Contemporary research has been examining potential links existing among sensory, motor and attentional systems. Previous studies using TMS have shown that the abrupt onset of sounds can both capture attention and modulate motor cortex excitability, which may reflect the potential need for a behavioral response to the attended event. TMS, however, only quantifies motor cortex excitability immediately following the deliverance of a TMS pulse. Therefore, the temporal development of how the motor cortex is modulated by sounds can’t be quantified using TMS. Thus, the purpose of the present study is to use time frequency analysis of EEG to identify the time course of cortical mechanisms underlying increased motor cortex excitability after sound onset. Subjects sat in a sound attenuated booth with their hands outstretched at 45-degree angles while frequency modulated sounds were intermittently presented from a speaker either in the left and right hemispace. Our results indicated a transient reduction in EEG power from 18-24 Hz (300-600 ms latency) and then a long lasting increase in EEG power that began at ~800 ms and continued until at least 1.7 sec. The latency of EEG power changes was shorter for sounds presented from the right speaker at both time periods. When sounds were presented from the right speaker the contralateral hemisphere over motor regions also showed greater power increases after 800 ms relative to the ipsilateral hemisphere. In addition, power increases were greater in the left-handed subjects (8-12 Hz). Results showed that sounds increased EEG power at the time of a previously observed increase in motor cortex excitability. Findings also suggest an increased attentional salience to the right hemispace in neurologically normal subjects and asymmetrical hemispheric activations in right and left-handers. / acase@tulane.edu

No description available.

Submitted by Vasti Diniz (vastijpa@hotmail.com) on 2017-09-18T12:48:33Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 8451796 bytes, checksum: a44d48d8fd09621f8bc3e0d2f69e1566 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-18T12:48:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 8451796 bytes, checksum: a44d48d8fd09621f8bc3e0d2f69e1566 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-23 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / We study experimentally and numerically, desynchronization event statistics that occur in coupled chaotic systems. Such studies are conducted through coupled chaotic electronic circuits, operating in intermittent synchronization regime. The observed results are repro­duced numerically by routines that integrates their nonlinear ordinary differential equations. At the beginning of this work, we reproduce some results of the literature to demonstrate that coupled chaotic oscillators may have intermittent synchronism when they are expected to have complete synchronism, according to criteria already established in the literature for synchronization. The reason for this fault of synchronization is the presence of unstable objects immersed in the chaotic attractor of the system, which reduce the stability of the synchronized state. We reproduce, also, the analysis of bursts from complete synchronization state which follow a nonnormal distribuition, where the events of greatest amplitude escape from the distribution of events of small and medium amplitude, and they can be predicted. In the last Chapter of this thesis we show our three results about the statistics of desynch­ronization events and how to controll them. These results presented here were carried out in a second-order non-autonomous system that we built in two configurations and allow us to explore different behaviors. We characterize the signals from the first system using diffe­rent parameters and we use analysis techniques that could identify a variety of states of the oscillators between regular and chaotic. We reproduce all scenarios observed experimentally through numerical simulations. To study the level of synchronization between these two oscillators, almost-identical and coupled unidirectionally via negative feedback, we build a variable named error signal which measures the difference between the responses of the two oscillators. The coupling efficiency to generate full synchronism is verified and using the sys­tem under intermittent synchronism we characterize the desynchronization events measured by the so-called error signal. In this non-autonomous system we use the observed error signal following power-law type distributions, and that this power law exponent varies depending on the coupling parameter. As this non-autonomous system may display different chaotic states which differ in the visitation rate at the central region of its phase space, we charac­terized the desynchronization events for some of chaotic attractors and observed that the greater the