Denna studie undersökte användandet av en fiktiv maskotkaraktär som verktyg för destinationsutveckling. Arbetet utgick från ett samarbete med Platåbergens Geopark, i syfte att förenkla förmedlingen av en bredd av ämnen och platser till en helhetsbild, speciellt målgruppen barn. Grundläggande teori för arbetet är termerna fokalisering (Genette 1980) och pedagogiska agenter (Haake 2009) samt studier av fiktion och stereotyper. För att utvärdera maskotkaraktären och lämpliga attribut utfördes fem gruppintervjuer med observation där deltagare diskuterade bilder; föreställande maskotkaraktären och attribut menade att representera karaktärsrollen och Platåbergens Geopark.  Resultatet påvisar att en majoritet av utvalda attribut (både från karaktärsdesignen och separata bilder) förstärkte maskotkaraktärens syften. Dess pedagogiska roll stärktes av fakta-fokuserade attribut och kroppsspråket som tolkades vänligt. Fokaliseringen blev tydligare då klädseln och bilder föreställande verktyg var anpassade till aktiviteter som kan kopplas till geologer, geologi eller Platåbergens Geopark. Fokaliseringen påvisade en tendens att vara starkare för de utan tidigare kunskap om geoparken.

Submitted by Adriana Alves Rodrigues (aalves@espm.br) on 2018-08-07T16:24:49Z No. of bitstreams: 1 pmdgi - paulette skierski pós-banca.pdf: 1279732 bytes, checksum: e09dd754d13123992bfb1864e22982be (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Alves Rodrigues (aalves@espm.br) on 2018-08-07T16:25:33Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 pmdgi - paulette skierski pós-banca.pdf: 1279732 bytes, checksum: e09dd754d13123992bfb1864e22982be (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Alves Rodrigues (aalves@espm.br) on 2018-08-07T18:07:21Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 pmdgi - paulette skierski pós-banca.pdf: 1279732 bytes, checksum: e09dd754d13123992bfb1864e22982be (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-07T18:08:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 pmdgi - paulette skierski pós-banca.pdf: 1279732 bytes, checksum: e09dd754d13123992bfb1864e22982be (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-21 / The main objective of this PhD thesis was to understand the relation between international mobility of academics (IMA) and innovation, and its impacts on the countries of origin and destination of researchers. For this purpose three diverse and complementary articles were developed with specific methodologies through which deepens relevant aspects of the proposed discussion. The aim of the first article was to perform a meta-analysis in order to understand the relation between IMA with variables, proxies of innovation, and their impacts in the countries of destination, origin, and destination and origin simultaneously of the researchers. After the elaboration of a rigorous research protocol from 36 articles selected in 15 top journals of the Scopus and ISI Web of Science databases, 20 variables were identified, including five of them, with positive, negative or null impacts for the countries. The study brings contributions to the academy insofar as IMA generates innovation through the development of research networks, the increase of publications with better quality, the increase of citations, and the generation of partnerships between universities, industries and laboratories that can improve education and science. Knowing the types of innovation that IMA generates enables governments that wish to invest in scientific, technological, economic and social development to choose the best measures of attraction and retention of brains. For industry, technological catch-up and highly skilled labour (HSL), means enhancing competitiveness and capacity building, growth of research and development (R&D), creating new products, patent filing, increased investments and expansion of internationalization. The objective of the second research was to investigate which of the following factors is most important in the academics mobility decision: the impact of the science, technology and innovation (ST&I) infrastructure, or the quality of life in the host country. Were considered journals of scientific prestige and research and development (R&D) institutions as proxies for ST&I and the human development index (HDI) as a proxy for quality of life. These data came from several databases. The results of a multiple linear regression show that, although the ST&I infrastructure takes precedence over quality of life, both are influential factors in academics mobility decisions. The results offer guidance for academics in their decisions regarding mobility, as well as offering guidance for government policy-makers with regard to national investments to address brain drain and brain gain. The third study aimed to investigate the