Com o intuito de melhorar a eficiência dos dispositivos emissores de luz poliméricos uma das técnicas utilizadas é o confinamento da conjugação, diminuindo as perdas de energia em sítios de extinção, como fins de cadeia, defeitos ou armadilhas. Além disso, o confinamento quântico permite o controle do comprimento de onda emissivo desses materiais. Um dos mecanismos para o confinamento é a copolimerização, por meio da qual bloco conjugados são inseridos como grupos laterais na cadeia principal ou espaçadores nãoconjugados são inseridos ao longo da cadeia principal conjugada, limitando o comprimento da conjugação. O presente trabalho visou sintetizar e estudar as propriedades de copolímeros estatísticos derivados do PPV contendo segmentos com diferentes graus de conjugação distribuídos aleatoriamente na cadeia e limitados por segmentos não conjugados, e o estudo do comportamento desses materiais como camada ativa em dispositivos emissores de luz (PLEDs). Para a obtenção dos copolímeros randômicos poli[bis-(fenilenovinileno)-stat-(1,8-bis- (2,6-dioximetano-1,4- fenilenovinileno)-dioxioctano)-1,4-fenileno) (RBPV-DODM-PPV) utilizou-se a rota de Wittig, a partir dos monômeros: tereftaldeído (um dialdeído completamente conjugado), 1,8 bis (4 formil 2,6 dimetoxifenoxi) octano (um dialdeído interespaçado por uma cadeia saturada de oitometilenos) e o dicloreto de 1,4 bis (trifenilfosfôniometil) benzeno. Três razões molares x:y dos monômeros dialdeídos foram utilizadas para sintetizar os polímeros randômicos, obtendo-se diferentes proporções e tamanhos de segmentos conjugados distribuídos aleatoriamente nas cadeias poliméricas. Os materiais foram caracterizados por espectroscopia de ressonância magnética nuclear (RMN), no infravermelho, UV-visível, e fluorescência. A técnica de GPC foi utilizada para obtenção das massas moleculares e medidas de Tg foram realizadas por meio de DSC. As propriedades físico-químicas desses materiais foram analisadas em função das razões molares x:y utilizadas nas sínteses. E um estudo estatístico foi realizado para verificar as probabilidades de distribuição dos diferentes segmentos conjugados ao longo da cadeia em função dessas razões. Um estudo da morfologia e espessura dos filmes poliméricos em função dos parâmetros de deposição foi realizado a fim de descobrir as melhores condições para se obter filmes homogêneos e com espessuras da ordem de 20 a 60nm, necessários para alcançar melhores eficiências nos diodos emissores de luz poliméricos (PLEDs). Para a fabricação dos PLEDs foram utilizados ITO e Al como anodo e catodo, respectivamente, e uma camada de 20nm do polímero estatístico como matriz ativa e eletroluminescente. Para facilitar o transporte de portadores de cargas, camadas de PEDOT:PSS e BPBD foram colocadas entre o filme polimérico e os eletrodos. Também foram realizados testes com filmes da molécula Alq-3 como camada transportador-injetora de elétrons. Os dispositivos apresentaram eletroluminescência EL em quase toda a faixa do espectro visível, com máximos na região do ciano, para o copolímero R55 e na região do verde, para o copolímero p37. Baseado no mecanismo de Forster de transferência de energia, concluímos que os filmes desses polímeros estatísticos comportam-se como sistema hospedeiro-hóspede, devido a sobreposição parcial dos espectros de absorção e emissão dos polímeros, ocorrendo a transferência dos excitons-singletos dos segmentos de maior gap para os de menor gap, e, assim, o deslocamento dos centros emissivos para o vermelho e o aumento da eficiência dos dispositivos. / In order to improve the efficiency of polymeric light-emitting devices one of the techniques used is the conjugation confinement, decreasing the losses of energy in quenching sites, such as chain ends, defects or impurities. Moreover, the quantum confinement allows control the emissive wavelength of these materials. One of the confinement mechanisms is the copolymerization, which conjugated blocks are inserted as side groups in the main chain or non-conjugated spacers are inserted along the conjugated main chain, limiting the conjugation length. This study aimed synthesize and study the properties of random copolymers containing segments with different conjugation degrees randomly distributed in the chain and limited by no conjugated segments, and the study of the behaviour of these materials as active layer in a light emitting devices (PLEDs). To obtain random copolymers of poly [bis (fenilenovinileno)-stat-(1,8-bis-(2,6-dioximetano- 1, 4 - fenilenovinileno)-dioxioctano) -1,4-phenylene) (RBPV-DODM - PPV) have been used the Wittig route, from monomers: terephtaldeyde (a dialdeyde completely conjugated), 1.8 - bis (4 - formyl - 2.6 - dimethoxiphenoxi) octane (a dialdeyde interspaced by a saturated chain of eight methylene) and dichloride of 1.4 - a (triphenylphosphoniomethil) benzene. Three molars reasons x: y of dialdeydes monomers were used to synthesize the random polymers, obtaining various proportions and sizes of conjugated segments randomly distributed in the polymer chains. Infrared (IR) and ultravioletvisible (UVvis)spectroscopies, hydrogen nuclear magnetic resonance (1HNMR) spectrometry and differential scanning calorimetry(DSC) were used to characterize the prepared copolymersstructures. Polymers molecular weights were determined by gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The physical-chemical properties of these materials were analyzed by the molars reasons x: y used in the synthesis. And a statistical study was conducted to ascertain the probability of distribution of the various conjugated segments along the chain by these reasons. A study of the morphology and thickness of the polymer films as a function of the parameters of deposition was conducted in order to find out the best conditions to obtain homogeneous films with thickness in the order of 20 to 60 nm, necessary to achieve the best efficiencies in the polymer light emitting diode (PLEDs). For the manufacture of PLEDs ITO and Al were used as anode and cathode respectively, and a layer of 20nm of the statistical polymer as active matrix and electroluminescent. To facilitate the transport of charge carriers, layers of PEDOT: PSS and BPBD were placed between the film and polymer electrodes. Tests were also carried out with films of the molecule Alq-3 as layer electron carrier / injector. The devices had electroluminescence EL in almost the entire range of the visible spectrum, with maximum in the region of cyan, for the copolymer R55 and in the green, for the copolymer p37. Based on the Forster mechanism of energy transfer, we find that the films of these statistical polymers behave themselves as host-guest system, due to partial overlap of absorption and emission spectra of the polymers, occurring the transfer of excitons-singletes of the segments with largest gap for the smaller gap, and thus the displacement of the emission centers for the red.

Com o intuito de melhorar a eficiência dos dispositivos emissores de luz poliméricos uma das técnicas utilizadas é o confinamento da conjugação, diminuindo as perdas de energia em sítios de extinção, como fins de cadeia, defeitos ou armadilhas. Além disso, o confinamento quântico permite o controle do comprimento de onda emissivo desses materiais. Um dos mecanismos para o confinamento é a copolimerização, por meio da qual bloco conjugados são inseridos como grupos laterais na cadeia principal ou espaçadores nãoconjugados são inseridos ao longo da cadeia principal conjugada, limitando o comprimento da conjugação. O presente trabalho visou sintetizar e estudar as propriedades de copolímeros estatísticos derivados do PPV contendo segmentos com diferentes graus de conjugação distribuídos aleatoriamente na cadeia e limitados por segmentos não conjugados, e o estudo do comportamento desses materiais como camada ativa em dispositivos emissores de luz (PLEDs). Para a obtenção dos copolímeros randômicos poli[bis-(fenilenovinileno)-stat-(1,8-bis- (2,6-dioximetano-1,4- fenilenovinileno)-dioxioctano)-1,4-fenileno) (RBPV-DODM-PPV) utilizou-se a rota de Wittig, a partir dos monômeros: tereftaldeído (um dialdeído completamente conjugado), 1,8 bis (4 formil 2,6 dimetoxifenoxi) octano (um dialdeído interespaçado por uma cadeia saturada de oitometilenos) e o dicloreto de 1,4 bis (trifenilfosfôniometil) benzeno. Três razões molares x:y dos monômeros dialdeídos foram utilizadas para sintetizar os polímeros randômicos, obtendo-se diferentes proporções e tamanhos de segmentos conjugados distribuídos aleatoriamente nas cadeias poliméricas. Os materiais foram caracterizados por espectroscopia de ressonância magnética nuclear (RMN), no infravermelho, UV-visível, e fluorescência. A técnica de GPC foi utilizada para obtenção das massas moleculares e medidas de Tg foram realizadas por meio de DSC. As propriedades físico-químicas desses materiais foram analisadas em função das razões molares x:y utilizadas nas sínteses. E um estudo estatístico foi realizado para verificar as probabilidades de distribuição dos diferentes segmentos conjugados ao longo da cadeia em função dessas razões. Um estudo da morfologia e