entrance rate in the central region of the phase space, the greater the occurrence of the desynchronization events of large amplitude. For an investigation of the occurrence of extreme events we build a second, second-order non-autonomous system, a modified version of the first system. We characterize this second system, verifying that the unstable objects immersed in the chaotic attractor are unstable periodic orbits, unlike other results from the literature where instability is a saddle point. With this second system we have our third result, we modify the instability of the synchronized state by means of a single parameter so that the desynchronization events turns to follow a non-normal distribution composed of two contributions, one following a power-law and the other where the events are dragon-king type. Thus, we show the possibility of control for the frequency of these extreme events. / Neste trabalho estudamos, experimentalmente e numericamente, a estatistica de eventos de dessincronizacho que ocorrem em sistemas caaticos acoplados. Tais estudos sho realiza­dos atraves de circuitos eletronicos caaticos acoplados, operando em regime de sincronizacho intermitente. Os resultados observados sho reproduzidos numericamente por rotinas que construfmos para as suas equagoes diferenciais ordinarias nao-lineares. No inicio desse tra­balho reproduzimos alguns resultados da literatura para demonstrar que osciladores caaticos acoplados podem apresentar sincronismo intermitente quando "deveriam"apresentar sincro­nismo completo, segundo alguns criterios ja, estabelecidos na literatura para sincronizacao. A razdo para este efeito de fuga da sincronizacho é a existencia de objetos instaveis imersos no atrator ca6tico do sistema, que retiram a estabilidade do estado sincronizado. Reprodu­zimos, tambem, a analise estatistica dos eventos de fuga do estado de sincronismo completo que seguem uma distribuicao nao-normal, sendo que os eventos de maiores amplitudes fo­gem a lei de distribuicao dos eventos de pequena, media e grandes amplitudes e, alem disso, podem ser previstos e suprimidos. No Ultimo Capftulo desta tese apresentamos nossos tress resultados sobre estatistica de eventos de fuga de sincronizacho e sobre o controle dos mes­mos. Os tress resultados apresentados nesta tese foram realizados em um sistema de segunda ordem nao-autonomo (forcado externamente), que nos construfmos em duas configuragoes que permitem explorar diferentes comportamentos dinamicos. Caracterizamos os sinais do sistema na primeira configuragdo para diversos parametros e utilizando tecnicas de analise de sinais e sistemas, pudemos identificar uma variedade de estados dos osciladores, entre estados periOdicos e caaticos. Reproduzimos todos os cenarios observados experimental­mente atraves de simulagoes numericas. Para caracterizarmos o nivel de sincronismo entre dois osciladores, quase-identicos e acoplados unidirecionalmente via realimentagao negativa, construimos uma variavel chamada sinal de erro que mede a diferenga entre as respostas dos dois osciladores. Verificamos a eficiencia do acoplamento para gerar sincronismo completo para altos valores do acoplamento. Para valores intermidarios de acoplamento o sistema exibe urn regime de sincronismo intermitente ern que caracterizamos os eventos de dessin­cronizagao medidos atraves do sinal de erro. Em nosso primeiro resultado mostramos que, no sistema nao-autonomo que utilizamos, o sinal de erro segue uma distribuigao do tipo lei de potencia e que o expoente dessa lei de potencia varia ern fungao do parametro de aco­plamento do sistema. Este sistema nao-autonomo pode exibir diferentes estados caaticos, que diferem entre si na taxa de visitagoes a regiao central de seu espago de fases. Nosso segundo resultado consiste ern caracterizar os eventos de dessincronizagao para alguns desses atratores ca6ticos, ern que observamos que quanto maior a taxa de visitagao a regiao central do espago de fases, maior é a ocorrencia dos eventos de dessincronizagao de grande ampli­tude. Para uma investigagao da ocorrencia de eventos extremos construimos urn segundo sistema de segunda ordem nao-autonomo, uma versao modificada da primeira configuragao do sistema. Caracterizamos o sistema, verificando que os objetos instaveis imersos no atra­tor ca6tico sao Orbitas periOdicas instaveis, diferentemente de outros resultados da literatura onde a instabilidade é urn ponto fixo de sela. Nosso terceiro resultado, obtido atraves deste segundo sistema, consiste ern modificarmos a instabilidade do estado sincronizado atraves de urn ilnico parametro, de forma que os eventos de dessincronizagao passaram seguir uma distribuigao nao-normal composta por dual contribuigoes, uma parte que segue uma lei de potencia e a outra onde os eventos sao do tipo dragoes-rei. Assim, mostramos a possibilidade de controle da frequencia de ocorrencia desses eventos extremos.