relation between patent filing, proxy for innovation, with IMA, education and applied research. For this purpose, primary databases at the National Institute of Industrial Property (INPI), and secondary databases of the Lattes Platform, Linkedin and Foundation for Research Support of the State of São Paulo (FAPESP) were carried out. The first two Brazilian universities according to the INPI (2014) patent ranking were the University of São Paulo (USP), with a universe of 282 inventors who filed 78 patents followed by the University of Campinas (UNICAMP) with a universe of 190 inventors who filed 60 patents. The results show a positive relation between the number of patents deposited with education, participation in IMA programs and applied research. / O objetivo central desta tese foi entender a relação entre mobilidade acadêmica internacional (MAI) e inovação, e seus impactos nos países de origem e de destino dos pesquisadores. Para isso o trabalho desenvolve três artigos diversos e complementares com metodologias específicas através das quais aprofunda aspectos relevantes da discussão proposta. O primeiro artigo teve como objetivo realizar uma meta-análise afim de entender a relação entre MAI com variáveis, proxies de inovação e seus impactos nos países de destino, de origem, e de destino e origem simultâneamente dos pesquisadores. Após a elaboração de um rigoroso protocolo de pesquisa a partir de 36 artigos selecionados em 15 top journals das bases Scopus e ISI Web of Science, foram localizadas 20 variáveis, dentre as quais cinco de inovação, com impactos positivos, negativos ou nulo para os países. O estudo traz contribuições para a academia na medida em que a MAI gera inovação através do desenvolvimento de redes de pesquisa, do incremento das publicações com melhor qualidade, do aumento de citações, além da geração de parcerias entre universidades, indústrias e laboratórios que podem trazer melhorias à educação e ciência. Conhecer os tipos de inovação que a MAI gera possibilita aos governos que desejam investir no desenvolvimento científico-tecnológico, econômico e social escolher as melhores medidas de atração e retenção de cérebros. Para a indústria o catch-up tecnológico e a mão de obra altamente qualificada significam aprimoramento da competitividade e capacitação, crescimento da pesquisa e desenvolvimento (P&D), desenvolvimento de novos produtos, depósito de patentes, maiores investimentos e expansão da internacionalização. A segunda pesquisa teve como propósito verificar qual fator é preponderante para a decisão de MAI: o impacto da infraestrutura de ciência, tecnologia e inovação (CTI) ou da qualidade de vida no país hospedeiro. Desse modo, o objetivo do artigo foi verificar se fatores relacionados à infraestrutura de CTI e qualidade de vida estão associados à MAI dos recursos humanos em ciência e tecnologia (RHCT) e quais deles têm maior peso na decisão de mobilidade. Foi analisada a relação da mobilidade dos acadêmicos com a presença de journals de impacto e prestígio, instituições de P&D, como proxies de CTI, e o índice de desenvolvimento humano (IDH), como proxy de qualidade de vida. A metodologia foi quantitativa por meio de uma técnica estatística descritiva confirmatória de regressão linear múltipla. Foram usados dados de fontes secundárias da OECD, UNESCO, World Bank, Global Innovation Index, United Nations Development Programme. Os resultados mostraram a preponderância da infraestrutura de CTI sobre a qualidade de vida. Todavia, embora, a primeira tenha uma importância maior para explicar a mobilidade dos acadêmicos é necessário que as duas figurem conjuntamente. A contribuição acadêmica reside na preponderância à infraestrutura de CTI, mas associada à qualidade de vida. A contribuição para os Estados reside na necessidade de garantir ambas as condições para a atração dos acadêmicos. Para os gestores de universidades ficou clara a necessidade de um investimento maciço em CTI. O terceiro estudo teve como finalidade investigar a relação entre depósito de patentes, indicador de inovação, com MAI, educação e pesquisa aplicada. Para tanto, foi realizada uma coleta de dados de bases primárias do Instituto Nacional de Propriedade Industrial (INPI) e secundárias da Plataforma Lattes, Linkedin, e Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP). As duas primeiras universidades brasileiras do ranking de patentes de 2014 do INPI foram a Universidade de São Paulo (USP), com um universo formado por 282 inventores que depositaram 78 patentes seguida pela Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP) com um universo formado por 190 inventores que depositaram 60 patentes. Os resultados revelaram existir uma relação positiva entre o número de patentes depositadas com educação, participação em programas de MAI e pesquisa aplicada.

