O tema central desta dissertação é a percepção de conforto como instrumento para traçar diretrizes para o design de calcinhas, que é o principal objetivo deste estudo. O presente trabalho apresenta uma investigação teórico-metodológica acerca do conforto, do produto estudado, a calcinha e da usuária, a mulher. Esta dissertação teve como objetivo traçar diretrizes de projeto de calcinhas com base na percepção de conforto das mulheres de diferentes perfis físicos e psicológicos. Para tanto, foram definidos três objetivos específicos: i) Elaborar uma taxonomia para calcinhas e conceituar os seus elementos; ii) identificar fatores envolvidos na percepção de conforto em calcinhas; iii) avaliar estes fatores envolvidos na percepção de conforto em calcinhas, de acordo com perfis corporais e psicológicos das mulheres. O desenvolvimento do trabalho foi norteado por três pressupostos: i) a percepção de conforto varia de acordo com o perfil psicológico e corporal de cada mulher; ii) diferentes modelos de calcinha se adéquam a diferentes perfis de mulher e produzem percepções diferentes de conforto; e iii) o estudo do conforto envolve as complexas relações entre usuária e o produto, através de estímulos físicos e psicológicos. Com base nos modelos de avaliação da percepção de conforto e risco de Van der Linden (2004), avaliação do conforto no vestuário de Wages (1974) e os métodos de avaliação da percepção de conforto no uso de calcinhas, desenvolvidos em estudo anterior (Giongo, 2010), esta dissertação foi construída e desenvolvida por meio de dois instrumentos: um questionário online, aplicado a 54 estudantes de universidades da Grande Porto Alegre e um questionário físico, aplicado a 347 estudantes da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul e Universidade Feevale. Com base em estudo e elaboração de uma taxonomia das calcinhas e na análise do primeiro questionário, foi possível estabelecer parâmetros para avaliar o comportamento de uso das participantes e, com base nestas informações, traçar as diretrizes de projeto para o design de calcinhas. / The central theme of this dissertation, as well as its main objective, is to set comfort perception as a tool to establish guidelines for panty design. This paper presents a theoretical and methodological research about comfort, as well as the manufactured goods studied, panties, in addition to their consumer, women. The aim was to establish guidelines based on the comfort perception of women from different physical and psychological profiles. Hence, three specific objectives were defined: i) develop a taxonomy for that type of underwear, conceptualizing elements ii) identify factors involved in comfort perception of panties iii) evaluate factors involved in comfort perception of panties, according to physical and psychological profiles. This work was guided by three assumptions: i) comfort perception varies according to the psychological and physical distinctiveness of every woman ii) different models of underwear suit different profiles of women and produce different perceptions of comfort, and iii) the study of comfort involves the complex relationship between consumer and manufactured goods, through physical and psychological stimuli. This dissertation was rooted in the evaluation of risk and comfort perception model of Van der Linden (2004), in the clothing comfort evaluation of Wages (1974) and on the methods of assessment of comfort perception in wearing such panties, developed in a previous study (Giongo , 2010), and it was built and completed through the application of two instruments: an electronic questionnaire, answered by 54 students from universities in Greater Porto Alegre, and a paper questionnaire answered by 347 students from the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul and Feevale University. Founded on the study and development of the taxonomy of this kind of underwear, as well as on the analysis of the first questionnaire, it was possible to establish parameters to evaluate consumer behavior of participants and, from that, establish guidelines for panty design.