Submitted by ANA KARLA PEREIRA RODRIGUES (anakarla_@hotmail.com) on 2017-10-03T16:47:19Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 2613082 bytes, checksum: c11de66e961fb0750071b4fd9279d082 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-03T16:47:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 2613082 bytes, checksum: c11de66e961fb0750071b4fd9279d082 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-31 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / Introduction: Adolescence is a crucial period of development, in which the body presents a high level of plasticity. At the present time, adolescents spend more time active and exposed to light at night reducing the amount of daily sleep. To investigate the possible effects of this condition on anxiety and aversive memory, adolescent rats underwent the Open Field (OF) and Passive Avoidance (PA) tasks under a 22h EC cycle. Objective: To evaluate the effects of a 22h light dark (LD) cycle on the locomotor activity of adolescent rats anxiety and aversive memory. Methods: 44 male Wistar rats were divided into two groups: T24, n = 13 (EC 12:12 h) and T22, n = 31 (EC 11:11 h), which were kept under controlled conditions of temperature and humidity, with water and food at will. The tests were performed in the middle of the dark phase for all groups, but the T22 group was subdivided into two groups that performed the tests, respectively: in the middle of the night coincidence between the environment and the biological night of each T22 mouse (n = 16) and in the middle of the night of non-coincidence (n= 15). The OF and PA tasks were performed when the animals had between 40 and 60 days. All sessions were recorded for total distance travelled, total time, velocity and minimum and maximum anxiety indexes (OP), and latency to step down from a platform in PA after 30 min for both groups and after 24 h (For the T24 group) and 22 h (for the T22 group) for evaluation of the short and long term memories, respectively. The locomotor activity was recorded continuously and totalized at 5 min intervals. To compare the means between the groups in the OF test, a 1-way ANOVA was performed for independent samples and the Kruskal Wallis test for PA. Results: T22 animals presented two simultaneous circadian rhythms in locomotor activity: one with the same period of the LD cycle and another that was expressed in free-stroke. All animals in the control group synchronized to LD 24h, showing a stable rhythm synchronized to LD. No differences were found in the performance of the groups in the OF and PA. Conclusions: The T22h promotes dissociation in the circadian rhythm of locomotor activity without altering the levels of anxiety or impairing the aversive memory of adolescent rats. / A adolescência é um período crucial do desenvolvimento, no qual o organismo apresenta um alto nível de plasticidade. Na atualidade, adolescentes passam mais tempo ativos e expostos à luz durante a noite reduzindo a quantidade diária de sono. Para investigar os possíveis efeitos dessa condição na ansiedade e memória aversiva, ratos adolescentes passaram pelas tarefas de Campo Aberto (CA) e Esquiva Passiva (EP) estando sob um ciclo claro-escuro (CE) de 22h. Objetivo: Avaliar os efeitos de um ciclo CE de 22 h sobre a atividade locomotora de ratos adolescentes e ansiedade e memória aversiva. Metodologia: Foram utilizados 44 ratos Wistar machos, divididos em 2 grupos: T24, n=13 (CE 12:12 h) e T22, n=31(CE 11:11 h), que ficaram sob condições controladas de temperatura e umidade, com água e ração à vontade. Os testes aconteceram no meio da fase escura para todos os grupos, porém o grupo T22 foi subdividido em dois grupos que realizaram os testes, respectivamente: no meio da noite de coincidência entre o ambiente e a noite biológica de cada rato do T22 (n=16) e no meio da noite de não-coincidência (n=15). As tarefas de CA e EP foram realizadas quando os animais tinham entre 40 e 60 dias. Todas as sessões foram filmadas para contabilização da distância total percorrida, tempo total, velocidade e índices de ansiedade mínimo e máximo (thigmotaxis) no CA, e latência do tempo de descida da plataforma na EP após 30 min para ambos os grupos e após 24 h (para o grupo T24) e 22 h (para o grupo T22) para avaliação das memórias de curto e longo prazo, respectivamente. A atividade locomotora foi registrada continuamente e totalizada em intervalos de 5 min. Para comparação das médias entre os grupos no teste de CA foi aplicado o teste ANOVA de uma via para amostras independentes e o teste de Kruskal Wallis para a EP. Resultados: Os animais do T22 apresentaram dois ritmos circadianos simultâneos na atividade locomotora: um com o mesmo período do ciclo CE e outro que se expressou em livre-curso. Todos os animais do grupo controle sincronizaram ao CE 24h, demonstrando um ritmo estável sincronizado ao CE. Não foram encontradas diferenças no desempenho dos grupos no CA e na EP. Conclusões: O ciclo CE de 22 h promove dissociação no ritmo circadiano de atividade locomotora sem alterar os níveis de ansiedade, nem prejudicar a memória aversiva de ratos adolescentes.