Submitted by JOSIANE SANTOS DE OLIVEIRA (josianeso) on 2019-02-28T12:19:06Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Jean Gilberto Caetano_.pdf: 3456233 bytes, checksum: 0752bbb8e67ed727e5ffeb9a5bc1ef7f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2019-02-28T12:19:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jean Gilberto Caetano_.pdf: 3456233 bytes, checksum: 0752bbb8e67ed727e5ffeb9a5bc1ef7f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-08-29 / UNIDAVI- Centro Universitário para o Desenvolvimento do Alto Vale do Itajaí / Dada relevância e atenção que os destinos turísticos têm despertado nas pesquisas recentes e levando em consideração as possibilidades de que um território ou lugar tem para alavancar o turismo a partir dos seus recursos, o presente estudo tem como objetivo identificar como a dimensão geográfica e o modo de produção de um destino turístico contribuem para seu desenvolvimento. O estudo baseou-se no modelo integrativo de destinos (PEARCE, 2014), a partir de uma abordagem exploratória e descritiva, de um método de análise qualitativo, baseado em um estudo de caso único. A coleta de dados secundários deu-se por meio da análise documental e os dados primários foram obtidos partir de entrevistas individuais, com a utilização de roteiros de entrevista semiestruturado. A análise dos dados deu-se a partir da análise de conteúdos e a unidade de análise baseou-se no Circuito das Araucárias, formado pelas cidades de Campo Alegre, Corupá, Rio Negrinho e São Bento do Sul, norte de Santa Catarina. As evidências apontaram para elementos identificados no destino, que foram analisados e aproximados às dimensões geográfica e modo de produção. Na sequência fez-se quatro relações entre os elementos. Como resultados da análise, a relação R1 se dá a partir do aproveitamento dos recursos naturais, culturais e atrativos existentes e a presença de uma estrutura organizacional. Já a relação R2 é caracterizada pela ligação entre os atores locais, o aprimoramento de processos e do trade turístico, o grupo gestor e a cultura comunitária. A Relação R3 é identificada no Circuito das Araucárias e trata da ligação entre delimitação de fronteiras, o grupo gestor, poder público e a cultura comunitária. E a relação R4 é evidenciada pela realização de eventos para promover o produto turístico e com o auxílio mútuo de todas as prefeituras e gestores, pelo trabalho conjunto entre as secretarias de turismo, de forma integrada e regional. A partir dessas relações pode-se afirmar que, para um destino turístico tornar-se reconhecido é necessário muito mais que belos atrativos naturais. É necessária uma forte relação entre elementos geográficos e organizacionais, ou seja, pessoas e que estas estejam articuladas e engajadas, que aproveitem os recursos existentes no território, que criem um produto turístico atrativos e que tenham como maior objetivo o sucesso sistêmico de todos os envolvidos no destino turístico. / Given the relevance and attention that tourist destinations have aroused in recent research and taking into account the possibilities that a territory or place has to leverage tourism from its resources, the present study aims to identify how the geographic dimension and the way of a tourist destination contribute to its development. The study was based on the integrative destination model (PEARCE, 2014), based on an exploratory and descriptive approach, of a qualitative analysis method based on a single case study. Secondary data collection was done through documentary analysis and the primary data were obtained from individual interviews, using semi-structured interview scripts. The analysis of the data was based on the content analysis and the unit of analysis was based on the Araucarias Circuit, formed by the cities of Campo Alegre, Corupá, Rio Negrinho and São Bento do Sul, north of Santa Catarina. The evidence pointed to elements identified in the destination, which were analyzed and approximated to the geographic dimensions and mode of production. Four relationships were then made between the elements. As a result of the analysis, the R1 relationship is based on the use of existing natural, cultural and attractive resources and the presence of an organizational structure. The R2 relationship is characterized by the link between local actors, the improvement of processes and the tourism trade, the management group and the community culture. The R3 Ratio is identified in the Araucarias Circuit and deals with the connection between border delimitation, the management group, public power and community culture. And the R4 relationship is evidenced by the realization of events to promote the tourism product and with the mutual help of all city halls and managers, by the joint work between the tourism departments, in an integrated and regional way. From these relations it can be affirmed that, for a tourist destination to become recognized, it is necessary more than beautiful natural attractions. It is necessary a strong relationship between geographic and organizational elements, that is, people and that they are articulated and engaged, that take advantage of the existing resources in the territory, that create an attractive tourist product and that have as a greater objective the systemic success of all those involved in the tourist destination.