espessura dos filmes poliméricos em função dos parâmetros de deposição foi realizado a fim de descobrir as melhores condições para se obter filmes homogêneos e com espessuras da ordem de 20 a 60nm, necessários para alcançar melhores eficiências nos diodos emissores de luz poliméricos (PLEDs). Para a fabricação dos PLEDs foram utilizados ITO e Al como anodo e catodo, respectivamente, e uma camada de 20nm do polímero estatístico como matriz ativa e eletroluminescente. Para facilitar o transporte de portadores de cargas, camadas de PEDOT:PSS e BPBD foram colocadas entre o filme polimérico e os eletrodos. Também foram realizados testes com filmes da molécula Alq-3 como camada transportador-injetora de elétrons. Os dispositivos apresentaram eletroluminescência EL em quase toda a faixa do espectro visível, com máximos na região do ciano, para o copolímero R55 e na região do verde, para o copolímero p37. Baseado no mecanismo de Forster de transferência de energia, concluímos que os filmes desses polímeros estatísticos comportam-se como sistema hospedeiro-hóspede, devido a sobreposição parcial dos espectros de absorção e emissão dos polímeros, ocorrendo a transferência dos excitons-singletos dos segmentos de maior gap para os de menor gap, e, assim, o deslocamento dos centros emissivos para o vermelho e o aumento da eficiência dos dispositivos. / In order to improve the efficiency of polymeric light-emitting devices one of the techniques used is the conjugation confinement, decreasing the losses of energy in quenching sites, such as chain ends, defects or impurities. Moreover, the quantum confinement allows control the emissive wavelength of these materials. One of the confinement mechanisms is the copolymerization, which conjugated blocks are inserted as side groups in the main chain or non-conjugated spacers are inserted along the conjugated main chain, limiting the conjugation length. This study aimed synthesize and study the properties of random copolymers containing segments with different conjugation degrees randomly distributed in the chain and limited by no conjugated segments, and the study of the behaviour of these materials as active layer in a light emitting devices (PLEDs). To obtain random copolymers of poly [bis (fenilenovinileno)-stat-(1,8-bis-(2,6-dioximetano- 1, 4 - fenilenovinileno)-dioxioctano) -1,4-phenylene) (RBPV-DODM - PPV) have been used the Wittig route, from monomers: terephtaldeyde (a dialdeyde completely conjugated), 1.8 - bis (4 - formyl - 2.6 - dimethoxiphenoxi) octane (a dialdeyde interspaced by a saturated chain of eight methylene) and dichloride of 1.4 - a (triphenylphosphoniomethil) benzene. Three molars reasons x: y of dialdeydes monomers were used to synthesize the random polymers, obtaining various proportions and sizes of conjugated segments randomly distributed in the polymer chains. Infrared (IR) and ultravioletvisible (UVvis)spectroscopies, hydrogen nuclear magnetic resonance (1HNMR) spectrometry and differential scanning calorimetry(DSC) were used to characterize the prepared copolymersstructures. Polymers molecular weights were determined by gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The physical-chemical properties of these materials were analyzed by the molars reasons x: y used in the synthesis. And a statistical study was conducted to ascertain the probability of distribution of the various conjugated segments along the chain by these reasons. A study of the morphology and thickness of the polymer films as a function of the parameters of deposition was conducted in order to find out the best conditions to obtain homogeneous films with thickness in the order of 20 to 60 nm, necessary to achieve the best efficiencies in the polymer light emitting diode (PLEDs). For the manufacture of PLEDs ITO and Al were used as anode and cathode respectively, and a layer of 20nm of the statistical polymer as active matrix and electroluminescent. To facilitate the transport of charge carriers, layers of PEDOT: PSS and BPBD were placed between the film and polymer electrodes. Tests were also carried out with films of the molecule Alq-3 as layer electron carrier / injector. The devices had electroluminescence EL in almost the entire range of the visible spectrum, with maximum in the region of cyan, for the copolymer R55 and in the green, for the copolymer p37. Based on the Forster mechanism of energy transfer, we find that the films of these statistical polymers behave themselves as host-guest system, due to partial overlap of absorption and emission spectra of the polymers, occurring the transfer of excitons-singletes of the segments with largest gap for the smaller gap, and thus the displacement of the emission centers for the red.