O tema central desta dissertação é a percepção de conforto como instrumento para traçar diretrizes para o design de calcinhas, que é o principal objetivo deste estudo. O presente trabalho apresenta uma investigação teórico-metodológica acerca do conforto, do produto estudado, a calcinha e da usuária, a mulher. Esta dissertação teve como objetivo traçar diretrizes de projeto de calcinhas com base na percepção de conforto das mulheres de diferentes perfis físicos e psicológicos. Para tanto, foram definidos três objetivos específicos: i) Elaborar uma taxonomia para calcinhas e conceituar os seus elementos; ii) identificar fatores envolvidos na percepção de conforto em calcinhas; iii) avaliar estes fatores envolvidos na percepção de conforto em calcinhas, de acordo com perfis corporais e psicológicos das mulheres. O desenvolvimento do trabalho foi norteado por três pressupostos: i) a percepção de conforto varia de acordo com o perfil psicológico e corporal de cada mulher; ii) diferentes modelos de calcinha se adéquam a diferentes perfis de mulher e produzem percepções diferentes de conforto; e iii) o estudo do conforto envolve as complexas relações entre usuária e o produto, através de estímulos físicos e psicológicos. Com base nos modelos de avaliação da percepção de conforto e risco de Van der Linden (2004), avaliação do conforto no vestuário de Wages (1974) e os métodos de avaliação da percepção de conforto no uso de calcinhas, desenvolvidos em estudo anterior (Giongo, 2010), esta dissertação foi construída e desenvolvida por meio de dois instrumentos: um questionário online, aplicado a 54 estudantes de universidades da Grande Porto Alegre e um questionário físico, aplicado a 347 estudantes da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul e Universidade Feevale. Com base em estudo e elaboração de uma taxonomia das calcinhas e na análise do primeiro questionário, foi possível estabelecer parâmetros para avaliar o comportamento de uso das participantes e, com base nestas informações, traçar as diretrizes de projeto para o design de calcinhas. / The central theme of this dissertation, as well as its main objective, is to set comfort perception as a tool to establish guidelines for panty design. This paper presents a theoretical and methodological research about comfort, as well as the manufactured goods studied, panties, in addition to their consumer, women. The aim was to establish guidelines based on the comfort perception of women from different physical and psychological profiles. Hence, three specific objectives were defined: i) develop a taxonomy for that type of underwear, conceptualizing elements ii) identify factors involved in comfort perception of panties iii) evaluate factors involved in comfort perception of panties, according to physical and psychological profiles. This work was guided by three assumptions: i) comfort perception varies according to the psychological and physical distinctiveness of every woman ii) different models of underwear suit different profiles of women and produce different perceptions of comfort, and iii) the study of comfort involves the complex relationship between consumer and manufactured goods, through physical and psychological stimuli. This dissertation was rooted in the evaluation of risk and comfort perception model of Van der Linden (2004), in the clothing comfort evaluation of Wages (1974) and on the methods of assessment of comfort perception in wearing such panties, developed in a previous study (Giongo , 2010), and it was built and completed through the application of two instruments: an electronic questionnaire, answered by 54 students from universities in Greater Porto Alegre, and a paper questionnaire answered by 347 students from the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul and Feevale University. Founded on the study and development of the taxonomy of this kind of underwear, as well as on the analysis of the first questionnaire, it was possible to establish parameters to evaluate consumer behavior of participants and, from that, establish guidelines for panty design.

O tema central desta dissertação é a percepção de conforto como instrumento para traçar diretrizes para o design de calcinhas, que é o principal objetivo deste estudo. O presente trabalho apresenta uma investigação teórico-metodológica acerca do conforto, do produto estudado, a calcinha e da usuária, a mulher. Esta dissertação teve como objetivo traçar diretrizes de projeto de calcinhas com base na percepção de conforto das mulheres de diferentes perfis físicos e psicológicos. Para tanto, foram definidos três objetivos específicos: i) Elaborar uma taxonomia para calcinhas e conceituar os seus elementos; ii) identificar fatores envolvidos na percepção de conforto em calcinhas; iii) avaliar estes fatores envolvidos na percepção de conforto em calcinhas, de acordo com perfis corporais e psicológicos das mulheres. O desenvolvimento do trabalho foi norteado por três pressupostos: i) a percepção de conforto varia de acordo com o perfil psicológico e corporal de cada mulher; ii) diferentes modelos de calcinha se adéquam a diferentes perfis de mulher e produzem percepções diferentes de conforto; e iii) o estudo do conforto envolve as complexas relações entre usuária e o produto, através de estímulos físicos e psicológicos. Com base nos modelos de avaliação da percepção de conforto e risco de Van der Linden (2004), avaliação do conforto no vestuário de Wages (1974) e os métodos de avaliação da percepção de conforto no uso de calcinhas, desenvolvidos em estudo anterior (Giongo, 2010), esta dissertação foi construída e desenvolvida por meio de dois instrumentos: um questionário online, aplicado a 54 estudantes de universidades da Grande Porto Alegre e um questionário físico, aplicado a 347 estudantes da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul e Universidade Feevale. Com base em estudo e elaboração de uma taxonomia das calcinhas e na análise do primeiro questionário, foi possível estabelecer parâmetros para avaliar o comportamento de uso das participantes e, com base nestas informações, traçar as diretrizes de projeto para o design de calcinhas. / The central theme of this dissertation, as well as its main objective, is to set comfort perception as a tool to establish guidelines for panty design. This paper presents a theoretical and methodological research about comfort, as well as the manufactured goods studied, panties, in addition to their consumer, women. The aim was to establish guidelines based on the comfort perception of women from different physical and psychological profiles. Hence, three specific objectives were defined: i) develop a taxonomy for that type of underwear, conceptualizing elements ii) identify factors involved in comfort perception of panties iii) evaluate factors involved in comfort perception of panties, according to physical and psychological profiles. This work was guided by three assumptions: i) comfort perception varies according to the psychological and physical distinctiveness of every woman ii) different models of underwear suit different profiles of women and produce different perceptions of comfort, and iii) the study of comfort involves the complex relationship between consumer and manufactured goods, through physical and psychological stimuli. This dissertation was rooted in the evaluation of risk and comfort perception model of Van der Linden (2004), in the clothing comfort evaluation of Wages (1974) and on the methods of assessment of comfort perception in wearing such panties, developed in a previous study (Giongo , 2010), and it was built and completed through the application of two instruments: an electronic questionnaire, answered by 54 students from universities in Greater Porto Alegre, and a paper questionnaire answered by 347 students from the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul and Feevale University. Founded on the study and development of the taxonomy of this kind of underwear, as well as on the analysis of the first questionnaire, it was possible to establish parameters to evaluate consumer behavior of participants and, from that, establish guidelines for panty design.