This thesis deals with Iran as a tourist destination. As is implied in the title, the definite aim of the thesis is to evaluate the potential of tourism in this country and its attractiveness for Czech tourists. Initially, there is a general characterization of Iran of the population and the land from geographical, economic and other facets. The general characterization is followed by an analysis of tourism in Iran -- the current situation and the anticipated development. The very important part of this thesis is represented by the analysis of the tour offers provided by Czech tour operators to this destination and evaluation of the questionnaire research, which was aimed to find out how Iran is perceived by the Czech public and also to examine the interest in travelling to this country among Czech tourists.

The focus is on cross-sectional dependence in panel trade flow models. We propose alternative specifications for modeling time invariant factors such as socio-cultural indicator variables, e.g., common language and currency. These are typically treated as a source of heterogeneity eliminated using fixed effects transformations, but we find evidence of cross-sectional dependence after eliminating country-specific and time-specific effects. These findings suggest use of alternative simultaneous dependence model specifications that accommodate cross-sectional dependence, which we set forth along with Bayesian estimation methods. Ignoring cross-sectional dependence implies biased estimates from panel trade flow models that rely on fixed effects. / Series: Working Papers in Regional Science

Abstract Tourism has developed into an important field of economy in the northern sparsely populated areas of Finland. State bodies of different spatial scales continuously put efforts to foster tourism growth and tourism is viewed as a prosperous economic path for the future. The prevailing tourism development is resort-oriented, which has transformed rural geographies in the North. Critical tourism geography research highlights that such market-driven tourism development has negative social and environmental consequences. Thus, tourism change needs to be examined from a broader perspective than economic benefits alone. It is required that tourism economy serves people and not vice versa. To increase sustainability in destination localities, collective economic agency in destinations is encouraged in tourism research and development. To date, tourism research has tended to draw on multiple, often contradicting, theoretical perspectives in an attempt to clarify how collective agency in tourism destinations should be best organized in order to foster social justice and ecological sustainability. The aim of this thesis is to understand how sustainability can be facilitated through local economic relations in resort-oriented destination development contexts. Sustainability discussions in tourism research are advanced by drawing on economic geography and its critical takes. The thesis consists of three studies that each examine sustainability in tourism destinations from a different viewpoint. The thesis first examines how (un)sustainability currently manifests in local economic relations and then discusses what changes are required to move towards more sustainable tourism futures. Ethnographically oriented case studies and a contemporary variant of the grounded theory method enables approaching tourism economies from the perspective of everyday tourism realities. The empirical part of the research is conducted in the Ruka and Ylläs destinations in the Finnish North. Insights were gathered by semi-structured in-depth interviews with local tourism actors in 2012 and 2015. The study introduces a poststructural political economy approach to sustainability transformations in tourism destinations. The less growth-focused economic thinking that exists in destinations is brought to light. Tourism actors’ motives and aims can differ drastically from the rationales of growth-focused tourism destination development that dominate in networked tourism governance. Many of the tourism actors desire conservation of natural and cultural environment in destinations. This creates conflict between the coexisting tourism paths. In the thesis, it is argued that economic difference in tourism should not be conceptualized merely as a source of diversification of tourism supply and thus as beneficial for destination growth; it should be recognized as political agency in tourism economy. Tourism networking is already now often value-driven, and this needs to be encouraged. That is, transformative agency for tourism change can be gained and new tourism paths created also through incremental changes ‘from below’, not only via policy actions. To contribute to the critical (economic) geography research on social and economic change, this thesis highlights that it is central to understand not only what new economic futures look like but also how to work towards them in everyday politics. Although the alternative and critical voices are valuable