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T16:11:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MARCELO DO NASCIMENTO capitulos.pdf: 46847 bytes, checksum: 9184c68b4afbd4f8c18e081f4c9274be (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-06-15 / In the field of a research line that seeks the planning, the synthesis and the pharmacologycal evaluation of new candidates to prototypes of anti-inflammatory drugs, we will describe in this project the planning of derived new pyrazolics (LQFM 002-003), originally drawn starting from the nerolidilcatecol (24) and arylsulfonilpiperazines, (25) that present profile inhibition of the enzyme sPLA2. The compounds (E)-N-(3,7-dimethylocta-2,6-dienyl)-1,3-dimethtyl-1-H-pyrazol-5-amine (LQFM 002) and (E)-N-(3,7-dimethylocta-2,6-dienyl)-1,3-dimethyl-4-((4-methylpiperazin-1-il) methyl)-1H-pyrazol-5-amine (LQFM 003), were submitted to pharmacologycal rehearsals in vitro, seeking to evaluate the enzymatic inhibition activity of the sPLA2. For the prototype (LQFM 002) the inhibition halos were 14,43 ± 6,28%, 16,68 ± 2,45%, 23,61 ± 2,62%, 37,06 ± 3,25%, in the doses of 250, 500, 1000 and 2000 μg/mL respectively. For the compound (LQFM 003), the halos were 1,85 ± 1,38%, 9,29 ± 3,33%, 7,82 ± 3,32%, 13,21 ± 3,22%, respectively. Subsequently the rehearsal in vivo was accomplished to evaluate the profile of cellular migration. Being also analyzed the concentration of plasmatic protein by the methodology of the Evans of blue once the inflammatory process was induced. The compound (LQFM 002) presented inhibition on cellular migration of 50,46 ± 14,34% in the peritonit test, 68,7 ± 2,65% in the pleurisy test and reduction of 40,1 ± 6,40% of the plasmatics proteins for the method of coloration of the Evans of blue. The compound (LQFM 003) presented 25,89 ± 5,39% inhibition, in the doses of 50 mg/Kg, characterizing, significant anti-inflammatory profile for the prototype (LQFM 002). Parallel to the pharmacologycal synthetic work and, we carried out theoretical studies through the application of molecular dynamics. The parameters of the enzyme sPLA2 was more effective through the applications of the water box's, once the smaller state energy observed was of -175000kcal/mol. At the end of this project, we can conclude that the structural planning applied in the project was validated through the applications of the pharmacologycal rehearsals, once both molecules were recognized by the enzyme sPLA2 and they presented anti-inflammatory activity in the rehearsal of cellular migration. In addition, the applied synthetic methodology for obtaining of the prototypes pyrazolics (LQFM 002-003) studied was satisfatory. / No âmbito de uma linha de pesquisa que visa o planejamento, a síntese e a avaliação farmacológica de novos candidatos a protótipos de fármacos anti-inflamatórios, descreveremos neste trabalho o planejamento de novos derivados pirazólicos (LQFM 002-003), originalmente desenhados a partir do nerolidilcatecol (24) e arilsulfonilpiperazínicos (25), que apresentam perfil inibitório da enzima sPLA2. Os compostos (E)-N-(3,7-dimetilocta-2,6-dienil)-1,3-dimetil-1-H-pirazol-5-amina (LQFM 002) e (E)-N-(3,7-dimetilocta-2,6-dienil)-1,3-dimetil-4-((4-metilpiperazina-1-il) metil)-1H-pirazol-5-amina (LQFM 003), foram submetidos a ensaios farmacológicos in vitro, visando avaliar a atividade de inibição enzimática da sPLA2. Para o protótipo LQFM 002 os halos de inibição foram 14,43 ± 6,28%, 16,68 ± 2,45 %, 23,61 ± 2,62 %, 37,06 ± 3,25 %, nas doses de 250, 500, 1000 e 2000 μg/mL respectivamente. Para o composto LQFM 003, os halos foram 1,85 ± 1,38 %, 9,29 ± 3,33 %, 7,82 ± 3,32 %, 13,21 ± 3,22 %, respectivamente. Posteriormente foram realizados os ensaios in vivo o qual avalia o perfil de migração celular para cavidade peritoneal e pleural. Sendo também analisada a concentração de proteína plasmática pela metodologia do azul de Evans quando induzido o processo inflamatório. O composto LQFM 002 apresentou inibição sobre a migração celular de 50,46 ± 14,34 % no teste de peritonite, 68,7 ± 2,65 % no teste de pleurisia e redução de 40,1 ± 6,40 % das proteínas plasmáticas pelo método de coloração do azul de Evans. O composto LQFM 003 apresentou inibição de 25,89 ± 5,39%, nas doses de 50 mg/Kg, caracterizando, desta forma, perfil anti-inflamatório significativo para o protótipo (LQFM 002). Paralelamente ao trabalho sintético e farmacológico, foi realizado estudos teóricos através do emprego de dinâmica molecular. A parametrização da enzima sPLA2 foi mais efetiva através do emprego de caixa de água, uma vez que o estado de menor energia observado foi de -175000kcal/mol. Ao término deste trabalho, podemos concluir que o planejamento estrutural empregado no mesmo foi validado através dos ensaios farmacológicos empregados, uma vez que ambas as moléculas foram reconhecidas pela enzima sPLA2 e apresentaram atividade anti-inflamatória no ensaio de migração celular. Ademais, a metodologia sintética empregada se mostrou satisfatória para a obtenção dos protótipos pirazólicos (LQFM 002 - 003) estudados.

