Die vorliegende Arbeit untersuchte Unterschiede im Proliferationsverhalten von vier verschiedenen humanen Knochenzellproben auf kommerziell reinem Titan mit maschinell bearbeiteter, glatter Oberfläche. Es handelte sich um frisch entnommene, nicht pathologische, humane Knochenzellen vom Oberkiefer und Unterkiefer, welche im Block entnommen und in Fragmente zerkleinert wurden. Im Anschluss kultivierten und subkultivierten wir die Knochenzellen. Einen Teil dieser Knochenzellkulturen froren wir zwischenzeitlich für 48 Stunden ein. Anschließend pipettierten wir von jeder Knochen-zellkultur jeweils 1000 Zellen der 2. Subkultur in sogenannte Chamber Slides und führten jeweils am 5., 10., 15., 20. und 25. Versuchstag in vitro Zellzählungen sowie immunhistochemisch gestützte, fluoreszenzoptische Messungen in 200facher Vergrö-ßerung von den frischen und gefrorenen Oberkieferknochenzellkulturen und den frischen und gefrorenen Unterkieferknochenzellkulturen durch. Die fluoreszenz-optischen Markierungen dienten der Visualisierung der Zellkerne, welche wir mit DAPI gegenfärbten, ebenso des Bone Sialoproteins (BSP), einem nicht-kollagenen Knochenmatrixprotein, und wurden in Form von Grauwerten erfasst. In den frischen und gefrorenen Unterkieferknochenzellkulturen konnte eine signifikant höhere Proliferations-rate der Knochenzellen im Vergleich zu den frischen und gefrorenen Oberkiefer-knochenzellkulturen nachgewiesen werden. Die höchste Proliferationsrate war dabei in den frischen Unterkieferknochenzellkulturen über den gesamten Versuchsverlauf zu verzeichnen. Interessanterweise war kein signifikantes Korrelat zwischen der Expression von BSP und der Knochenzellproliferation zwischen den einzelnen Knochenzellproben nachweisbar.

Safe lower jaw implantations require precautions to avoid damaging the alveolar nerve.The prevailing methods are preoperative. In this study, we propose a novel approach to measure the distance between a pilot-drill and the alveolar nerve by employing highfrequency impedance measurements. The objective is to provide in vivo real-time information as an early warning of the proximity of the alveolar nerve. The method is examined and tested on animal samples. The impedance measurements were performed using a high-frequency network analyzer. Overall 40 pilot drillings were distributed over five sheep mandibles, with four on each side. Drillings were performed in three steps: inside the cortical layer, inside the spongiosa, and well inside the nerve canal. The inductance measurements were performed with a connected pilot drill, followed by an immediate 3D cone-beam computed tomography (CT) to measure the distance between the tip of the drill and the nerve canal. The measurements show that impedance information is a reliable indicator for proximity of the drill to the nerve. We observe a general trend of decreasing inductance as the drill approaches the nerve and find that at very high frequencies one can detect the closeness to the nerve from characteristic ratios of impedance at nearby frequencies. We report also that using phase information increases the reliability of this method. The findings provide a solid proof of concept for the proposed method. While the results are promising at this stage, the applicability for in vivo conditions requires further studies.:1. Einführung 3 - 11 2. Publikationsmanuskript 12 -19 3. Zusammenfassung 20 - 22 4. Literaturverzeichnis 23 - 25 5. Darstellung des eigenen Beitrags 26 6. Selbstständigkeitserklärung 27 7. Lebenslauf 28 - 29 8. Danksagung 30

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Objective: To evaluate the osseointegration potential of four different surfaces of mini-implants .We hypothesized that mini-implants surface roughness alters the intrinsic biomechanical properties of the bone integrated to titanium. Materials and Methods: Mini implants and circular discs were made from alloy Ti6Al4V grade 5. On the basis of surface treatment study was divided into 4 groups: Group 1: Machined: no surface treatment, Group 2: Acid etched: with hydrochloric acid, Group 3: Grit Blasted with alumina and Group 4: Grit blasted +Acid etched. Surface roughness parameters (mean surface roughness: Ra and Quadratic Average roughness: Rq) of the four discs from each group were measured by the optical profilometer. Contact angle measurement of 3 discs from each group was done with a Goniometer. Contact angle of liquids with different hydrophobicity and hydrophilicity were measured. 