The circadian system is a mechanism designed to generate circadian time and to synchronize it with the solar cycle. Its function is to adjust to behavioral and physiological function with the 24-hour period. The adjustment is performed using a so-called zeitgeber or synchronizer. The main circadian clock is in the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) in the hypothalamus. Prolonged exposure of the organism to constant light conditions results in desynchronization of the circadian clock, which can lead to many pathologies. The impact of light at night on the organism has been studied for a long time, but the question of the impact of constant light on the development of the circadian system of the organism has been less studied. My thesis deals with this issue. Using RT-qPCR I investigated how the rhytm changes in the expression of selected clock genes in selected parts of the rat's brain, which has been kept in constant light sice birth. I also tested the impact of exposure to constant light on the early development of rhytm in locomotor activity later in the rat's life. Keywords: circadian system, photic entrainment, desynchronization under constant light, development, rat

The objective of this study is to test whether human intentions to sustain or cease movements in right and left hands can be decoded reliably from spatially filtered single trial magneto-encephalographic (MEG) signals. This study was performed using motor execution and motor imagery movements to achieve a potential high performance Brain-Computer interface (BCI). Seven healthy volunteers, naïve to BCI technology, participated in this study. Signals were recorded from 275-channel MEG and synthetic aperture magnetometry (SAM) was employed as the spatial filter. The four-class classification for natural movement intentions was performed offline; Genetic Algorithm based Mahalanobis Linear Distance (GA-MLD) and direct-decision tree classifier (DTC) techniques were adopted for the classification through 10-fold cross-validation. Through SAM imaging, strong and distinct event related desynchronisation (ERD) associated with sustaining, and event related synchronisation (ERS) patterns associated with ceasing of hand movements were observed in the beta band (15 - 30 Hz). The right and left hand ERD/ERS patterns were observed on the contralateral hemispheres for motor execution and motor imagery sessions. Virtual channels were selected from these cortical areas of high activity to correspond with the motor tasks as per the paradigm of the study. Through a statistical comparison between SAM-filtered virtual channels from single trial MEG signals and basic MEG sensors, it was found that SAM-filtered virtual channels significantly increased the classification accuracy for motor execution (GA-MLD: 96.51 ± 2.43 %) as well as motor imagery sessions (GA-MLD: 89.69 ± 3.34%). Thus, multiple movement intentions can be reliably detected from SAM-based spatially-filtered single trial MEG signals. MEG signals associated with natural motor behavior may be utilized for a reliable high-performance brain-computer interface (BCI) and may reduce long-term training compared with conventional BCI methods using rhythm control. This may prove tremendously helpful for patients suffering from various movement disorders to improve their quality of life.

Où va le temps de travail ? Cette thèse reprend et tente de prolonger cette interrogation formulée, il y a presque vingt ans. En s’appuyant sur une étude quantitative et qualitative des dispositifs négociés de compte épargne-temps et des stratégies d’articulation des temps sociaux mises en œuvre par les salariés, cette thèse donne corps à la notion de désynchronisation. En admettant que l’industrialisation ait conduit à une synchronisation des temps professionnels et sociaux, cette recherche s’attache à montrer que ce mouvement s’est inversé. Elle dessine les contours d’un phénomène en construction, qui permet des configurations individuelles des temps et généralise ses marchandages. La thèse dresse le bilan de cette évolution en matière d’égalité, de classes et de genre ; elle expose les possibilités d’articulation temporelle et les risques relatifs à l’isolement et au maintien du lien social. En cherchant à faire la lumière sur le phénomène de désynchronisation, cette thèse s’interroge sur l’avènement d’un nouvel ordre temporel : le marché des temps. / Where is working time going? This thesis resumes and attempts to extend this query/question formulated almost twenty years ago.Based on a quantitative and qualitative study of negotiated time-saving accounts, and on employees’ strategies for social times articulation, this PhD thesis gives substance to the notion of desynchronization. Assuming that industrialization has led to a synchronization of professional and social times, it seeks to show that this movement has been reversed. It describes this phenomenon under construction, which allows individual configurations and generalizes time bargaining. It assesses class and gender equality; it exposes the opportunities for time articulation; it qualifies the risks of isolation and reveals the consequences for social ties. In seeking to shed light on the phenomenon of desynchronization, this thesis questions the advent of a new temporal order: the market of times.

Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-07-25T11:03:30Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Isis Gabrielli Barbieri de Oliveira - 2017.pdf: 1486050 bytes, checksum: fcc7f785120d547ad310a16b98732ea1 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-07-25T11:04:15Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Isis Gabrielli Barbieri de Oliveira - 2017.pdf: 1486050 bytes, checksum: fcc7f785120d547ad310a16b98732ea1 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-25T11:04:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Isis Gabrielli Barbieri de Oliveira - 2017.pdf: 1486050 bytes, checksum: fcc7f785120d547ad310a16b98732ea1 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-06-27 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The presence of circadian rhythms in organisms is a biological event, indispensable to the process of adaptation to the environment and fundamental for the survival of the species. The loss of the phase relationship between the biological rhythms and the behavior leads impairment of the body function. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of the forced locomotor activity desynchronization on the cardiovascular and metabolic parameters. Male Wistar rats, aged approximately 60 days, were distributed into two experimental groups: control group (CTR) submitted to the light/dark cycle (LD) of 24h-T24 (n=12) and desynchronized group (DSC) submitted to the LD cycle of 22h -T22 (n = 18) for eight weeks. Records of the locomotor activity were made daily to both groups. Food ingestion, water intake and body weight were monitored weekly. Following of this period the animals were allocated into two experimental protocols. In the first protocol the CTR and DSC animals were submitted to records of mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR), as well as pharmacological tests of baroreceptor reflex function and cardiac autonomic control, such as intrinsic pacemaker heart rate (IPHR); vagal and sympathetic effects and sympathetic-vagal index (SVI). In the second protocol, CTR and DSC animals were fasted for at least 12 hours, anesthetized and euthanized by decapitation to collect blood, liver and adrenal glands for posterior analysis of plasma glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol, VLDL, HDL, LDL; the expression of proteins involved in the insulin signaling cascade (IR-β; IRS-2; PI3K; AKT), the gluconeogenic enzyme - PEPCK, SOD-1 and CAT; and morphometry. Although there was no significant difference in feed and water intake between groups, a higher weight gain of DSC animals was observed from week 7 onwards. In relation to the pattern of locomotor activity, DSC animals presented lower levels on total locomotor activity with a predominance of its activity during the light phase of the LD cycle. Although we did not observe significant alterations in the basal MAP and HR levels between the groups, the DSC animals showed reduction of the baroreflex sensitivity by the bradycardic index, as well as a higher cardiac sympathetic effect. No differences were observed between the groups for the other parameters of cardiac autonomic control. Regarding the biochemical parameters, we observed in the DSC animals, a reduction in HDL cholesterol associated with an increase in LDL cholesterol, which promoted a high index of Castelli I and II, compared to the CTR. There were no differences in plasma levels of glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol and VLDL. DSC animals also showed an increase in weight and in the total area of the adrenal glands. In addition, we observed decreased IRβ, IRS-2, PI3-K and Akt proteins, as well as increased expression of the gluconeogenic enzyme PEPCK in DSC animals, suggesting hepatic insulin resistance. Finally, we observed a reduction in the expression of