Neste trabalho propomos um modelo de mercado através de uma discretização aleatória do movimento browniano proposta por Leão & Ohashi (2010). Com este modelo, dada uma função payoff, vamos desenvolver uma estratégia de hedging e uma metodologia para precificação de opções / In this work we propose a market model using a discretization scheme of the random Brownian motion proposed by Leão & Ohashi (2010). With this model, for any given payoff function, we develop a hedging strategy and a methodology to option pricing

Sulfated glycosaminoglycans (GAG) are components of the bone marrow stem cell niche and to a minor extent of mature bone tissue with important functions in regulating stem cell lineage commitment and differentiation. We anticipated that artificial extracellular matrices (aECM) composed of collagen I and synthetically oversulfated GAG derivatives affect preferentially the differentiation of osteoblast-precursor cells and early osteoblasts. A set of gradually sulfated chondroitin sulfate and hyaluronan derivatives was used for the preparation of aECM. All these matrices were analysed with human bone marrow stromal cells to identify the most potent aECM and to determine the influence of the degree and position of sulfate groups and the kind of disaccharide units on the osteogenic differentiation. Oversulfated GAG derivatives with a sulfate group at the C-6 position of the N-acetylglycosamine revealed the most pronounced proosteogenic effect as determined by tissue nonspecific alkaline phosphatase activity and calcium deposition. A subset of the aECM was further analysed with different primary osteoblasts and cell lines reflecting different maturation stages to test whether the effect of sulfated GAG derivatives depends on the maturation status of the cells. It was shown that the proosteogenic effect of aECMwasmost prominent in early osteoblasts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sphingolipide sind essentielle Bestandteile der Plasmamembranen aller eukaryotischen Organismen und besitzen als Signalmoleküle regulierende Eigenschaften auf diverse zelluläre Prozesse. Hierbei spielen die G-Protein-gekoppelten S1P-Rezeptoren eine wichtige Rolle. Diese werden durch das natürliche Sphingosin-1-phosphat sowie die Sphingosin-Derivate FTY720 und cis-4-Methylsphingosin selektiv adressiert. Diese Arbeit beschreibt die Synthese von fünfzehn neuartigen Sphingosin-Derivaten mit potenziell neuen biologischen Eigenschaften. Hierfür wurde die Leitstruktur des natürlichen D-erythro-Sphingosins an den Positionen 1, 3 und/oder 4 modifiziert. Die biologischen Studien mit diesen Verbindungen lieferten erste Erkenntnisse zur Inhibition des S1P-induzierten Calcium-Anstiegs, der Wechselwirkung mit den S1P-Rezeptoren und der zellulären Lokalisation in Chlamydia trachomatis infizierten Zellen. Darüber hinaus wurde eine Methode, die einen schnelleren und variablen Zugang zu den 4-verzweigten Sphingosin-Derivaten erlaubt, etabliert. / Sphingolipids are essential constituents of plasma membranes in all eukaryotic organisms. They also participate as signalling molecules in almost all physiological processes. Here G-protein coupled S1P receptors play an important role. These receptors are selectively addressed by natural ligand sphingosine-1-phosphate as well as by sphingosine analogues FTY720 and cis-4-methylsphingosine. This work describes the synthesis of fifteen sphingosine analogues with potential biological activity. For this purpose, the natural lead structure of D-erythro-sphingosine was modified at positions 1, 3 and/or 4. The biological studies of these compounds provided the first insights to the inhibition of S1P-induced calcium increase, the interaction with S1P receptors and the cellular localization in Chlamydia trachomatis infected cells. Moreover, an adapted method that allowed faster and adaptable access to 4-branched sphingosines was established.