Reading news on mobile devices has during the past decade transcended into an every- day activity, which induce greater demands on design and presentation of news. Several researchers have examined essential components in the area of digital newspapers, despite this, there are few newspapers that have switched to a reader-friendly format. The objective of this thesis is to evaluate how the reading experience in digital newspa- pers can be improved by abandoning the traditional structure of today’s printed newspapers. Based on numerous tests and studies, as well as support from literature, a set of guidelines has been produced as a result of this thesis. The design guidelines contain recommendations for optimal line size, typeface, point size, appearance, functionality, placement, recognition factor and packaging. To ensure quality, all guidelines were validated in order to prove that the reading experience had increased. An evaluation was performed that attempted to determine that. The statistic result of this thesis showed a significant difference in both reading speed and the subjective experience. However no significant difference could be seen regarding the reading comprehension. The conclusions made was that structure and design of content can influence both reading speed and reading experience. All design guidelines can be used as guidance when developing templates for digital newspapers.

The interest in football around the world is ever increasing with more than half of the world’s population watching the last World Cup. The amount and the granularity of information available about football is endless. In recent years the advent of new technology has led to possibilities to track and log all aspects of the game, making advanced statistics available to everyone. The focus of the research community of football statistics today is on professionals as the end recipient. The knowledge, requirements and goals of enthusiasts and experts differ which means that the design of statistics targeted at the different groups should differ. This design study took an exploratory mixed methods approach to study how to design football statistics for enthusiasts. A variety of methods were used including, expert interview, survey and interviews with 8 football enthusiasts led to design suggestions of statistics which were evaluated in two phases. The iterative approach led to general guidelines of how to design football statistics, and 12 design suggestions of visualizations of statistics. The visualizations function as instantiations of the knowledge gained throughout the study. The design suggestions communicate information about how the conclusions drawn in the study can be practically implemented in a smartphone application about football statistics. The results of the study can be used to guide the design of football statistics for enthusiasts.