the SOD-1 and CAT enzymes in the DSC animals in relation to the CTR animals. Summarizing, our results suggest that a 22h symmetrical photoperiod (T-22) promotes lower baroreflex sensitivityand increased sympathetic effect on the heart. In addition, metabolic disorders such as hepatic insulin resistance and increased hepatic oxidative stress were observed in the desynchronized rats. / A presença de ritmos circadianos nos organismos é um evento biológico, indispensável ao processo de adaptação ao meio e fundamental para a sobrevivência das espécies. A perda de relação de fase entre os ritmos biológicos e o comportamento promovem prejuízo às funções orgânicas. Diante disso, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos de uma dessincronização forçada da atividade locomotora nos parâmetros cardiovasculares e metabólicos. Ratos Wistar machos, com idade aproximada de 60 dias, foram distribuídos em dois grupos experimentais: grupo controle (CTR) submetido ao ciclo claro/escuro (CE) de 24h - T24 (n=12) e grupo dessincronizado (DSC) submetido ao ciclo claro/escuro (CE) de 22h - T22 (n=18) por oito semanas. Registros da atividade locomotora foram feitos diariamente para ambos os grupos. O consumo alimentar, ingestão de água e o peso corporal foram monitorados semanalmente. Ao final deste período os animais foram alocados em dois protocolos experimentais. No primeiro protocolo os animais CTR e DSC foram submetidos a registros da pressão arterial média (PAM) e frequência cardíaca (FC), bem como testes farmacológicos da função do reflexo barorreceptor e controle autonômico cardíaco, tais como frequência cardíaca intrínseca de marcapasso (FCIM); efeitos vagal e simpático e índice simpático-vagal (ISV). No segundo protocolo os animais CTR e DSC foram deixados em jejum de no mínimo 12 horas, anestesiados e eutanasiados por decapitação para coleta de sangue, fígado e glândulas adrenais para posterior análise dos níveis plasmáticos de glicose, triglicerídios, colesterol total, VLDL, HDL, LDL; da expressão de proteínas envolvidas na cascata de sinalização da insulina (IR-β; IRS-2; PI3K; AKT), enzima gliconeogênica – PEPCK, SOD-1 e CAT; e da morfometria. Embora não houve diferença significativa no consumo de ração e água entre os grupos, observou-se maior ganho de peso dos animais DSC a partir da 7ª semana. Em relação ao padrão da atividade locomotora os animais DSC apresentaram menor atividade locomotora total e um predomínio da mesma durante a fase clara do ciclo CE. Apesar de não observamos alterações significativas nos níveis de PAM e FC basais entre os grupos, os animas DSC apresentaram redução da sensibilidade barorreflexa pelo índice bradicárdico, assim como maior efeito simpático cardíaco. Não foram observadas diferenças entre os grupos para os demais parâmetros de controle autonômico cardíaco. Quanto aos parâmetros bioquímicos, observamos, nos animais DSC, redução do colesterol HDL associado a uma elevação do colesterol LDL, o que promoveu elevados índice de Castelli I e II comparados aos CTR. Não houve diferenças nos níveis plasmáticos de glicose, triglicerídios, colesterol total e VLDL. Os animais DSC também apresentaram aumento no peso e na área total das glândulas adrenais. Além disso, observamos diminuição das proteínas IRβ, IRS-2, PI3-K e Akt, bem como aumento da expressão da enzima gliconeogênica PEPCK nos animais DSC, sugerindo resistência hepática à insulina. Por fim observamos redução na expressão das enzimas SOD-1 e CAT nos animais DSC em relação aos animais CTR. Sumarizando, nossos resultados sugerem que um fotoperíodo simétrico de 22h (T-22) promove menor sensibilidade barorreflexa, maior efeito simpático sobre o coração. Além disso, foram observados distúrbios metabólicos, como resistência à insulina hepática e aumento do estresse oxidativo hepático, nos ratos dessincronizados.

