.pdf: 1032023 bytes, checksum: 881d681cede21fd3abdbd2267e3ab75c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-14T16:59:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2016_dis_hrabreu.pdf: 1032023 bytes, checksum: 881d681cede21fd3abdbd2267e3ab75c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016 / The National Program for Strengthening School Councils (PNFCE) aims to promote the implementation and strengthening of these, in order to contribute to the discussion about the importance of the school council for pedagogical, administrative and financial aspects in educational institutions. In turn, this research had the objective of evaluating whether the PNFCE is, in fact, an instrument that provides the qualification of the subjects acting in the school councils for a democratic participation or if the program constitutes as instrument of legitimation of the actions of the State and In the perspective of docilizar the school and local community. For this academic enterprise, the analysis of the discursive formations objectified by Foucault (1999) was used as a methodological path for this research, considering that it was taken as corpus of this study the analysis of the ideological construction present in the texts that (LEJANO, 2011), evidenced by the inextricable relationship between text (politics) and context (reality in which politics is manifested) . Both the text and the context had as background the categories of analysis that support this research: State, participation and democracy. The conception of State in the perspective of Gramsci (2005), Coutinho (1988) and Carvalho (2010). And for the understanding of democratic participation, Tatagiba (2002), Dagnino (2004) and Santos (2001). Proposing a reflection about participation in school boards in the constitution of democratic management may presuppose the organization of a collegiate acting in order to plan, execute, evaluate and deliberate in the direction of the good progress of the school system. However, it is relevant to let the question emerge: how can we understand that the State promotes spaces of discussion that may constitute potential instances of confrontation with the state order itself, such as school councils? In evaluating the PNFCE, it was concluded that there are gaps between the functions of the school council and its performance in school, which implies a relationship neither as democratic nor decentralized and autonomous. Revealing the re-signification of school councils, reaffirmed in conflicts of interest, in the absence of a culture of participation and in the action of a minimal state or even a protected citizenship. / O Programa Nacional de Fortalecimento dos Conselhos Escolares (PNFCE) objetiva promover a implantação e o fortalecimento desses, no sentido de contribuir com a discussão sobre a importância do conselho escolar para os aspectos pedagógicos, administrativos e financeiros nas instituições de ensino. Por sua vez, esta pesquisa teve o objetivo de avaliar se o PNFCE é, de fato, um instrumento que proporciona a qualificação dos sujeitos atuantes nos conselhos escolares para uma participação democrática ou se o programa se constitui como instrumento de legitimação das ações do Estado e na perspectiva de docilizar a comunidade escolar e local. Para esse empreendimento acadêmico, empregou-se como caminho metodológico para esta pesquisa: das Ciências Sociais, a análise das formações discursivas objetivada por Foucault (1999), tendo em vista que foi tomado como corpus deste estudo a análise da construção ideológica presente nos textos que cria e fundamenta o PNFCE e, da perspectiva da avaliação de políticas públicas, o paradigma interpretativo a partir do modelo da experiência (LEJANO, 2011), evidenciado pela indissociável relação entre texto (política) e contexto (realidade em que se manifesta a política). Tanto o texto quanto o contexto tiveram como trama de fundo as categorias de análise que sustentam esta pesquisa: Estado, participação e democracia. A concepção de Estado na perspectiva de Gramsci (2005), Coutinho (1988) e Carvalho (2010). E para o entendimento de participação democrática, Tatagiba (2002), Dagnino (2004) e Santos (2001). Propor uma reflexão sobre a participação nos conselhos escolares na constituição da gestão democrática pode pressupor a organização de um colegiado atuando de forma a planejar, executar, avaliar e deliberar na direção do bom andamento do sistema escolar. No entanto, torna-se relevante deixar emergir a indagação: como entender que o Estado promova espaços de discussões que possam constituir-se em potenciais instâncias de enfretamento à própria ordem estatal, como o podem ser os conselhos escolares? Ao avaliar o PNFCE, concluiu-se que existem lacunas entre as funções do conselho escolar e a sua atuação na escola, o que implica uma relação nem tão democrática nem descentralizada e autônoma. Revelando a ressignificação dos conselhos escolares, reafirmados nos conflitos de interesses, na ausência de uma cultura de participação e na atuação de Estado mínimo ou mesmo de uma cidadania tutelada.