128 mini implants, differing in surface treatment, were placed into the tibias and femurs of 8 adult male New Zealand white rabbits. Biomechanical properties (Removal torque and hardness) measurements and histomorphometric observations were measured. Results: Ra and Rq of groups were: Machined (1.17±0.11, 2.59±0.09) Acid etched (1.82±0.04, 3.17±0.13), Grit blasted (4.83±0.23, 7.04±0.08), Grit blasted + Acid etched (3.64±0.03, 4.95±0.04) respectively. Group 4 had significantly (p=0.000) lower Ra and Rq than Group 3. The interaction between the groups and liquid was significant. Group 4 had significantly lower contact angle measurements (40.4°, 26.9°), both for blood and NaCl when compared to other three groups (p≤0.01). Group 4 had significantly higher torque than Group 3 (Tibia: 13.67>9.07N-cm; Femur: 18.21>14.12N-cm), Group 4 (Tibia: 13.67>9.78N-cm; Femur: 18.21>12.87N-cm), and machined (Tibia: 13.67>4.08N-cm; Femur: 18.21>6.49N-cm). SEM analysis reveals significantly more bone implant gap in machined implant surfaces than treated implant surfaces. Bone to implant contact had significantly higher values for treated mini implant surface than machined surface. Hardness of the bone near the implant bone interface is 20 to 25% less hard than bone 1mm away from it in both Femur and Tibia. Conclusion: Surface roughness and wettability of mini implants influences their biological response. Grit blasted and acid etched mini implants had lowest contact angle for different liquids tested and highest removal torques.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / The furanone derivatives and their constructed polymers were synthesized, characterized and formulated into dental glass-ionomer cement (GIC) and resin composite for improved antibacterial properties. Compressive strength (CS) and S. mutans viability were used to evaluate the mechanical strength and antibacterial activity of the restoratives. Fuji II LC cement and P60 were used as control. The specimens were conditioned in distilled water at 37 oC for 24 h prior to testing. The effects of loading, saliva and aging on CS and S. mutans viability were investigated. The antibacterial effect of the furanone derivative on other bacteria was also studied. Chapter 2 describes how we studied and evaluated the formulated antibacterial glass-ionomer cement by incorporating the synthesized furanone derivative-containing polymer into the formulation. The results show that all the formulated furanone-containing cements showed a significant antibacterial activity, accompanying with an initial CS reduction. Increasing loading significantly enhanced antibacterial activity but reduced the initial CS of the formed cements. The derivative showed a broad antibacterial spectrum on bacteria including S. mutans, lactobacillus, S. aureus and S. epidermidis. Human saliva did not affect the antibacterial activity of the cement. The long-term aging study indicates that the cements may have a long-lasting antibacterial function. Chapter 3 describes how we studied and evaluated the formulated antibacterial resin composite by incorporating the synthesized furanone derivative into the basic resin formulations. The results show that the modified resin composites showed a significant antibacterial activity without substantially decreasing the mechanical strengths. With 5 to 30% addition of the furanone derivative, the composite kept its original CS unchanged but showed a significant antibacterial activity with a 16-68% reduction in the S. mutans viability. Further, the antibacterial function of the new composite was not affected by human saliva. The aging study indicates that the composite may have a long-lasting antibacterial function. In summary, we have developed a novel furanone-containing antibacterial system for dental restoratives. Both glass-ionomer cement and resin composite have demonstrated significant antibacterial activities. The modified experimental glass-ionomer cement is a promising system because the reduced strength of the cement with addition of the furanone-containing polymer is still above those demonstrated by original commercial cement Fuji II LC. The modified resin composite shows nearly no reduction in mechanical strength after incorporation of the antibacterial furanone derivative. It appears that both experimental cement and resin composite are clinically attractive dental restoratives that can be potentially used for long-lasting restorations due to their high mechanical strength and permanent antibacterial function.