This thesis deals with exciton relaxation processes in thin polycrystalline films and matrix-isolated molecules of the perylene derivatives PTCDA (3,4,9,10-perylenetetracarboxylic dianhydride) and MePTCDI (N,N'-dimethylperylene-3,4,9,10-dicarboximide). Using femtosecond pump-probe spectroscopy, transient absorption spectra, excitonic relaxation in the lowest excited state subsequent to excitation, and exciton-exciton interaction and annihilation at high excitation densities have been addressed. Transient absorption spectroscopy in the range 1.2eV-2.6eV has been applied to thin polycrystalline films of PTCDA and MePTCDI and to solid solutions of PTCDA and MePTCDI molecules (monomers) in a SiO2 matrix. We are able to ascribe the respective signal contributions to ground state bleaching, stimulated emission, and excited state absorption. Both systems exhibit broad excited-state absorption features below 2.0eV, with dominant peaks between 1.8eV and 2.0eV. The monomer spectra can be consistently explained by the results of quantum-chemical calculations on single molecules, and the respective experimental polarization anisotropies for the two major transitions agree with the calculated polarizations. Dimer calculations allow to qualitatively understand the trends visible in the experimental results from monomers to thin films. The broad excited state absorption band between 1.8eV and 2.0eV allows to probe the population dynamics in the first excited state of thin films. We show that excitons created at the Gamma point relax towards the border of the Brillouin zone on a 100fs time scale in both systems. Excitonic relaxation is accelerated by increase of temperature and/or excitation density, which is attributed to stimulated phonon emission during relaxation in k-space. Lower and upper limits of the intraband relaxation time constants are 25fs (resolution limit) and 250fs (100fs) for PTCDA (MePTCDI). These values agree with the upper limit for the intraband relaxation time of 10ps, evaluated from time-resolved luminescence measurements. While the luminescence anisotropy is in full accordance with the predictions made by a luminescence anisotropy model being consistent with the exciton model of Davydov-split states, the pump-probe anisotropy calls for an explanation beyond the models presently available. At excitation densities 10^(19)cm^(-3), the major de-excitation mechanism for the relaxed excitons is exciton-exciton annihilation, resulting in a strongly reduced exciton life time. Three different models for the microscopic behavior have been tested: a diffusion-limited annihilation model in both three and one dimensions (with diffusion constant D as fit parameter) as well as a long-range single-step Förster-type annihilation model (with Förster radius RF as fit parameter). For PTCDA, the latter two, being structurally equivalent, allow to fit a set of multiexponential decay curves for multiple initial exciton densities with high precision. In contrast, the three-dimensional diffusion-limited model is clearly inferior. For all three models, we extract annihilation rates, diffusion constants and diffusion lengths (or Förster radii), for both room and liquid helium temperature. Temperature dependence and orders of magnitude of the obtained parameters D or RF correspond to the expectations. For MePTCDI, the 1D and the Förster model are in good agreement for a smaller interval of excitation densities. For a initial exciton densities higher than 5 x 10^(19)cm^(-3), the 3D model performs significantly better than the other two.