as they accurately state a socially just view of how things ought to be, these voices may not be the best way to bring about a change. This is because power hierarchies are not easily recognized in everyday tourism work. Each actor interprets the social from their subjective point of view. Even actors with the most power can have personal experiences of powerlessness. Thus, to foster change, it is necessary to facilitate the transformation of the existing conflictual inter-group relations. Dialogical everyday politics could work as a means to foster understanding of different groups’ tourism realities and their mutual influence. Conflict could be regarded not solely as an innate feature of capitalist economic relations but also as moments where mutual understanding can be facilitated. This is a way to establish local economic relations that enable community building. Destination sustainability touches not only firm-level practices but the mode of economic organization in tourism destinations. The thesis highlights that to advance social justice and environmental sustainability in destinations, destination development and planning should account for the possibility for a less growth-focused destination development path. As alternative tourism paths do not, as a rule, depend on new, large-scale tourism construction, they would likewise not foster growth in international tourist numbers and air travel. This unconventional view on economic path creation is to be encouraged as it is better in line with climate change mitigation needs and critical sustainability theorizing. / Original papers The original publications are not included in the electronic version of the dissertation. Kulusjärvi, O. (2016). Resort-oriented tourism development and local tourism networks – a case study from Northern Finland. Fennia 194: 1, 3–17. https://fennia.journal.fi/article/view/41450 http://jultika.oulu.fi/Record/nbnfi-fe2019103136035 Kulusjärvi, O. (2017). Sustainable Destination Development in Northern Peripheries: A Focus on Alternative Tourism Paths. Journal of Rural and Community Development 12:2/3, 41–58. https://journals.brandonu.ca/jrcd/article/view/1466 http://jultika.oulu.fi/Record/nbnfi-fe2018051524148 Kulusjärvi, O. (accepted). Towards just production of tourism space via dialogical everyday politics in destination communities. Environment and Planning C: Politics and Space.

The purpose of this research is to develop and test a widely available, ready-to-use method for adjusting the Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) Trip Generation Handbook vehicle trip generation estimates for urban context using regional household travel survey data. The ITE Handbook has become the predominant method for estimating vehicle trips generated by different land uses or establishment, providing a method for data collection and vehicle trip estimation based on the size of the development (e.g. gross square footage, number of employees, number of dwelling units). These estimates are used in traffic impact analysis to assess the amount of impact the development will have on nearby transportation facilities and, the corresponding charges for mitigating the development's negative impacts, with roadway expansions, added turning bays, additional parking or traffic signalization, for example. The Handbook is often criticized, however, for its inability to account for variations in travel modes across urban contexts. For more than fifty years, ITE has collected suburban, vehicle-oriented data on trip generation for automobiles only. Despite the provision of warnings against application in urban areas, local governments continue to require the use of the ITE Handbook across all area-types. By over predicting vehicle traffic to developments in urban developments, developments may be overcharged to mitigate these developments locating in urban environments despite the lower automobile mode shares, discouraging infill development or densification. When ITE's Trip Generation Handbook overestimates the vehicle impact of a development, facilities are also overbuilt for the automobile traffic and diminishing the use of alternative modes. When ITE's TGH underestimates this impact, adjacent facilities may become oversaturated with traffic, pushing cars onto smaller facilities nearby. Currently, there is momentum amongst practitioners to improve these estimation techniques in urban contexts to help support smart growth and better plan for multiple modes. This research developed and tested a method to adjust ITE's Handbook vehicle trip generation estimates for changes in transportation mode shares in more urban contexts using information from household travel surveys. Mode share adjustments provide direct reductions to ITE's Handbook vehicle trip estimations. Household travel survey (HTS) data from three regions were collected: Portland, Oregon; Seattle, Washington; and Baltimore, Maryland. These data were used to estimate the automobile mode share rates across urban context using three different adjustment methodologies: (A) a descriptive table of mode shares across activity density ranges, (B) a binary logistic regression that includes a built environment description of urban context with the best predictive power, and (C) a binary logistic regression that includes a built environment description of urban context with high predictive power and land use policy-sensitivity. Each of these three methods for estimating the automobile mode share across urban context were estimated for each of nine land use categories, resulting in nine descriptive tables (Adjustment A) and eighteen regressions (Adjustments B and C). Additionally, a linear regression was estimated to predict vehicle occupancy rates across urban contexts for each of nine land use categories. 