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Nobel Biocare is a world-leading manufacturer of innovative dental solutions. The company has two production facilities in Karlskoga specified for producing dental implants and abutments to customers like dentists, dental technicians and their patients. Nobel Biocare has identified possibilities to improve its production processes using the concept of Industry 4.0. This thesis aims to assist Nobel Biocare by conducting a preparatory study investigating the suitability of implementing technologies from the concept of Industry 4.0 to improve company-specific processes. Suitability is based on a total of five criteria, which are: investment costs, production sustainability, monetary profit, effect on product quality and time savings in the production. The study should furthermore determine what demands are posed upon the company for this implementation to be successful. The thesis is treated as a project containing three major phases related to assessing the situation and identifying improvement areas, suggesting technologies from Industry 4.0 to improve these areas and assessing the suitability of the suggested improvements. The methods used were qualitative, consisting of informal and formal interviews with open-ended questions. This was complemented by internal and external documents and previous studies as well as observations. The thesis defined ten technologies as the core of Industry 4.0 and applied these to identified potential improvements within the company's processes. A total of twelve main areas of improvement were identified, highlighting waste, repetitive tasks, and other production related challenges. A total of 15 proposed solutions were formulated based on the identified improvement areas. Among these proposed solutions, Industry 4.0 technology automation was applied in seven of the areas, some sort of digitalisation was applied in four areas, Augmented Reality (AR) or Virtual Reality (VR) was applied in two areas and Artificial Intelligence (AI) was applied within two proposed solutions. A total of ten of the proposed solutions were found suitable based on suitability criteria and three were found somewhat suitable. Out of the suitable implementations, five were related to automation, two to digitalisation and one within VR and AR. Artificial Intelligence was found suitable in two of the proposed improvements. Some of the requirements which are to be posed upon the company in order for the implementation of Industry 4.0 technologies to be successful were furthermore determined. These requirements were in regards to network speed and capacity, education of employees, cybersecurity and data ownership. / Nobel Biocare är en världsledande tillverkare av innovativa dentala helhetslösningar. Företaget har två produktionslokaler i Karlskoga som tillverkar distanser och tandimplantat till kunder vilka utgörs av tandläkare, tandtekniker och deras patienter. Nobel Biocare har uppmärksammat möjligheten att förbättra nuvarande produktion med hjälp av konceptet industri 4.0. I detta arbete har en förstudie genomförts för att hjälpa Nobel Biocare att identifiera hur lämpliga olika tekniker från konceptet industri 4.0 är att implementera i företagets produktion utifrån ett antal lämplighetskriterier. Dessa lämplighetskriterier är: investeringskostnader, hållbarhet i produktionen, monetära vinster, effekter på produktkvalitet och tidsbesparingar i produktionen. Arbetet presenterar även ett antal krav som kommer ställas på företaget för att implementationen av teknikerna som arbetet identifierat som lämpliga ska vara framgångsrik. Arbetet behandlades som ett projekt och delades in i tre större projektfaser. Först utfördes en nulägesanalys för att identifiera förbättringsmöjligheter i den nuvarande produktionen. Därefter togs lösningar fram på de identifierade förbättringsmöjligheterna med hjälp av tekniker från konceptet industri 4.0. Slutligen utvärderades hur lämpliga de olika teknikerna var att implementera som lösningar på de identifierade förbättringsmöjligheterna. Arbetet har använt kvalitativa metoder där majoriteten av data samlats in från informella och formella intervjuer med öppna frågor. Datainsamlingen från intervjuer har kompletterats med dokumentstudier av interna och externa dokument samt observationer. I arbetet identifierades totalt tio teknologier inom konceptet industri 4.0 som sedan användes för att ta fram lösningsförslag på identifierade förbättringsmöjligheter. I nulägesanalysen identifierades tolv huvudområden med förbättringsmöjligheter kopplade till slöseri, repetitiva arbetsuppgifter och andra produktionsrelaterade utmaningar. I de framtagna lösningarna så föreslogs automation inom sju områden och digitalisering inom fyra områden. Vidare föreslogs Augmented Reality (AR) och Virtual Reality (VR) inom två områden och Artificiell Intelligens (AI) tillämpades inom två av de föreslagna lösningarna. Totalt identifierades tio teknologier som lämpliga och tre teknologier som någorlunda lämpliga att implementera. Av de lösningar som identifierats lämpliga var fem inom automation, två inom digitalisering, en inom VR och AR samt två inom AI. Arbetet kom även fram till ett antal krav som ställs på företaget för att implementeringen av teknologierna ska lyckas. Dessa krav är kopplade till nätverkets hastighet och kapacitet, utbildning av anställda, cybersäkerhet och äganderätt av data.