Ceramid, ein zentrales Signalmolekül des Sphingolipidstoffwechsels, ist neben der de novo Synthese über die enzymatische Spaltung von Sphingomyelin und Glucosylceramid zugänglich. Genetische Mutationen, die eine Fehlfaltung der verantwortlichen Enzyme saure Sphingomyelinase (aSMase) und Glucocerebrosidase (GCase) begünstigen, könnten somit zu einer Dysregulation des gesamten Sphingolipidstoffwechsels und den damit verbundenen Signaltransduktionsprozessen führen. Niedermolekulare Inhibitoren können in Zellstudien einen Einblick in diese Prozesse geben und den Defekt eines Enzyms simulieren oder eine etwaige Überaktivität derselben Enzyme verhindern. Für derartige Studien ist die Möglichkeit einer zeitaufgelösten Inhibition von Vorteil. Für diese Methode müssten photolabile Schutzgruppen in eine bereits bekannte Inhibitorstruktur integriert werden. Im Fall der aSMase würden sich hierfür myo-Inosit-bisphosphat-Derivate anbieten, die starke, kompetitive Inhibitoren des Enzyms darstellen. Auf dieser Grundlage werden in der vorliegenden Arbeit die Synthese sowie die in vitro und in cellulo Wirkung des ersten zellpermeablen, photoaktivierbaren Inhibitors für die aSMase präsentiert. Kompetitive Inhibitoren können ebenso als sogenannte pharmakologische Chaperone fungieren, welche Proteine durch Herabsetzung der freien Energie des jeweiligen Faltungszustandes stabilisieren. Dies ist besonders bei von Mutationen betroffenen lysosomalen Enzymen von Interesse, um diese vor einem proteasomalen Abbau zu bewahren und einen geregelten Transport in die Lysosomen zu gewährleisten. So wurden in der vorliegenden Arbeit verschiedene myo-Inositderivate als potenzielle pharmakologische Chaperone für die aSMase und GCase synthetisiert. Um eine Verdrängung der Verbindungen vom aktiven Zentrum des Enzyms durch das natürliche Substrat zu beschleunigen, wurde eine Orthoesterfunktion in die Seitenkette der Inhibitorstruktur integriert, die im sauren Milieu der Lysosomen gespalten werden kann. / Ceramide, a central signaling molecule in sphingolipid metabolism, is in addition to the novo synthesis accessible via the enzymatic cleavage of sphingomyelin and glucosylceramide. Genetic mutations that promote misfolding of the responsible enzymes acid sphingomyelinase (aSMase) and glucocerebrosidase (GCase) could thus lead to a dysregulation of the entire sphingolipid metabolism and the associated signal transduction processes. Small molecule inhibitors can provide insight into these processes in cell studies and simulate the defect of an enzyme or prevent eventual overactivity of the same enzyme. For such studies, the possibility of a time-resolved inhibition would be advantageous. For this method, photolabile protecting groups would have to be integrated into the structure of a known inhibitor. In the case of aSMase, myo-inositol-diphosphate derivatives, which represent strong, competitive inhibitors of the enzyme, would be suitable for this purpose. On this basis, the synthesis as well as the in vitro and in cellulo effects of the first cell-permeable photocaged inhibitor for acid sphingomyelinase are presented in this work. Competitive inhibitors can also act as so-called pharmacological chaperones, which stabilize proteins by reducing the free energy of the respective folding state. This is of particular interest in the case of lysosomal enzymes affected by mutations, in order to protect them from proteasomal degradation and to ensure regulated transport into the lysosomes. In the present work, various myo-inositol derivatives were synthesized as potential pharmacological chaperones for aSMase and GCase. To accelerate displacement of the compounds from the enzyme's active site by the natural substrate, an orthoester function was integrated into the side chain of the inhibitor structure, which can be cleaved in the acidic environment of the lysosome.