195 independently collected establishment-level vehicle trip generation data were collected in accordance with the ITE Handbook to validate and compare the performance of the three adjustment methods and estimations from the Handbook. Six land use categories (out of the nine estimated) were able to be tested. Out of all of the land uses tested and verified, ITE's Trip Generation Handbook appeared to have more accurate estimations for land uses that included residential condominiums/townhouses (LUC 230), supermarkets (LUC 850) and quality (sit-down) restaurants (LUC 931). Moderate or small improvements were observed when applying urban context adjustments to mid-rise apartments (LUC 223), high-turnover (sit-down) restaurants (LUC 932). The most substantial improvements occurred at high-rise apartments (LUC 222) and condominiums/townhouses (LUC 232), shopping centers (LUC 820), or coffee/donut (LUC 936) or bread/donut/bagel shops (LUC 939) without drive-through windows. The three methods proposed to estimate automobile mode share provides improvements to the Handbook rates for most infill developments in urban environments. For the land uses analyzed, it appeared a descriptive table of mode shares across activity density provided results with comparable improvements to the results from the more sophisticated binary logistic model estimations. Additional independently collected establishment-level data collections representing more land uses, time periods and time of days are necessary to determine how ITE's Handbook performs in other circumstances, including assessing the transferability of the vehicle trip end rates or mode share reductions across regions.

The natural environment is a key attraction for Australia???s tourism industry. In order to prevent the deterioration of the environment, environmental management measures have been adopted by the tourism industry. Some of these measures are related to environmental regulations imposed on tourism operators by governments. However, given the dependence of the nature-based tourism industry on the environment, voluntary environmental management measures have also been instituted. The objective of this thesis is to investigate the effect of environmental management on the competitiveness of a nature-based tourism destination. For that purpose, Tropical North Queensland, a major Australian nature-based destination, is selected as a case study. Competitiveness is measured by the aggregate profitability of the tourism industry in the destination region. The investigation incorporates an assessment of the simultaneous effects of environmental management on the destination???s tourism demand and on business costs to tourism operators at the destination. The conceptual background to the investigations is discussed in the first part of the thesis. It includes the rationale for choosing a nature-based destination region as the unit of analysis. The conceptual framework is a departure from the conventional analysis of the relationship between the environment and international competitiveness in which the effect of regulatory compliance costs is emphasised. In this thesis, the potential demand benefits and the associated voluntary environmental management are added to the conventional analytical framework. The primary data for the analysis are derived from two separate investigations. The first comprises an analysis of the tourism industry in Tropical North Queensland. The second investigation involves a discrete choice modelling analysis of destination choices by prospective visitors to Tropical North Queensland. The empirical results show that it is justified to treat the nature-based tourism destination region, Tropical North Queensland, as an aggregate entity in the analysis. The destination competes as a collective unit with other destinations. This is done, predominantly, on the basis of the region???s high-quality natural attractions. The empirical analyses show that tourism businesses??? costs due to environmental management are small in comparison with the positive demand effects. The cost and demand effects are assessed in a quantitative fashion in an economic model. That analysis shows that environmental management makes a positive contribution to Tropical North Queensland???s competitiveness as a nature-based tourism destination.