Electronic sport or esport is a trend that involves playing competitive video games professionally. Traditional sports and esport have been compared to each other because of their similarities. Esport has grown in terms of viewership. Every year more spectators get interested and the number rises. One popular genre played in esports is MOBA. It stands for Multiplayer Online Battle Arena. Two teams face each other, and the goal is to destroy the enemy’s base with the help of their selected character, in-game mechanics and objectives. There are several focus points to highlight for the spectator. Hence, a dedicated spectator interface in the esports scene helps understand the progression of the game while watching. Developers might want to market their MOBA game into the esports scene, but it is hard to know what spectators want within the interface. This study investigates the major factors to consider when designing a spectator interface for a gaming genre; multiplayer online battle arena games (MOBA) in a competitive setting. The methods used to achieve the results were literature studies that include spectatorship, cognitive theories, and game interface theories. Analysing a popular MOBA game spectator interface and redesigned the interface of a game named League of Legends. Redesigns will go through an iterative process with the help of feedback, using questionnaires and interviews on the target group. Results discovered factors that could provide the spectator with a better viewing experience and contributed to producing a guideline for designers. The study concluded the guideline could help future work or contribute to previously established guidelines for general competitive games. However, further investigations are required to explore and validate the proposed guidelines in practice. / Elektronisk sport eller esport är en trend som handlar om att spela tävlingsinriktade videospel professionellt. Traditionella sporter och esport har ofta jämförts med varandra på grund av likheterna. Esport har vuxit enormt när det gäller tittarskap. Varje år blir fler åskådare intresserade och antalet stiger. En populär genre som spelas i esports heter MOBA. Det står för Multiplayer Online Battle Arena. Två lag möter varandra och målet är att förstöra fiendens bas med hjälp av spelmekanik och spelmål. Det finns flera fokuspunkter som ska visas för åskådaren. Därför används ett dedikerat åskådargränssnitt i esport-scenen för att hjälpa förstå spelets utveckling medan åskådaren tittar på. Utvecklare vill möjligtvis marknadsföra sitt MOBA-spel i esport-scenen, men det kan vara svårt att veta vad åskådarna vill ha inom gränssnittet. Denna studie undersöker de viktigaste faktorerna som ska beaktas när man utformar ett åskådargränssnitt för en spelgenre; flerspelarspel online (MOBA) i en tävlingsinriktad miljö. Metoderna för att uppnå resultaten var litteraturstudier som inkluderar åskådarskap, kognitiva teorier och spelgränssnittsteorier. Analys av ett populärt MOBA-spel åskådargränssnitt och redesignade gränssnittet för spelet som heter League of Legends. Det omformade gränssnittet kommer att gå igenom en iterativ process med hjälp av feedback med hjälp av frågeformulär och intervjuer på målgruppen. Resultaten upptäckte faktorer som kunde ge åskådaren en bättre

Elders usually experience high levels of loneliness in the society as they have retired from work and less of a center within the family. There are many interaction design work that target elder’s loneliness and aim to solve the problem by connecting elders with other people through distance. Digitalization’s connectedness is a helpful factor that can combat elder’s communication issues. At the same time, there are many already existing digital services that embed communication functions such as email, texting, and video call. Still, elders find themselves have difficulties using existing technology. The thesis focuses on why current digital technologies cannot help elders connect and communicate efficiently and how to re-design to help elders feel their willingness to communicate by current technologies. Empirical research in the thesis project has shown that elders lack trust towards digital systems due to lack of transparency and findings of specialized contexts. The project is in two parts: qualitative research and prototyping. Through qualitative research, the thesis shows that there is a lack of transparency and control from digital applications that elders experience. Prototyping outcomes suggests enabling personalization within digital services for elders by implementing slow user interactions and simple graphic elements.

The EU Directive on the accessibility requirements for products and services, Directive 2019/882, is an accessibility law that will come into effect in the European Union starting in 2025. The criteria for compliance are based on the World Wide Web Consortium’s Web Content Accessibility Guidelines, WCAG 2.1, the industry standard for accessibility on the web. There are however few empirical studies attempting to ascertain the effectiveness of adhering to the guidelines to prevent accessibility issues faced by real users. The present study utilises usability testing with users with disabilities to identify accessibility problems, to then compare whether adherence to Directive 2019/882 or WCAG 2.1 solves the errors. The results showed that the effectiveness of WCAG 2.1’s ability to prevent accessibility problems on e-commerce websites lies between 41% and 71% and that the effectiveness of Directive 2019/882 lies between 39% and 69%. Blind users, visually impaired users, and users with cognitive impairments were overrepresented when it came to encountered issues left unaddressed by Directive 2019/882 and WCAG 2.1. The results may be used to argue whether Directive 2019/882 and WCAG 2.1 are appropriate guidelines to determine accessibility on the web, which may have societal consequences. We recommend further studies testing the findings of the present study by performing similar research on different websites and different spread of disabilities among participants in the test group.

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