O presente trabalho tem por escopo analisar, de forma crítica e problematizada, o fomento enquanto atividade administrativa, portanto desbordante dos estritos limites do Estado. A obra tem início com o seu exame, conceituação e delineamento, de forma a criar para o leitor suporte seguro para o que adiante virá: seu exercício por meio de uma arena de participação popular, no caso, o Conselho Municipal dos Direitos da Criança e Adolescente de São Paulo. Este, ente despersonalizado apenas burocrático-administrativamente ligado à estrutura estatal tradicional, desponta como um novo lócus de exercício da discricionariedade administrativa, sendo responsável pelo próprio exercício do poder político, pela definição e desenvolvimento de políticas públicas de forma vinculante neste particular, do próprio Executivo. Colocamos o leitor, então, diante de interessante sistemática em que interagem mecanismos de ponta do Direito Administrativo e da lógica constitucional: participação democrática, descentralização e subsidiariedade, horizontalização entre as relações Administração-cidadão, contratualização do agir administrativo, ação pública concertada e sistematizada, com ênfase no planejamento. Delineada a interação objeto do estudo, são analisadas peculiaridades, polêmicas e situações ainda não assentes no Direito pátrio, como a parceirização com entidades do Terceiro Setor e a sua forma de estabelecimento; as possíveis roupagens da concessão de incentivo a essas entidades; o perfil das atividades a serem ofertadas diretamente à população, no caso crianças e adolescentes; a responsabilidade por eventuais desvios ocorridos durante o imbricado processo de construção, desenvolvimento e exaurimento do fomento outorgado por intermédio do Conselho. Buscamos, assim, chamar a atenção para a importância dos mecanismos de mobilização popular e de incentivo à inciativa privada de interesse público como alternativa para a sustentabilidade social e estatal e para a satisfação de interesses e demandas públicas inerentes ao Estado Pós-Social típico deste século XXI. / This paper aims to analyze, in a critic and problematized way, the incentives as an Administrative activity so overflowing the strict limits of the State. The study begins with its exam, conceptualization and definition, in order to create for the reader a secure support for what is to come: its exercise by an arena of participation in case, the Municipal Children and Adolescents Rights Council. This one, depersonalized being only burocratic-administratively related to the State traditional structure, emerges as a new locus for administrative discretion so responsible for the exercise of the political power itself, for the definition and development of public policies in a mandatory way of the Executive. The reader is then placed before an interesting system in which interact cutting edge mechanisms of Administrative Law and constitutional logics: democratic participation, decentralization and subsidiarity, horizontalization of the relations Administration-citizens, contratualization of the administrative action, concerted and systematic public action with emphasis on the planning. Once delineated the interaction object of study, peculiarities, controversies and situations further unsettled in national Law are analyzed, such as parcerization with Third Sector organizations and their form of establishment; possible forms of incentive concession to those organizations; profile of activities to be offered directly to the population (children and adolescents); responsibility for any deviations during the imbricate process of construction, development and depletion of incentives awarded through the Council. The aim is thus to draw attention to the importance of popular mobilization and mechanisms to encourage private initiative of public interest as an alternative for social and the State sustainability, and for the satisfaction of interests and public demands inherent in state post-social.

The introduction of the National Policy on Religion and Education (NPRE) in 2003 signalled the intention by government to provide a framework within which educational institutions have to deal with religion issues. The policy was introduced “in recognition that there have been instances in which public education institutions have discriminated on the grounds of religious belief” (NPRE, 2003: 3). Therefore, the policy gives full expression to the invocation of religion in the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa and the principles governing religious freedom. It further prescribes, in Sections 58 to 65 (NPRE, DoE, 2003), how school governing bodies (SGBs) should conduct religious observances. The study pursued the answer to the question: “Is the implementation of the policy on religion and education in schools advancing the school community’s right to freedom of religion, belief and opinion as anticipated by the NPRE?” The study examined how SGBS in two rural high schools of the North West Province engaged in the development and implementation of the policy on religion. The research used extensive interviews, questionnaires, document analysis and observations to elicit SGBs’ understanding, views and experiences of the issues of religious values and diversity through the implementation of the policy on religion and education in their schools. This interpretive case study traced the ability of the policy to enhance the school community’s right to freedom for religious belief and expression and freedom from religious coercion and discrimination. The findings of the study reveal a gloomy picture about the extent to which the policy on religion in schools is able to achieve the goals and objectives as intended by the NPRE. Two major challenges emerged; one is the lack of knowledge on the part of parents and learners serving in the SGBs to understand and interpret policy. The second is the minimal involvement of stakeholders in decision-making processes on matters that affect their lives, such as religion. This situation ultimately allows educators and principals to manipulate the environment of policy development and implementation. The result thereof includes the situation where one religion is being given priority over others, adoption of a particular religious character because other stakeholders do not have the knowledge about their religious rights, and the direct and indirect coercion of learners and educators to attend an assembly turned into a mono-religious observance. / Dissertation (MEd)--University of Pretoria, 2014. / gm2014 / Education Management and Policy Studies / unrestricted