<p>Kvalitetsmärkningen Naturens Bästa arbetar för att marknadsföra upplevelser som inte är bra enbart för turisten utan även för miljön och omgivningen. Idag blir vi som konsumenter mer och mer medvetna och måna om vår miljö och den värld vi lever i. Således borde en kvalitetsmärkning som Naturens Bästa kunna vägleda oss till att finna arrangemang inom turismen som hjälper oss att välja arrangörer som verkligen lever upp till de krav vi ställer. Problemet som finns är dock att denna kvalitetsmärkning inte syns i den gemensamma marknadsföringen av destinationer i nuläget. Utifrån detta är syftet med uppsatsen att undersöka varför kvalitetsmärkningen Naturens Bästa inte har någon framskjutande roll i marknadsföringen av destinationer.</p><p>Vi har använt oss av en kvalitativ insamlingsmetod i form av<strong> </strong>personliga intervjuer i vår undersökning för att få fram varför kvalitetsmärkningen inte syns i marknadsföringen. Intervjuerna genomfördes med respondenter från turistbyrån i Västerås, Västmanlands kommuner och landsting samt turistbyrån i Skinnskatteberg. Den teori uppsatsen bygger på är turism och marknadsföring, destinationsmarknadsföring och kvalitetsmärkning. Utifrån denna teori har intervjufrågorna utformats och den insamlade primärdatan sedan analyserats.</p><p>Med utgångspunkt i den genomförda analysen framkom det att Naturens Bästa inte har någon framskjuten roll i marknadsföringen av destinationer till stor del på grund av att kunskapen om kvalitetsmärkningen är dålig ute bland turistorganisationerna. Detta beror enligt vår mening på brist av information. Ytterligare en anledning är att det finns en ovilja att använda märkningen i broschyrerna.</p> / <p>The quality label Natures Best is committed to market experiences that are not only good for the tourist, but also for the environment.  Consumers today become more and more aware of their surrounding and the world we live in. Therefore, a quality label like Natures Best should be able to guide us to find arrangements within tourism that helps us choose arrangers that really lives up to the demands we have. The problem recognized, is that this quality label is not visible in the common marketing of destinations today. From this point of view, the purpose with this thesis is to investigate why the quality label Natures Best does not have a prominent role in the marketing of destinations. </p><p>In our examination of why the quality labeling does not have a prominent role, we have used a qualitative method of collection in the form of personal interviews. The interviews were carried out with respondents from the tourist bureau in Västerås, “Västmanlands kommuner och landsting” and the tourist bureau in Skinnskatteberg. The theory which the thesis is based upon is<em> </em>tourism and marketing, destination marketing and quality labeling. The questions for the interviews and the analysis of the primary data have been formed based on this theory.</p><p>With a starting point in the conducted analyze, it emerged that Natures Best does not have a prominent role in the marketing of destinations because there is a poor knowledge about the quality label among the organizations. According to us, this is due to a lack of information. Another reason is that it exist a reluctance to use the label in the brochures.</p>

<p>Because of the mass tourism industry that exploits sensitive locations all over our planet a new kind of tourism came into focus in the 1980’s. This new form of tourism was named ecotourism, and as the name reveals ecotourism deals with low-impact travel. Today, all sorts of places can be gazed upon in a flick of a switch; all you need is a television set. It is well known that destination marketing successfully uses visual media as a tool to sell trips to potential tourists. Therefore, this essay examines how ecotourism benefits from the great power of the television. The analyzed material contains of six different TV shows, sorted into two groups – travel shows and discussion programs. With the theory of the tourist gaze, semiotics, destination marketing and the experience economy the study resulted in the conclusion that all TV shows are built upon collective cultural representations found in the exotic and the authentic. With the help of the visual language, travel shows can give new meaning to a specific destination expressed in a system of mutual understanding and shared culture.</p>