This thesis study focuses on the realization of an online cue based Motor Imagery (MI) Brain Computer Interface (BCI). For this purpose, some signal processing and classification methods are investigated. Specifically, several time-spatial-frequency methods, namely the Short Time Fourier Transform (STFT), Common Spatial Frequency Patterns (CSFP) and the Morlet Transform (MT) are implemented on a 2-class MI BCI system. Distinction Sensitive Learning Vector Quantization (DSLVQ) method is used as a feature selection method. The performance of these methodologies is evaluated with the linear and nonlinear Support Vector Machines (SVM), Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) and Naive Bayesian (NB) classifiers. The methodologies are tested on BCI Competition IV dataset IIb and an average kappa value of 0.45 is obtained on the dataset. According to the classification results, the algorithms presented here obtain the 4th level in the competition as compared to the other algorithms in the competition. Offline experiments are performed in METU Brain Research Laboratories and Hacettepe Biophysics Department on two subjects with the original cue-based MI BCI paradigm. Average prediction accuracy of the methods on a 2-class BCI is evaluated to be 76.26% in these datasets. Furthermore, two online BCI applications are developed: the ping-pong game and the electrical wheelchair control. For these applications, average classification accuracy is found to be 70%. During the offline experiments, the performance of the developed system is observed to be highly dependent on the subject training and experience. According to the results, the EEG channels P3 and P4, which are considered to be irrelevant with the motor imagination, provided the best classification performance on the offline experiments. Regarding the observations on the experiments, this process is related to the stimulation mechanism in the cue based applications and consequent visual evoking effects on the subjects.

Cette thèse concerne l'ingénierie des systèmes complexes à partir d'une dynamique souhaitée. En particulier, nous nous intéressons aux populations d'oscillateurs et aux réseaux de régulation génétique. Dans une première partie, nous nous fondons sur une hypothèse, introduite en neurosciences, qui souligne le rôle de la synchronisation neuronale dans le traitement de l'information cognitive. Nous proposons de l'utiliser sur un plan plus large pour étudier le traitement de l'information par des populations d'oscillateurs. Nous discutons des isochrons de quelques oscillateurs classés selon leurs symétries dans l'espace des états. Cela nous permet d'avoir un critère qualitatif pour choisir un oscillateur. Par la suite, nous définissons des procédures d'impression, de lecture et de réorganisation de l'information sur une population d'oscillateurs. En perspective, nous proposons un système à couches d'oscillateurs de Wilson-Cowan. Ce système juxtapose convenablement synchronisation et désynchronisation à travers l'utilisation de deux formes de couplage: un couplage continu et un couplage par pulsation. Nous finissons en proposant une application de ce système: la détection de contours dans une image. En deuxième partie, nous proposons d'utiliser une approche par contraintes pour identifier des réseaux de régulation génétique à partir de connaissances partielles sur leur dynamique et leur structure. Le formalisme que nous utilisons est connu sous le nom de réseaux d'automates booléens à seuil ou réseaux Hopfield-semblables. Nous appliquons cette méthode, afin de déterminer le réseau de régulation de la morphogenèse florale d'Arabidopsis thaliana. Nous montrons l'absence d'unicité des solutions dans l'ensemble des modèles valides (ici, 532 modèles). Nous montrons le potentiel de cette approche dans la détermination et la classification de modèles de réseaux de régulation génétique. L'ensemble de ces travaux mène à un certain nombre d'applications, en particulier dans le développement de nouvelles méthodes de stockage de l'information et dans le design de systèmes de calcul non conventionnel. / This thesis is concerned by the engineering of complex systems from a desired dynamics. Particularly, we are interested by populations of oscillators and genetical regulatory networks. In a first part, we start from a hypothesis introduced in neuroscience, which highlight the role of neural synchronization in the cognitive processing. We propose to use this hypothesis in a more general panorama to investigate the computing with populations of oscillators. We discuss about the isochrons of few oscillators selected according to their symmetry in the state space. Therefore, we define procedures for making footprints, for reading and for reorganizing information by a population of oscillators. As a perspective, we propose a system of lattices of Wilson-Cowan oscillators organized in several interconnected layers. This system properly mixes synchronization and desynchronization by using two types of coupling : pulsed and continuous coupling. At the end of this part, we propose to use this system in order to detect the edges of an image. In the second part, we propose a constraint-based approach to determine the structure of genetic regulatory networks starting from incomplete knowledge on their structure and their dynamics. The formalism we use is widely called thresholded Boolean automata networks or Hopfield-like networks. As an proof of concept, we apply this method to determine the regulatory network of Arabidopsis thaliana flower morphogenesis. We obtain 532 valid models instead of one unique solution and then classify them by using structural robustness criteria. By this way, we showed the potential of this approach in determining and classifying thresholded Boolean automata networks like genetic regulatory networks or neural networks. This works leads to many applications, in particular the developpement and the design of new methods for processing information and the design of systems of unconventional computing.