This thesis deals with exciton relaxation processes in thin polycrystalline films and matrix-isolated molecules of the perylene derivatives PTCDA (3,4,9,10-perylenetetracarboxylic dianhydride) and MePTCDI (N,N'-dimethylperylene-3,4,9,10-dicarboximide). Using femtosecond pump-probe spectroscopy, transient absorption spectra, excitonic relaxation in the lowest excited state subsequent to excitation, and exciton-exciton interaction and annihilation at high excitation densities have been addressed. Transient absorption spectroscopy in the range 1.2eV-2.6eV has been applied to thin polycrystalline films of PTCDA and MePTCDI and to solid solutions of PTCDA and MePTCDI molecules (monomers) in a SiO2 matrix. We are able to ascribe the respective signal contributions to ground state bleaching, stimulated emission, and excited state absorption. Both systems exhibit broad excited-state absorption features below 2.0eV, with dominant peaks between 1.8eV and 2.0eV. The monomer spectra can be consistently explained by the results of quantum-chemical calculations on single molecules, and the respective experimental polarization anisotropies for the two major transitions agree with the calculated polarizations. Dimer calculations allow to qualitatively understand the trends visible in the experimental results from monomers to thin films. The broad excited state absorption band between 1.8eV and 2.0eV allows to probe the population dynamics in the first excited state of thin films. We show that excitons created at the Gamma point relax towards the border of the Brillouin zone on a 100fs time scale in both systems. Excitonic relaxation is accelerated by increase of temperature and/or excitation density, which is attributed to stimulated phonon emission during relaxation in k-space. Lower and upper limits of the intraband relaxation time constants are 25fs (resolution limit) and 250fs (100fs) for PTCDA (MePTCDI). These values agree with the upper limit for the intraband relaxation time of 10ps, evaluated from time-resolved luminescence measurements. While the luminescence anisotropy is in full accordance with the predictions made by a luminescence anisotropy model being consistent with the exciton model of Davydov-split states, the pump-probe anisotropy calls for an explanation beyond the models presently available. At excitation densities 10^(19)cm^(-3), the major de-excitation mechanism for the relaxed excitons is exciton-exciton annihilation, resulting in a strongly reduced exciton life time. Three different models for the microscopic behavior have been tested: a diffusion-limited annihilation model in both three and one dimensions (with diffusion constant D as fit parameter) as well as a long-range single-step Förster-type annihilation model (with Förster radius RF as fit parameter). For PTCDA, the latter two, being structurally equivalent, allow to fit a set of multiexponential decay curves for multiple initial exciton densities with high precision. In contrast, the three-dimensional diffusion-limited model is clearly inferior. For all three models, we extract annihilation rates, diffusion constants and diffusion lengths (or Förster radii), for both room and liquid helium temperature. Temperature dependence and orders of magnitude of the obtained parameters D or RF correspond to the expectations. For MePTCDI, the 1D and the Förster model are in good agreement for a smaller interval of excitation densities. For a initial exciton densities higher than 5 x 10^(19)cm^(-3), the 3D model performs significantly better than the other two.

This dissertation is a contribution to the development of a unified model of continuum mechanics, describing both fluids and elastic solids as a general continua, with a simple material parameter choice being the distinction between inviscid or viscous fluid, or elastic solids or visco-elasto-plastic media. Additional physical effects such as surface tension, rate-dependent material failure and fatigue can be, and have been, included in the same formalism. The model extends a hyperelastic formulation of solid mechanics in Eulerian coordinates to fluid flows by means of stiff algebraic relaxation source terms. The governing equations are then solved by means of high order ADER Discontinuous Galerkin and Finite Volume schemes on fixed Cartesian meshes and on moving unstructured polygonal meshes with adaptive connectivity, the latter constructed and moved by means of a in- house Fortran library for the generation of high quality Delaunay and Voronoi meshes. Further, the thesis introduces a new family of exponential-type and semi- analytical time-integration methods for the stiff source terms governing friction and pressure relaxation in Baer-Nunziato compressible multiphase flows, as well as for relaxation in the unified model of continuum mechanics, associated with viscosity and plasticity, and heat conduction effects. Theoretical consideration about the model are also given, from the solution of weak hyperbolicity issues affecting some special cases of the governing equations, to the computation of accurate eigenvalue estimates, to the discussion of the geometrical structure of the equations and involution constraints of curl type, then enforced both via a GLM curl cleaning method, and by means of special involution-preserving discrete differential operators, implemented in a semi-implicit framework. Concerning applications to real-world problems, this thesis includes simulation ranging from low-Mach viscous two-phase flow, to shockwaves in compressible viscous flow on unstructured moving grids, to diffuse interface crack formation in solids.