This study examined the nature of interactions that took place among eighth-graders as they participated in literature circles. The teacher/researcher organized students into literature circles based on the students' novel selection. Students completed a different role assignment each week. The role assignments included word wizard, passage picker, connector, summarizer, and question asker. As the students participated in literature circles, the teacher/researcher tape recorded their conversations and took observational field notes. Analysis of the data four weeks later showed that some students' voices were silenced and students went through the motions of completing and talking about their role assignments with little discussion and inquiry. These findings may be due to the way the role assignments were used and the role of the teacher during literature circles.

School principalship has evolved over the years. The dawn of democracy in South Africa has brought with it a myriad of changes which are demanding to both novice and experienced principal. The study is based on the premise that there are challenges facing school principals within the current democratic milieu. The research study aimed at arriving at an exploration of the demands posed by democracy in schools. The study adopted a Qualitative approach based on an interpretivism paradigm. A lacuna of literature was reviewed to gain insight on the concept: democracy in education. The population of the study is school principals within the Rustenburg Area Project Office structured interviews were used to collect audio – taped data. The data was analysed and collapsed in categories which subsequently themes were indentified. The identified themes with literature reviewed were condensed into findings. The findings had a direct link to literature renewed in previous chapters. Recommendations and suggestions for further research finalised the study. Principals are facing challenges in their leadership roles within a democratic milieu. / MEd (Education Management), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

School principalship has evolved over the years. The dawn of democracy in South Africa has brought with it a myriad of changes which are demanding to both novice and experienced principal. The study is based on the premise that there are challenges facing school principals within the current democratic milieu. The research study aimed at arriving at an exploration of the demands posed by democracy in schools. The study adopted a Qualitative approach based on an interpretivism paradigm. A lacuna of literature was reviewed to gain insight on the concept: democracy in education. The population of the study is school principals within the Rustenburg Area Project Office structured interviews were used to collect audio – taped data. The data was analysed and collapsed in categories which subsequently themes were indentified. The identified themes with literature reviewed were condensed into findings. The findings had a direct link to literature renewed in previous chapters. Recommendations and suggestions for further research finalised the study. Principals are facing challenges in their leadership roles within a democratic milieu. / MEd (Education Management), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

The thesis, Indigenous language programming and citizen participation in Ugandan broadcasting: an exploratory study constitutes an analysis of the significance of policy on indigenous language programming in Uganda's broadcast media. The thesis is conceived broadly within a critical studies' framework. It emphasizes the role of the broadcast media in the public sphere, as well as policy on linguistic diversity in making the public sphere more accessible to the majority of Ugandans. Fundamental assumptions of the thesis are the following: * The imperatives of the market are in tension with the need to preserve a significant amount of indigenous language broadcasting in Uganda's broadcast media for purposes of diversity; * This tension can be discerned in the political-economic environment within which the broadcast media in Uganda have evolved and operate as well as in public debate on indigenous language programming in the broadcast media; * The current state of the media's structure, operation and regulation have their roots in Uganda's political history; and * Policy on the indigenous languages has a bearing on Ugandans' capacity to participate meaningfully in the democratic process via the broadcast media. The thesis documents key social, political and economic factors surrounding policy on indigenous language broadcasting in Uganda using interviews, an analysis of Uganda's political history as well as key legal documents related to diversity and participation. It documents public debate on the significance of language policy for the participation of Ugandans in the democratic process through the broadcast media and examines how changes in the structure and operation of Uganda's broadcast media, especially since the liberalisation of the airwaves in the early 1990s, are perceived by Ugandans to have affected their participation in the democratic process through the media. Finally the thesis makes recommendations for future communication policy with regards to the role of language in enhancing diversity and participation. / Communication Science / D.Litt. et Phil. (Communication)